Therapists in Québec, QC

Photo of Dominique Nahas, BA(Psy), MA
Dominique Nahas
BA(Psy), MA
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G1L
Hi, I'm a bilingual (English/French) Counsellor who have been trained in a psychospiritual approach at St-Paul's University/Ottawa U. for my Master's degree. It means it's a psychology-based approach (humanistic, positive psychology, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic) that might include, if the client wants it, her/his spirituality/religion. So the client can freely talk about this important sphere of her/his life, without being judged. If the client doesn't want to approach it, the sessions will be based only on psychology. With the climate changes, the wars, and the inflation, life isn't easy in these times. I'm there for you!
Hi, I'm a bilingual (English/French) Counsellor who have been trained in a psychospiritual approach at St-Paul's University/Ottawa U. for my Master's degree. It means it's a psychology-based approach (humanistic, positive psychology, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic) that might include, if the client wants it, her/his spirituality/religion. So the client can freely talk about this important sphere of her/his life, without being judged. If the client doesn't want to approach it, the sessions will be based only on psychology. With the climate changes, the wars, and the inflation, life isn't easy in these times. I'm there for you!
(581) 333-6830 View (581) 333-6830
Photo of Anne-Pascale Menard, MScOT, Occupational Therapist
Anne-Pascale Menard
Occupational Therapist, MScOT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Québec, QC G1V
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or on the verge of burnout? My approach is designed for anyone ready to take action, regain balance, and integrate self-care and healthy habits into their lives. Whether you’re navigating anxiety, stress, or simply looking to reengage with your work and personal life in a more meaningful way, I’m here to guide you. Together, we'll uncover new ways of being and doing that resonate with your true self, helping you to create a life that feels more aligned, empowered, and fulfilling.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or on the verge of burnout? My approach is designed for anyone ready to take action, regain balance, and integrate self-care and healthy habits into their lives. Whether you’re navigating anxiety, stress, or simply looking to reengage with your work and personal life in a more meaningful way, I’m here to guide you. Together, we'll uncover new ways of being and doing that resonate with your true self, helping you to create a life that feels more aligned, empowered, and fulfilling.
(581) 803-5169 View (581) 803-5169
Photo of Michelle Strazzeri Psychotherapy For You Quebec), MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Michelle Strazzeri Psychotherapy For You Quebec)
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G1V  (Online Only)
For 9 years I have worked with individuals, couples and families on a wide variety of issues including communication breakdown, trauma, abuse, accident, injury, addictions, depression, anxiety and other mental health concerns. I understand that change is difficult, and it is hard to take the first step in seeking out therapy support. I know it takes courage to start this process. I offer a safe, private, confidential environment to explore what you want your life to look like and to help you get there. Therapy is hard work, but the reward is a more satisfying you.
For 9 years I have worked with individuals, couples and families on a wide variety of issues including communication breakdown, trauma, abuse, accident, injury, addictions, depression, anxiety and other mental health concerns. I understand that change is difficult, and it is hard to take the first step in seeking out therapy support. I know it takes courage to start this process. I offer a safe, private, confidential environment to explore what you want your life to look like and to help you get there. Therapy is hard work, but the reward is a more satisfying you.
(581) 880-2403 View (581) 880-2403
Photo of Jeremy Mayer (Psychotherapy For You Quebec), MSW, Registered Social Worker
Jeremy Mayer (Psychotherapy For You Quebec)
Registered Social Worker, MSW
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G1V  (Online Only)
I provide counselling to clients living in the greater Kingston area to live happier, more satisfying lives. I work with people who are experiencing a variety of life circumstances including anxiety, depression, addiction, physical, sexual and emotional abuse, family issues, behaviour disorders, and trauma.
I provide counselling to clients living in the greater Kingston area to live happier, more satisfying lives. I work with people who are experiencing a variety of life circumstances including anxiety, depression, addiction, physical, sexual and emotional abuse, family issues, behaviour disorders, and trauma.
(581) 502-9168 View (581) 502-9168
Photo of Judith Sasseville
Judith Sasseville
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Québec, QC G3K  (Online Only)
Tu recherches un endroit avec de l’ouverture pour explorer ta sexualité et tes relations interpersonnelles. Tu as peut-être des défis auxquels tu veux faire face comme des difficultés sexuelles ou des questionnements par rapport à ton identité. Peut-être que tu as de la difficulté avec ta communication dans ton couple. Si tu recherches un espace sécuritaire pour discuter et te faire accompagner de façon professionnelle pour atteindre une vie sexuelle épanouie, j’aimerais t’offrir cet espace. Je veux t’aider à comprendre et améliorer ta sexualité et tes relations pour que tu te sens en harmonie avec toi-même et les autres.
Tu recherches un endroit avec de l’ouverture pour explorer ta sexualité et tes relations interpersonnelles. Tu as peut-être des défis auxquels tu veux faire face comme des difficultés sexuelles ou des questionnements par rapport à ton identité. Peut-être que tu as de la difficulté avec ta communication dans ton couple. Si tu recherches un espace sécuritaire pour discuter et te faire accompagner de façon professionnelle pour atteindre une vie sexuelle épanouie, j’aimerais t’offrir cet espace. Je veux t’aider à comprendre et améliorer ta sexualité et tes relations pour que tu te sens en harmonie avec toi-même et les autres.
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Photo of Genevieve Martin, MSW, RSW, MSS, TSI, Registered Social Worker
Genevieve Martin
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, MSS, TSI
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G2G  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Sometimes, transformations and changes are the steppingstones that allow you to realize your full potential. Taking the time to reflect and to gain a better perspective on its own life path helps to shed a light on what makes you unique. This insight makes it easier for you to be aware of your strengths and your limits, and you become better equipped to achieve your personal goals.
Sometimes, transformations and changes are the steppingstones that allow you to realize your full potential. Taking the time to reflect and to gain a better perspective on its own life path helps to shed a light on what makes you unique. This insight makes it easier for you to be aware of your strengths and your limits, and you become better equipped to achieve your personal goals.
(819) 510-5528 View (819) 510-5528
Photo of Zuraida Dada, RPsych, CPsych, CHPR(R), Psychologist
Zuraida Dada
Psychologist, RPsych, CPsych, CHPR(R)
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G1M  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients. Seasoned psychologist with over 20 years experience. CAP John C Service 2021 award recipient. Registered WCB/WSIB provider. I offer in person & virtual counselling to adult individuals. I treat anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, return to work/fitness for work, career counselling, psychological assessments, executive coaching & life, transition & relationship coaching. I am committed to guiding you to understand yourself better, identify your strengths, improve your resiliency & your coping strategies- resulting in your self- growth, overcoming your life challenges & living a meaningful & fulfilling life.
Accepting new clients. Seasoned psychologist with over 20 years experience. CAP John C Service 2021 award recipient. Registered WCB/WSIB provider. I offer in person & virtual counselling to adult individuals. I treat anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, return to work/fitness for work, career counselling, psychological assessments, executive coaching & life, transition & relationship coaching. I am committed to guiding you to understand yourself better, identify your strengths, improve your resiliency & your coping strategies- resulting in your self- growth, overcoming your life challenges & living a meaningful & fulfilling life.
(581) 205-8173 View (581) 205-8173
Photo of Karine Bertrand, Psychologist
Karine Bertrand
Psychologist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Québec, QC G1A  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My life’s work has been about empowering individuals that suffer. Whether it be supporting individuals that have experienced trauma, or struggle with their identity, this work has been about being a witness and a guide to transformation. I have been practicing over twelve years as a Psychologist and, although no longer a midwife, I practiced as one for more than five years in the Inuit communities of Nunavik, in northern Quebec.
My life’s work has been about empowering individuals that suffer. Whether it be supporting individuals that have experienced trauma, or struggle with their identity, this work has been about being a witness and a guide to transformation. I have been practicing over twelve years as a Psychologist and, although no longer a midwife, I practiced as one for more than five years in the Inuit communities of Nunavik, in northern Quebec.
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Photo of Dr. Lara Kalaf, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Lara Kalaf
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Québec, QC G1A
I am trained to help adults, children, adolescents, men, women, families, and professionals better cope with a wide variety of emotional, relational and personal challenges. If you are feeling overwhelmed, out-of touch with yourself or generally unhappy and enjoy a genuine conversation with another person willing to reach out to help, than I believe we would be a good fit. I developed an eclectic and culturally sensitive approach to therapy, heavily influenced by humanistic/existential, positive psychology, CBT, and expressive art therapy.
I am trained to help adults, children, adolescents, men, women, families, and professionals better cope with a wide variety of emotional, relational and personal challenges. If you are feeling overwhelmed, out-of touch with yourself or generally unhappy and enjoy a genuine conversation with another person willing to reach out to help, than I believe we would be a good fit. I developed an eclectic and culturally sensitive approach to therapy, heavily influenced by humanistic/existential, positive psychology, CBT, and expressive art therapy.
(438) 600-1622 View (438) 600-1622
Photo of Adele Fox - Adele Fox & Associates, RPsych, Psychologist
Adele Fox & Associates
Psychologist, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Québec, QC G1R
When you are looking for a therapist, one of the most important things aside from training and approaches used is the personality fit! Over the years as a Psychologist, I have learned that you can be good at working in many areas, but you can only be great at some! For that reason, I decided to gather a team of therapists whom I trust and that have unique skill sets and varying personality styles to choose from.
When you are looking for a therapist, one of the most important things aside from training and approaches used is the personality fit! Over the years as a Psychologist, I have learned that you can be good at working in many areas, but you can only be great at some! For that reason, I decided to gather a team of therapists whom I trust and that have unique skill sets and varying personality styles to choose from.
(825) 819-0166 View (825) 819-0166
Photo of Danyka Boulay, LCT-C, Counsellor
Danyka Boulay
Counsellor, LCT-C
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G1A
I guide my clients to step out of the automatic mode in which many of us operate daily, helping them develop a deeper understanding of themselves and make informed decisions for their well-being. My main goals are to collaborate with my clients to help them achieve emotional balance, improve interpersonal relationships, and develop adaptive strategies to face life's challenges.
I guide my clients to step out of the automatic mode in which many of us operate daily, helping them develop a deeper understanding of themselves and make informed decisions for their well-being. My main goals are to collaborate with my clients to help them achieve emotional balance, improve interpersonal relationships, and develop adaptive strategies to face life's challenges.
(506) 306-2785 View (506) 306-2785
Photo of Dr. Justine Janin, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Justine Janin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Québec, QC G1B
I offer an individual psychotherapy service adapted to the needs and particularities of each one. My approach is integrative and aims to support those who are going through painful periods of life or experience deep dissatisfaction associated with emotional difficulties. I also work with individuals who, without going through a period of "crisis", wish to undertake a process of personal development.
I offer an individual psychotherapy service adapted to the needs and particularities of each one. My approach is integrative and aims to support those who are going through painful periods of life or experience deep dissatisfaction associated with emotional difficulties. I also work with individuals who, without going through a period of "crisis", wish to undertake a process of personal development.
(438) 701-4241 View (438) 701-4241
Photo of Mélanie Coulombe, BA, Counsellor
Mélanie Coulombe
Counsellor, BA
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G2E
Seeking out therapy is a powerful step to creating a better life for yourself, and living an empowering experience in your day to day. It is the most significant investment you can make for yourself, and it will be with you for the rest of your life, enabling you to create a deeper sense of meaning and happiness in your life.
Seeking out therapy is a powerful step to creating a better life for yourself, and living an empowering experience in your day to day. It is the most significant investment you can make for yourself, and it will be with you for the rest of your life, enabling you to create a deeper sense of meaning and happiness in your life.
(581) 481-0534 View (581) 481-0534
Photo of Pierre Khoury, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Pierre Khoury
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G1A  (Online Only)
I'm a licensed psychotherapist and teacher of psychology at University. I teach the following courses: interpersonal relationship, interviewing techniques, intervention models, and personality psychlogy. I am a member of OCCOQ (L'ordre des conseillers et conseillères d'orientation). I offer an hybrid approach between humanistic and cognitive behavioral models. I believe in adapting to whatever works best for YOU, as a unique individual, while prirotizing action and concreteness. You will find me to be non-judgemental, culturally sensitive, creative and especially interactive in my style of intervention.
I'm a licensed psychotherapist and teacher of psychology at University. I teach the following courses: interpersonal relationship, interviewing techniques, intervention models, and personality psychlogy. I am a member of OCCOQ (L'ordre des conseillers et conseillères d'orientation). I offer an hybrid approach between humanistic and cognitive behavioral models. I believe in adapting to whatever works best for YOU, as a unique individual, while prirotizing action and concreteness. You will find me to be non-judgemental, culturally sensitive, creative and especially interactive in my style of intervention.
(438) 817-0325 View (438) 817-0325
Photo of Dr. Pénélope Sévigny-Dupont, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Pénélope Sévigny-Dupont
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G1A
Are you struggling to fall asleep? Tossing and turning in bed all night? Waking up earlier than you would like? If poor sleep is affecting your life, you may want to learn about Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), the gold standard treatment for insomnia. CBT-I is an evidence-based therapy targeting dysfunctional behaviours and thinking patterns that can perpetuate the vicious circle of insomnia. As many as 80% of patients notice lasting improvements in their sleep, usually within 2 months.
Are you struggling to fall asleep? Tossing and turning in bed all night? Waking up earlier than you would like? If poor sleep is affecting your life, you may want to learn about Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), the gold standard treatment for insomnia. CBT-I is an evidence-based therapy targeting dysfunctional behaviours and thinking patterns that can perpetuate the vicious circle of insomnia. As many as 80% of patients notice lasting improvements in their sleep, usually within 2 months.
(438) 609-1492 View (438) 609-1492
Photo of Pawel Biedrzycki - Heyday Therapy Inc, BA, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Heyday Therapy Inc
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MA, RP
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G2K
It is natural to need professional support when struggling with mental health. Here are examples of some issues that our therapists can help you with: anger management, anxiety/stress and depression management, addiction, burnout, relationship counseling, or couples counseling, marital & pre-marital therapy, family conflicts, modern parenting, blended families, children and divorce, teen issues, relationship problems, instability, conflict or communication issues, dating issues, infidelity peer relationships Illness or disease diagnoses bereavement, grief and loss counselling, career and corporate coaching, etc.
It is natural to need professional support when struggling with mental health. Here are examples of some issues that our therapists can help you with: anger management, anxiety/stress and depression management, addiction, burnout, relationship counseling, or couples counseling, marital & pre-marital therapy, family conflicts, modern parenting, blended families, children and divorce, teen issues, relationship problems, instability, conflict or communication issues, dating issues, infidelity peer relationships Illness or disease diagnoses bereavement, grief and loss counselling, career and corporate coaching, etc.
(647) 797-9743 View (647) 797-9743
Photo of Jordan Gruenhage, MA, CCC, RCC, Counsellor
Jordan Gruenhage
Counsellor, MA, CCC, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Québec, QC G1R  (Online Only)
Are you a gay man who is overwhelmed by the intensity of your feelings? Do certain situations feel triggering or remind you of a past trauma? It can feel unbearable when you’re just trying to keep it together, and hoping nobody notices when you start breathing rapidly, sweating, or shaking. Even between intense moments, there can be a low-level anxiety that feels like it’s always lurking, ready to take over at any time. Not to mention the shame about not feeling in control of your responses. The good news is that there are specific skills that can be learned to listen to your emotions and think about your past in a whole new way.
Are you a gay man who is overwhelmed by the intensity of your feelings? Do certain situations feel triggering or remind you of a past trauma? It can feel unbearable when you’re just trying to keep it together, and hoping nobody notices when you start breathing rapidly, sweating, or shaking. Even between intense moments, there can be a low-level anxiety that feels like it’s always lurking, ready to take over at any time. Not to mention the shame about not feeling in control of your responses. The good news is that there are specific skills that can be learned to listen to your emotions and think about your past in a whole new way.
(877) 542-8727 View (877) 542-8727
Photo of Tyler Dockendorff, MSW , Registered Social Worker
Tyler Dockendorff
Registered Social Worker, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Québec, QC G1A
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for adults and teens with depression and anxiety issues, as well as borderline, antisocial, and narcissistic personality disorders that other therapists may be unwilling to treat. People with psychosis are also invited to reach out. This therapy is for people who are stuck in patterns of stagnation or self-destruction that they feel they cannot control, as well as for people looking to get to know themselves in a new way.
I specialize in long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for adults and teens with depression and anxiety issues, as well as borderline, antisocial, and narcissistic personality disorders that other therapists may be unwilling to treat. People with psychosis are also invited to reach out. This therapy is for people who are stuck in patterns of stagnation or self-destruction that they feel they cannot control, as well as for people looking to get to know themselves in a new way.
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Photo of Mariane Sawan, PhD, MSc
Mariane Sawan
PhD, MSc
Verified Verified
Québec, QC G1A
Are you feeling stuck in cycles of frustration due to life transitions, the present pandemic or multitasking? Are you facing problems while working from home, online learning, juggling with IT (mobile phones, computers, social media, electronic games; etc.)? Do you miss quality time, good communication or motivation? Do you feel unsatisfied or guilty for not being a «good» parent or team-worker? Although exhausting, your suffering can be transformed into growth ! (Facebook page: savinno.ca)
Are you feeling stuck in cycles of frustration due to life transitions, the present pandemic or multitasking? Are you facing problems while working from home, online learning, juggling with IT (mobile phones, computers, social media, electronic games; etc.)? Do you miss quality time, good communication or motivation? Do you feel unsatisfied or guilty for not being a «good» parent or team-worker? Although exhausting, your suffering can be transformed into growth ! (Facebook page: savinno.ca)
(514) 613-3309 View (514) 613-3309
Photo of Caitlin Sigouin, MSW, TS, Registered Social Worker
Caitlin Sigouin
Registered Social Worker, MSW, TS
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Québec, QC G1A  (Online Only)
Caitlin supports adults throughout their parenting journey, through grief and burnout. Whether you’re a new or seasoned parent, this role can feel overwhelming and Caitlin is especially passionate about helping you manage and understand these feelings. She can also help you navigate prenatal and postnatal challenges, and the everyday transitions you experience in parenthood. Caitlin is here to help you build the confidence and skills you need to become a mentally and emotionally strong parent.
Caitlin supports adults throughout their parenting journey, through grief and burnout. Whether you’re a new or seasoned parent, this role can feel overwhelming and Caitlin is especially passionate about helping you manage and understand these feelings. She can also help you navigate prenatal and postnatal challenges, and the everyday transitions you experience in parenthood. Caitlin is here to help you build the confidence and skills you need to become a mentally and emotionally strong parent.
(438) 601-4540 View (438) 601-4540
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See more therapy options for Québec

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Québec, QC

30+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in Québec, QC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Relationship Issues
82% Self Esteem
79% Stress
77% Depression
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

61% Green Shield Canada
61% Blue Cross
61% Manulife

How Counsellors in Québec, QC see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Québec?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.