Relationship Issues Therapists in Vaughan, ON

Photo of Saidy Maurer, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Saidy Maurer
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
For many living with anxiety, fear, relationships troubles, and imposture syndrome has become the norm. We distract ourselves through eating, substances, being excessively busy, working, or shopping. If you are feeling stuck and ready to move through worry, past traumas, doubt, grief, loneliness, or feeling as though you are not enough; reach out. My clients describe feeling more confident in managing their challenging feelings, anxieties and that they have found a new sense of freedom, feeling more like themselves. Please know, you are not alone. With the right therapeutic relationship, you are capable of change.
For many living with anxiety, fear, relationships troubles, and imposture syndrome has become the norm. We distract ourselves through eating, substances, being excessively busy, working, or shopping. If you are feeling stuck and ready to move through worry, past traumas, doubt, grief, loneliness, or feeling as though you are not enough; reach out. My clients describe feeling more confident in managing their challenging feelings, anxieties and that they have found a new sense of freedom, feeling more like themselves. Please know, you are not alone. With the right therapeutic relationship, you are capable of change.
(647) 360-7697 View (647) 360-7697
Photo of Sandra Martey, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Sandra Martey
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Vaughan, ON L4L
Emotional issues of life events can preoccupy us or leave us feeling anxious, confused, angry or depressed. Are your feelings affecting your work life balance, relationships or ability to cope with daily activities? Are you experiencing challenges such as, people struggling to understand you or are you experiencing difficulties in making sense of your own emotions. I work with teenagers, adults, couples and families providing therapeutic services for a wide range of mood related disorders to include depression, anxiety, substance abuse, family conflict, sexual abuse, bereavement, trauma and relationship difficulties.
Emotional issues of life events can preoccupy us or leave us feeling anxious, confused, angry or depressed. Are your feelings affecting your work life balance, relationships or ability to cope with daily activities? Are you experiencing challenges such as, people struggling to understand you or are you experiencing difficulties in making sense of your own emotions. I work with teenagers, adults, couples and families providing therapeutic services for a wide range of mood related disorders to include depression, anxiety, substance abuse, family conflict, sexual abuse, bereavement, trauma and relationship difficulties.
(647) 952-1768 View (647) 952-1768
Photo of Remneek Kisana, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Remneek Kisana
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Cultural values, family history and rigid expectations about our future can shape the stories we have about ourselves. These stories can begin to feel heavy and leave us feeling “not good enough.” I work with individuals who are struggling with anxiety, imposter syndrome, self-worth and relationships. Together we work to understand your relationship with yourself, and the impacts of your environment on your wellbeing. I support in developing healthy boundaries and coping strategies. I use both exploratory methods of Internal Family Systems and Narrative Therapy as well as skills based approaches like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Cultural values, family history and rigid expectations about our future can shape the stories we have about ourselves. These stories can begin to feel heavy and leave us feeling “not good enough.” I work with individuals who are struggling with anxiety, imposter syndrome, self-worth and relationships. Together we work to understand your relationship with yourself, and the impacts of your environment on your wellbeing. I support in developing healthy boundaries and coping strategies. I use both exploratory methods of Internal Family Systems and Narrative Therapy as well as skills based approaches like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
(289) 274-8364 View (289) 274-8364
Photo of Vitali Rosen - Rosen Couples Counselling, MSc, RMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rosen Couples Counselling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSc, RMFT
Verified Verified
Vaughan, ON L4K
We are married and have children, which helps us understand firsthand what it is like to be in a long term committed relationship.
We specialize in marriage counselling and couple therapy. We understand the importance of your relationship. We have the knowledge and the skills to help you solve the issues and to give you answers you and your partner have been looking for. We dedicated our careers to helping couples reduce conflict, improve communication, resolve issues with anger, address extramarital affairs, help express emotions and feelings, and resolve sexual difficulties. Visit our website for information on common concerns couples have about counselling and suggestions on how to approach your partner if they are ambivalent about joining you.
We are married and have children, which helps us understand firsthand what it is like to be in a long term committed relationship.
We specialize in marriage counselling and couple therapy. We understand the importance of your relationship. We have the knowledge and the skills to help you solve the issues and to give you answers you and your partner have been looking for. We dedicated our careers to helping couples reduce conflict, improve communication, resolve issues with anger, address extramarital affairs, help express emotions and feelings, and resolve sexual difficulties. Visit our website for information on common concerns couples have about counselling and suggestions on how to approach your partner if they are ambivalent about joining you.
(647) 496-6530 View (647) 496-6530
Photo of Jacqueline Coletti, MSW, Hons BA, Registered Social Worker
Jacqueline Coletti
Registered Social Worker, MSW, Hons BA
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi my name is Jackie. Life has surprises for us that can at times be overwhelming. Having to make decisions and make peace with our choices is not always easy. These decisions can be about whether to stay in a relationship or job. After losing someone we love, we enter into a new season of our lives. What lies ahead brings about many uncertainties and realizations. Topics of self compassion, forgiveness of self and/or others and grace may arise. Secondary losses, expectations and assumptions of grief are explored.
Hi my name is Jackie. Life has surprises for us that can at times be overwhelming. Having to make decisions and make peace with our choices is not always easy. These decisions can be about whether to stay in a relationship or job. After losing someone we love, we enter into a new season of our lives. What lies ahead brings about many uncertainties and realizations. Topics of self compassion, forgiveness of self and/or others and grace may arise. Secondary losses, expectations and assumptions of grief are explored.
(289) 210-5908 View (289) 210-5908
Photo of Carmela Perna, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Carmela Perna
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Vaughan, ON L4L
Embracing a warm, client-centered approach, I help clients increase self-awareness, improve communication, develop healthy patterns of thinking, improve coping and build resilience for overall personal, career, and relationship satisfaction.
Are you feeling anxious, preoccupied, and/or feel a persistent sense of sadness? Have you noticed some significant changes in your overall mood or outlook on life? Are these feelings and/or self-defeating thoughts disrupting your daily functioning, relationships, work performance, and other important aspects of your life? Therapy will help explore underlying factors contributing to your current state of being and identify negative or unhealthy patterns of thinking maintaining anxiety and low mood. The therapeutic process will help you gain insight, learn tools to maximize functioning, and enhance overall wellbeing.
Embracing a warm, client-centered approach, I help clients increase self-awareness, improve communication, develop healthy patterns of thinking, improve coping and build resilience for overall personal, career, and relationship satisfaction.
Are you feeling anxious, preoccupied, and/or feel a persistent sense of sadness? Have you noticed some significant changes in your overall mood or outlook on life? Are these feelings and/or self-defeating thoughts disrupting your daily functioning, relationships, work performance, and other important aspects of your life? Therapy will help explore underlying factors contributing to your current state of being and identify negative or unhealthy patterns of thinking maintaining anxiety and low mood. The therapeutic process will help you gain insight, learn tools to maximize functioning, and enhance overall wellbeing.
(416) 272-5124 View (416) 272-5124
Photo of Michelle Sher, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Michelle Sher
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
Vaughan, ON L4K
I am trained in CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, RODBT, Solution Focused Brief Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples & Somatic Experiencing; I am also a Mindful Eating Practitioner and can work with you to regain a healthy relationship with food and your body.
At times, your way of being is inconsistent with your goals & desires. You may need help understanding your current thoughts & behaviour patterns. Relationships can be tough, Life can be challenging. Your relationships with others, & with yourself effect everything in your life; including the choices you make & how you interact with others. We can all use the support and guidance of someone who will not judge, & will help you find insight, gain clarity, &work with you to discover the perspective and tools you need to move forward &take charge of your life.
I am trained in CBT, DBT, Mindfulness, RODBT, Solution Focused Brief Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples & Somatic Experiencing; I am also a Mindful Eating Practitioner and can work with you to regain a healthy relationship with food and your body.
At times, your way of being is inconsistent with your goals & desires. You may need help understanding your current thoughts & behaviour patterns. Relationships can be tough, Life can be challenging. Your relationships with others, & with yourself effect everything in your life; including the choices you make & how you interact with others. We can all use the support and guidance of someone who will not judge, & will help you find insight, gain clarity, &work with you to discover the perspective and tools you need to move forward &take charge of your life.
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Photo of Anastasiia Puzyrina, MA, Counsellor
Anastasiia Puzyrina
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
Vaughan, ON L4K
Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, stress, or relationship issues, I use evidence-based methods, including CBT and mindfulness, to help you gain insight and build practical solutions for long-term well-being.
Accepting New Clients. Struggling with relationship conflicts, emotional disconnection, or life transitions? Whether you seek to improve communication with a partner, navigate family dynamics, or overcome personal challenges, I’m here to help. My goal is to provide support as you work through these complexities, fostering deeper connections and clarity in your relationships.
Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, stress, or relationship issues, I use evidence-based methods, including CBT and mindfulness, to help you gain insight and build practical solutions for long-term well-being.
Accepting New Clients. Struggling with relationship conflicts, emotional disconnection, or life transitions? Whether you seek to improve communication with a partner, navigate family dynamics, or overcome personal challenges, I’m here to help. My goal is to provide support as you work through these complexities, fostering deeper connections and clarity in your relationships.
(647) 724-2082 View (647) 724-2082
Photo of Victoria Pacitti, RSW, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Victoria Pacitti
Registered Psychotherapist, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4K
Effective therapy occurs when a safe therapeutic relationship is present, allowing you to feel comfortable in processing difficult emotions/memories.
Are you feeling anxious, having excessive worries, fearing judgement, or even feeling uncomfortable in your body? You’ve been trying to cope alone with how you’re feeling, but things just don’t seem to be getting any easier. It feels like your mood is quick to change and as though you don’t have control over your emotions or thoughts. Feeling stuck in these issues and in your own head might be leading you to feel hopeless about yourself and the future. I specialize in helping individuals better understand, manage and address social anxiety, stress, sadness, anxiety, feeling disconnected, relationship difficulties and more.
Effective therapy occurs when a safe therapeutic relationship is present, allowing you to feel comfortable in processing difficult emotions/memories.
Are you feeling anxious, having excessive worries, fearing judgement, or even feeling uncomfortable in your body? You’ve been trying to cope alone with how you’re feeling, but things just don’t seem to be getting any easier. It feels like your mood is quick to change and as though you don’t have control over your emotions or thoughts. Feeling stuck in these issues and in your own head might be leading you to feel hopeless about yourself and the future. I specialize in helping individuals better understand, manage and address social anxiety, stress, sadness, anxiety, feeling disconnected, relationship difficulties and more.
(289) 512-2378 View (289) 512-2378
Photo of Elissa Shnier, BA, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Elissa Shnier
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I invite an open and honest working relationship and I encourage clients to tell me what they they are looking for in therapy and what they feel is and is not working.
I am a social worker with years of experience working with a wide variety of clients, providing individual and family counselling. I have extensive skills in helping clients cope with anxiety, stress, depression, physical and mental health issues, addictions, financial challenges, caregiver stress, adjustment to illness, and bereavement.
I invite an open and honest working relationship and I encourage clients to tell me what they they are looking for in therapy and what they feel is and is not working.
I am a social worker with years of experience working with a wide variety of clients, providing individual and family counselling. I have extensive skills in helping clients cope with anxiety, stress, depression, physical and mental health issues, addictions, financial challenges, caregiver stress, adjustment to illness, and bereavement.
(365) 601-4168 View (365) 601-4168
Photo of Lalia Palacio - Centre for Mind Body Psychotherapy, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Centre for Mind Body Psychotherapy
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
We believe in the power of holistic healing. We understand deep healing often requires more than traditional talk therapy. Our integrative approach supports individuals, couples, and children/adolescents facing PTSD & trauma, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, addiction, relationship distress, neurodivergence, grief & loss, illness & chronic pain, loss of purpose & more. Our evidence-based mind body therapies support psychological, emotional, physical, neurobiological and relational well-being, helping you achieve deep and lasting change. Also, clinical supervision is available
We believe in the power of holistic healing. We understand deep healing often requires more than traditional talk therapy. Our integrative approach supports individuals, couples, and children/adolescents facing PTSD & trauma, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, addiction, relationship distress, neurodivergence, grief & loss, illness & chronic pain, loss of purpose & more. Our evidence-based mind body therapies support psychological, emotional, physical, neurobiological and relational well-being, helping you achieve deep and lasting change. Also, clinical supervision is available
(647) 490-8944 View (647) 490-8944
Photo of Eric Agbata, MACP, MPH, PhD, RP, CCC, Registered Psychotherapist
Eric Agbata
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, MPH, PhD, RP, CCC
Verified Verified
Vaughan, ON L4K
I am a registered psychotherapist with the College of Psychotherapists of Ontario and a Canadian Certified Counsellor. Also, I have an MPH and Ph.D. in Public Health with more than 15 years of public health academic and research experience to help my clients overcome their anxiety and mood concerns, relationship and attachment issues, trauma, cognitive, behavioural and life difficulties. My top priority is to be culturally competent, help you attain self-growth, live your authentic life again, and enjoy optimum performance and results.
I am a registered psychotherapist with the College of Psychotherapists of Ontario and a Canadian Certified Counsellor. Also, I have an MPH and Ph.D. in Public Health with more than 15 years of public health academic and research experience to help my clients overcome their anxiety and mood concerns, relationship and attachment issues, trauma, cognitive, behavioural and life difficulties. My top priority is to be culturally competent, help you attain self-growth, live your authentic life again, and enjoy optimum performance and results.
(289) 319-0916 View (289) 319-0916
Photo of Saba Golchin - Life in Harmony Counselling Services , MA, RP, RSW, Registered Psychotherapist
Life in Harmony Counselling Services
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP, RSW
Verified Verified
Vaughan, ON L4L
Our therapists often hear from clients who say, "I'm aware of what I need to do, but I struggle to take action." This sentiment may resonate with you. It's normal to feel unsure and anxious during times of crisis, family conflict, relationship issues, or any significant life changes. However, if these emotions hinder your progress, ignoring them won't make them go away. It's crucial to acknowledge your fears, pinpoint their origins, and take proactive steps to overcome them for your well-being.
Our therapists often hear from clients who say, "I'm aware of what I need to do, but I struggle to take action." This sentiment may resonate with you. It's normal to feel unsure and anxious during times of crisis, family conflict, relationship issues, or any significant life changes. However, if these emotions hinder your progress, ignoring them won't make them go away. It's crucial to acknowledge your fears, pinpoint their origins, and take proactive steps to overcome them for your well-being.
(855) 228-1955 View (855) 228-1955
Photo of Tony Miller, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Tony Miller
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4J
I provide therapeutic services to adults, couples and families across Ontario. I have years of experience working with depression, anxiety, trauma, addiction, stress, relationship issues, life changes, etc.
I provide therapeutic services to adults, couples and families across Ontario. I have years of experience working with depression, anxiety, trauma, addiction, stress, relationship issues, life changes, etc.
(289) 271-0676 View (289) 271-0676
Photo of Donna Akman, PhD, CPsych, Psychologist
Donna Akman
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
Online Only
The foundation of my approach is a safe and collaborative relationship in which clients feel heard and understood.
I am a Registered Psychologist with over 25 years of experience, working with individuals, couples and families. I have worked extensively in the area of women’s mental health and trauma-informed therapy. My practice is geared towards people who are experiencing such issues as depression, anxiety, grief, low self esteem, and low self-confidence. Many of my clients seek help to deal with overwhelming emotions or negative beliefs, work or family stress, relationship problems, caretaking demands, major life changes, or are just feeling stuck. For some people, unresolved issues from the past are creating problems in the present.
The foundation of my approach is a safe and collaborative relationship in which clients feel heard and understood.
I am a Registered Psychologist with over 25 years of experience, working with individuals, couples and families. I have worked extensively in the area of women’s mental health and trauma-informed therapy. My practice is geared towards people who are experiencing such issues as depression, anxiety, grief, low self esteem, and low self-confidence. Many of my clients seek help to deal with overwhelming emotions or negative beliefs, work or family stress, relationship problems, caretaking demands, major life changes, or are just feeling stuck. For some people, unresolved issues from the past are creating problems in the present.
(647) 905-6098 View (647) 905-6098
Photo of Natalie Freiberg - Natalie Freiberg Counselling, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Natalie Freiberg Counselling
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4K
My passion lies in helping teens, young adults, and adults, who are navigating life’s transitions and facing various challenges such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, women's issues, low self-esteem, stress management, trauma, and relationship conflict.
Each person carries within them a distinctive lens through which they perceive and navigate life - a lens shaped by numerous factors that colour their daily experiences. Yet, there are instances when our lens becomes unclear, leaving us uncertain of our path. During these challenging moments, I am here to extend a helping hand, to assist you in finding clarity amidst the uncertainty, and to walk alongside you as you rediscover your way forward. Hello, I'm Natalie Freiberg, a compassionate Social Worker and Psychotherapist based in Toronto, Canada, serving individuals across Ontario.
My passion lies in helping teens, young adults, and adults, who are navigating life’s transitions and facing various challenges such as anxiety, depression, grief and loss, women's issues, low self-esteem, stress management, trauma, and relationship conflict.
Each person carries within them a distinctive lens through which they perceive and navigate life - a lens shaped by numerous factors that colour their daily experiences. Yet, there are instances when our lens becomes unclear, leaving us uncertain of our path. During these challenging moments, I am here to extend a helping hand, to assist you in finding clarity amidst the uncertainty, and to walk alongside you as you rediscover your way forward. Hello, I'm Natalie Freiberg, a compassionate Social Worker and Psychotherapist based in Toronto, Canada, serving individuals across Ontario.
(289) 207-7624 View (289) 207-7624
Photo of Yukta Gupta - Gottman Eft Method Relationship Therapy, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Gottman Eft Method Relationship Therapy
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4H
These challenges are not meant to define a relationship but to test it, offering opportunities for growth, understanding, and ultimately, a deeper connection.
Couples often find themselves facing a myriad of challenges as they navigate the intricate terrain of a relationship. Communication breakdowns stand as one of the most common hurdles, where misunderstandings and misinterpretations can erode trust and intimacy. Trust issues, stemming from past experiences or breaches of confidence, can cast long shadows over a partnership, making it challenging to fully open up to one another. Financial stresses, from managing joint finances to differing spending habits, can introduce strain into a relationship.
These challenges are not meant to define a relationship but to test it, offering opportunities for growth, understanding, and ultimately, a deeper connection.
Couples often find themselves facing a myriad of challenges as they navigate the intricate terrain of a relationship. Communication breakdowns stand as one of the most common hurdles, where misunderstandings and misinterpretations can erode trust and intimacy. Trust issues, stemming from past experiences or breaches of confidence, can cast long shadows over a partnership, making it challenging to fully open up to one another. Financial stresses, from managing joint finances to differing spending habits, can introduce strain into a relationship.
(289) 814-9799 View (289) 814-9799
Photo of Marwa Nather, BSc, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Marwa Nather
Registered Social Worker, BSc, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
In my practice, I prioritize a safe, collaborative, and non-judgmental therapeutic relationship.
As a dedicated psychotherapist with over a decade of experience in the fields of mental health, I am deeply committed to fostering transformative growth through a nuanced understanding of each individual’s unique journey. My professional path has equipped me with a sophisticated toolkit of therapeutic techniques, underpinned by a steadfast belief in the inherent resilience and potential within every person. I believe that the journey toward self-discovery and growth often involves recognizing and harnessing what may initially appear as weaknesses, revealing them as hidden strengths poised for activation.
In my practice, I prioritize a safe, collaborative, and non-judgmental therapeutic relationship.
As a dedicated psychotherapist with over a decade of experience in the fields of mental health, I am deeply committed to fostering transformative growth through a nuanced understanding of each individual’s unique journey. My professional path has equipped me with a sophisticated toolkit of therapeutic techniques, underpinned by a steadfast belief in the inherent resilience and potential within every person. I believe that the journey toward self-discovery and growth often involves recognizing and harnessing what may initially appear as weaknesses, revealing them as hidden strengths poised for activation.
(437) 747-2983 View (437) 747-2983
Photo of Evgenia Bogdanova, MACP, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Evgenia Bogdanova
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you feel stuck, stressed, anxious, lonely, empty or overwhelmed? Are you struggling with finding your voice, wanting more from your relationships or trying to navigate the intricate terrain of emotions, trauma, and loss? Life can be tough and confusing, and I am here to offer safety and support for you to sit and turn inwards. I believe that relief, healing and growth comes from self-understanding, cultivating innate internal resources, breaking self-defeating cycles, and improving relationship dynamics. In therapy, we will look at who you are, what you want and what you need.
Do you feel stuck, stressed, anxious, lonely, empty or overwhelmed? Are you struggling with finding your voice, wanting more from your relationships or trying to navigate the intricate terrain of emotions, trauma, and loss? Life can be tough and confusing, and I am here to offer safety and support for you to sit and turn inwards. I believe that relief, healing and growth comes from self-understanding, cultivating innate internal resources, breaking self-defeating cycles, and improving relationship dynamics. In therapy, we will look at who you are, what you want and what you need.
(437) 867-5485 View (437) 867-5485
Photo of Rana Khan, MSc, RP, RMFT, Registered Psychotherapist
Rana Khan
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP, RMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Vaughan, ON L4H
I believe that the therapeutic relationship is central to psychotherapy, and will work hard to maintain that alliance between me and you.
Hello! My name is Rana Khan. I am a Registered Psychotherapist and a Registered Marriage and Family Therapist. I have specialized training in Couples and Family Therapy. The clients I serve are mostly couples and families or individuals who have concerns/issues with their relationships. I have helped clients explore tips/tools/strategies that has helped improve their communication, intimacy, and emotional connection. I have also supported clients in finding meaning as they recover from an emotional hurt, deal with loss, go through an affair, or manage other external stressors such as family, work, health, culture, and/or religion.
I believe that the therapeutic relationship is central to psychotherapy, and will work hard to maintain that alliance between me and you.
Hello! My name is Rana Khan. I am a Registered Psychotherapist and a Registered Marriage and Family Therapist. I have specialized training in Couples and Family Therapy. The clients I serve are mostly couples and families or individuals who have concerns/issues with their relationships. I have helped clients explore tips/tools/strategies that has helped improve their communication, intimacy, and emotional connection. I have also supported clients in finding meaning as they recover from an emotional hurt, deal with loss, go through an affair, or manage other external stressors such as family, work, health, culture, and/or religion.
(647) 250-9869 View (647) 250-9869
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Relationship Issues Counsellors
While need for human connection appears to be innate, the ability to form healthy, loving relationships is learned. Some evidence suggests that the ability to form a stable relationship starts to form in infancy, in a child's earliest experiences with a caregiver who reliably meets the infant's needs for food, care, warmth, protection, stimulation, and social contact. Such relationships are not destiny, but they are theorized to establish deeply ingrained patterns of relating to others. The end of a relationship, however, is often a source of great psychological anguish.