Depression Therapists in Toronto, ON

Photo of Catherine Kamel, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Catherine Kamel
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5A
My areas of practice include: relational concerns, self-esteem, shame, depression, anxiety, conflict resolution, attachment/family of origin, trauma, and difficult life transitions.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist, Clinical Supervisor, and Co-Owner of Insight and Wellness Therapy Centre. My therapeutic approach is deeply rooted in compassion, empathy, and collaboration. I believe that each individual is the expert of their own life, and my role is to provide support, guidance, and tools to help you tap into your innate resilience and wisdom. I believe that everyone is deserving of and has capacity for growth and fulfillment, but that sometimes our histories and patterns can leave us feeling stuck.
My areas of practice include: relational concerns, self-esteem, shame, depression, anxiety, conflict resolution, attachment/family of origin, trauma, and difficult life transitions.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist, Clinical Supervisor, and Co-Owner of Insight and Wellness Therapy Centre. My therapeutic approach is deeply rooted in compassion, empathy, and collaboration. I believe that each individual is the expert of their own life, and my role is to provide support, guidance, and tools to help you tap into your innate resilience and wisdom. I believe that everyone is deserving of and has capacity for growth and fulfillment, but that sometimes our histories and patterns can leave us feeling stuck.
(289) 277-8064 View (289) 277-8064
Photo of Sean Alejandro Cepeda, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Sean Alejandro Cepeda
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4L
I can work with you to discover, uncover and understand your emotions, anxiety, and depression and unpack your trauma.
I am a certified emotion focused and narrative therapist and I use an eclectic range of evidence based approaches. Creating an awareness of our deeper emotions and sense of self can be crucial in understanding parts of ourselves that are difficult to express. I emphasize our co-creation of a plan that has your goals as the focus of our work together.
I can work with you to discover, uncover and understand your emotions, anxiety, and depression and unpack your trauma.
I am a certified emotion focused and narrative therapist and I use an eclectic range of evidence based approaches. Creating an awareness of our deeper emotions and sense of self can be crucial in understanding parts of ourselves that are difficult to express. I emphasize our co-creation of a plan that has your goals as the focus of our work together.
(647) 559-3619 View (647) 559-3619
Photo of Susanna Damiani di Vergada, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Susanna Damiani di Vergada
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
6 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5S
I work from an integrative approach, helping individuals manage emotions related to anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship struggles.
Whether you want to come to therapy on your own, with a spouse or family member, I strive to create a safe space for you to explore your concerns and collaboratively work towards meeting your needs and/or solving your concerns. We can meet either in the office or online, my focus will be on making you comfortable with the process, allowing you to decide what goals you want to establish for our work together and helping you through your journey.
I work from an integrative approach, helping individuals manage emotions related to anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship struggles.
Whether you want to come to therapy on your own, with a spouse or family member, I strive to create a safe space for you to explore your concerns and collaboratively work towards meeting your needs and/or solving your concerns. We can meet either in the office or online, my focus will be on making you comfortable with the process, allowing you to decide what goals you want to establish for our work together and helping you through your journey.
(437) 747-6041 View (437) 747-6041
Photo of Raganya Ponmanadiyil, Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, MA
Raganya Ponmanadiyil
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, MA
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M3C
I work with clients who may be struggling with anxiety and depression related to their relationships, family, cultural struggles, or work/life balance.
Sometimes our life can feel overwhelming, and change can feel impossible. Our feelings can impact areas of our life that can make us experience stress, feeling low, problems in relationships, or self-esteem concerns. It can be difficult to understand what and why you feel the way you do, and more importantly, how you can move forward. Your feelings are not random, but you might not like how you react in situations, so understanding why and incorporating manageable skills to change can help you be the ideal you. You know who you want to be, but feel stuck in your ways - unable to see a way through or around.
I work with clients who may be struggling with anxiety and depression related to their relationships, family, cultural struggles, or work/life balance.
Sometimes our life can feel overwhelming, and change can feel impossible. Our feelings can impact areas of our life that can make us experience stress, feeling low, problems in relationships, or self-esteem concerns. It can be difficult to understand what and why you feel the way you do, and more importantly, how you can move forward. Your feelings are not random, but you might not like how you react in situations, so understanding why and incorporating manageable skills to change can help you be the ideal you. You know who you want to be, but feel stuck in your ways - unable to see a way through or around.
(289) 778-0308 View (289) 778-0308
Photo of Kristen Adams, Psychologist
Kristen Adams
Psychologist
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I provide individual treatment for a broad range of concerns such as stress, depression, anxiety, panic, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and interpersonal challenges such as life transitions and bereavement.
My couple therapy approaches include EFT, Gottman interventions and Integrative Behaviour Couple Therapy (IBCT). I trained with Dr. Greenberg and participated as a therapist in his and Dr. Malcolm's research project about resolution of couples' emotional injuries. I frequently see couples who have experienced a breach of trust in their relationship.
I provide individual treatment for a broad range of concerns such as stress, depression, anxiety, panic, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and interpersonal challenges such as life transitions and bereavement.
My couple therapy approaches include EFT, Gottman interventions and Integrative Behaviour Couple Therapy (IBCT). I trained with Dr. Greenberg and participated as a therapist in his and Dr. Malcolm's research project about resolution of couples' emotional injuries. I frequently see couples who have experienced a breach of trust in their relationship.
(289) 536-3981 View (289) 536-3981
Photo of Natasha Ramzan - Inner Voice Therapy, Registered Social Worker, HBA, MSW, RSW, PsyD, ClinPsy
Inner Voice Therapy
Registered Social Worker, HBA, MSW, RSW, PsyD, ClinPsy
1 Endorsed
Online Only
We provide evidence-based treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder, Eating Disorders, Anxiety-related disorders (including OCD), Depression, Burnout, PTSD and low self-esteem.
Helping you shape a new narrative about who you are, where you belong and how to settle confidently into your intercultural identity. You will learn to understand your feelings and unhelpful intergenerational patterns and deal with self-doubt, toxic shame and guilt. You will learn to navigate your cultural confusion and develop an inner voice and confident sense of self. Let’s move past parental approval and traditions, leaving behind insecurities, toxic shame, and self-doubt. Our support goes beyond textbooks. We offer research-based treatment in various languages to support your journey. Visit our website for more.
We provide evidence-based treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder, Eating Disorders, Anxiety-related disorders (including OCD), Depression, Burnout, PTSD and low self-esteem.
Helping you shape a new narrative about who you are, where you belong and how to settle confidently into your intercultural identity. You will learn to understand your feelings and unhelpful intergenerational patterns and deal with self-doubt, toxic shame and guilt. You will learn to navigate your cultural confusion and develop an inner voice and confident sense of self. Let’s move past parental approval and traditions, leaving behind insecurities, toxic shame, and self-doubt. Our support goes beyond textbooks. We offer research-based treatment in various languages to support your journey. Visit our website for more.
(647) 955-3991 View (647) 955-3991
Photo of Juan Carlos Andrade, Psychologist, CPsych
Juan Carlos Andrade
Psychologist, CPsych
Toronto, ON M6G
Anxiety, depression, dependency, chronic pain
Buen dia, soy psicólogo miembro del Colegio de psicólogos de Ontario, estoy especializado en el tratamiento de la ansiedad, depresión y comportamientos del exceso en general. Cuento con una formación académica sólida y una experiencia clínica variada de larga data. Mi trabajo se basa principalmente en el enfoque psicodinámico y cognitivo-conductual, me interesan especialmente las técnicas psicológicas para fortalecer el control de los pensamiento, las emociones, y el comportamiento.
Anxiety, depression, dependency, chronic pain
Buen dia, soy psicólogo miembro del Colegio de psicólogos de Ontario, estoy especializado en el tratamiento de la ansiedad, depresión y comportamientos del exceso en general. Cuento con una formación académica sólida y una experiencia clínica variada de larga data. Mi trabajo se basa principalmente en el enfoque psicodinámico y cognitivo-conductual, me interesan especialmente las técnicas psicológicas para fortalecer el control de los pensamiento, las emociones, y el comportamiento.
(437) 989-6974 View (437) 989-6974
Photo of Shamsad Texiwala, Registered Social Worker, BSc, MSW, RSW, LCSW
Shamsad Texiwala
Registered Social Worker, BSc, MSW, RSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My approach is tailored to meet your unique needs, whether you’re struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, or personal growth.
Maybe you're struggling with relationships, navigating a life transition, or carrying the weight of past experiences. You might be seeking clarity, relief, or simply a space to be heard and understood. I’m here to help you gain insight, develop coping strategies, and build a stronger sense of self. Whether you’re working through difficult emotions or striving for personal growth, we’ll work together to help you move forward and create the life you want.
My approach is tailored to meet your unique needs, whether you’re struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, or personal growth.
Maybe you're struggling with relationships, navigating a life transition, or carrying the weight of past experiences. You might be seeking clarity, relief, or simply a space to be heard and understood. I’m here to help you gain insight, develop coping strategies, and build a stronger sense of self. Whether you’re working through difficult emotions or striving for personal growth, we’ll work together to help you move forward and create the life you want.
(289) 207-6520 View (289) 207-6520
Photo of Liz Lambert, Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, CHT, MSc
Liz Lambert
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, CHT, MSc
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you're experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-worth, relationship issues, or want to better understand how your childhood experiences/traumas are affecting you today, I'm here to walk alongside you!
I'm a trauma-informed therapist and bring a holistic and integrative approach to therapy that includes: EMDR, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Somatic practices, Hypnotherapy and Mindfulness. I believe we're all whole and resourceful and my intention is to guide you back to your greatness and your inner wisdom.
If you're experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-worth, relationship issues, or want to better understand how your childhood experiences/traumas are affecting you today, I'm here to walk alongside you!
I'm a trauma-informed therapist and bring a holistic and integrative approach to therapy that includes: EMDR, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Somatic practices, Hypnotherapy and Mindfulness. I believe we're all whole and resourceful and my intention is to guide you back to your greatness and your inner wisdom.
(365) 376-5574 View (365) 376-5574
Photo of Emily Griffin - Anxiety | Depression | Relationships - Emily, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Anxiety | Depression | Relationships - Emily
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I support young adults navigating anxiety, depression, and relationship challenges.
Accepting new clients! Life in your 20s and 30s is full of transitions—new jobs, changing relationships, shifting identities—and it can feel overwhelming. Maybe you’re overthinking every decision, feeling emotionally drained, or struggling to connect with the people around you. Whether it shows up as anxiety, low mood, or patterns that leave you feeling stuck, you're likely just trying to find some peace and clarity. If you're tired of spinning your wheels and ready for something to shift, therapy can help you sort through the mess and feel more like yourself again.
I support young adults navigating anxiety, depression, and relationship challenges.
Accepting new clients! Life in your 20s and 30s is full of transitions—new jobs, changing relationships, shifting identities—and it can feel overwhelming. Maybe you’re overthinking every decision, feeling emotionally drained, or struggling to connect with the people around you. Whether it shows up as anxiety, low mood, or patterns that leave you feeling stuck, you're likely just trying to find some peace and clarity. If you're tired of spinning your wheels and ready for something to shift, therapy can help you sort through the mess and feel more like yourself again.
(365) 536-2458 View (365) 536-2458
Photo of Dr. Lisa Bradford, Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Dr. Lisa Bradford
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Toronto, ON M5R
I help individuals work through a wide variety of issues including those related to anxiety, depression, obsessionality, trauma, dissociation, guilt, shame, insomnia, relationships, sexual orientation, eating, and identity and self-esteem.
I help couples re-build trust and re-establish intimacy after an infidelity or other relationship rupture (e.g., partner is not there when you need them the most). We can also work through stressors related to buying a new home, retirement, managing finances, fertility, pregnancy, adoption, and parenting.
I help individuals work through a wide variety of issues including those related to anxiety, depression, obsessionality, trauma, dissociation, guilt, shame, insomnia, relationships, sexual orientation, eating, and identity and self-esteem.
I help couples re-build trust and re-establish intimacy after an infidelity or other relationship rupture (e.g., partner is not there when you need them the most). We can also work through stressors related to buying a new home, retirement, managing finances, fertility, pregnancy, adoption, and parenting.
(647) 724-5122 View (647) 724-5122
Photo of Alison O'Brien Moran - Anger | Depression | Self Ideation - Alison, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Anger | Depression | Self Ideation - Alison
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with adults dealing with anger, depression, and self-ideation—helping you unpack what’s beneath the surface, understand your emotional patterns, and build tools to feel more in control, more connected, and more like yourself again.
With 20 years as a Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine, I help adults navigate anger, depression, and self-ideation by addressing both emotional and whole-person wellness. My approach blends deep understanding with practical tools, guiding you to feel more regulated, less reactive, and more connected to who you really are.
I work with adults dealing with anger, depression, and self-ideation—helping you unpack what’s beneath the surface, understand your emotional patterns, and build tools to feel more in control, more connected, and more like yourself again.
With 20 years as a Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine, I help adults navigate anger, depression, and self-ideation by addressing both emotional and whole-person wellness. My approach blends deep understanding with practical tools, guiding you to feel more regulated, less reactive, and more connected to who you really are.
(437) 529-5097 View (437) 529-5097
Photo of Tanatswa Dhliwayo, Registered Psychotherapist
Tanatswa Dhliwayo
Registered Psychotherapist
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, stuck in cycles of low self-esteem, or weighed down by depression?
My approach is centered on helping you feel supported as you face the challenges that are holding you back. Together, we will: 1) Explore the roots of your challenges 2) Build practical tools and strategies 3) Foster a sense of self-worth
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, stuck in cycles of low self-esteem, or weighed down by depression?
My approach is centered on helping you feel supported as you face the challenges that are holding you back. Together, we will: 1) Explore the roots of your challenges 2) Build practical tools and strategies 3) Foster a sense of self-worth
(289) 276-8215 View (289) 276-8215
Photo of Myroslava Stadnyk, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MACP, CCTP-II, C-DBT
Myroslava Stadnyk
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MACP, CCTP-II, C-DBT
13 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6G
I work with adults facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, attachment trauma, relational conflict, low self-esteem, and navigating life transitions.
As a queer immigrant woman, my intersecting identities inform a large part of my work and my practice is rooted in intersectional feminism. My therapeutic style balances collaboration, support, and challenging clients at their own pace. I blend EFT, DBT, CBT, IFS, SFBT, mindfulness, and body-based modalities to address clients' specific needs and goals.
I work with adults facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, attachment trauma, relational conflict, low self-esteem, and navigating life transitions.
As a queer immigrant woman, my intersecting identities inform a large part of my work and my practice is rooted in intersectional feminism. My therapeutic style balances collaboration, support, and challenging clients at their own pace. I blend EFT, DBT, CBT, IFS, SFBT, mindfulness, and body-based modalities to address clients' specific needs and goals.
(437) 372-5388 View (437) 372-5388
Photo of Arman Esmaili, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Arman Esmaili
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Whether you're navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, identity questions, or relationship struggles.
As someone who immigrated to Canada from the Middle East as a teen, I bring a deep respect for cultural identity, resilience, and the emotional complexity that comes with unspoken pain and the pressure to be strong even when you're struggling. Therapy with me is grounded in empathy, presence, and curiosity about who you are and not just what's “wrong.”
Whether you're navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, identity questions, or relationship struggles.
As someone who immigrated to Canada from the Middle East as a teen, I bring a deep respect for cultural identity, resilience, and the emotional complexity that comes with unspoken pain and the pressure to be strong even when you're struggling. Therapy with me is grounded in empathy, presence, and curiosity about who you are and not just what's “wrong.”
(365) 799-7264 View (365) 799-7264
Photo of Leah Reinhartz, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Leah Reinhartz
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
8 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5R
I specialize in working with adults dealing with anxiety, depression, and ADHD.
My therapy style is direct, warm, personable, empathetic and non-judgmental. Clients tell me that they find me easy to talk to. I operate from Psychodynamic, Relational, ExRP, Attachment-Based, Inner Child Work, and Emotionally Focused approaches. However, I also integrate principles from CBT and DBT. I am LGBTQ+ Friendly; all are welcome.
I specialize in working with adults dealing with anxiety, depression, and ADHD.
My therapy style is direct, warm, personable, empathetic and non-judgmental. Clients tell me that they find me easy to talk to. I operate from Psychodynamic, Relational, ExRP, Attachment-Based, Inner Child Work, and Emotionally Focused approaches. However, I also integrate principles from CBT and DBT. I am LGBTQ+ Friendly; all are welcome.
(289) 302-0442 View (289) 302-0442
Photo of Wendy van Es - The Resiliency Effect, Psychotherapy & Wellness, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA Hons, MACP
The Resiliency Effect, Psychotherapy & Wellness
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA Hons, MACP
4 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with adult women and men navigating anxiety, depression, self-criticism, and the lasting impact of historical trauma.
I believe deeply in your resilience. It’s not about being unshakable—it’s about learning to meet life with strength, self-compassion, and choice. My role is to walk alongside you as you reconnect with that strength, challenge what’s holding you back, and build a more grounded, empowered version of your life.
I work with adult women and men navigating anxiety, depression, self-criticism, and the lasting impact of historical trauma.
I believe deeply in your resilience. It’s not about being unshakable—it’s about learning to meet life with strength, self-compassion, and choice. My role is to walk alongside you as you reconnect with that strength, challenge what’s holding you back, and build a more grounded, empowered version of your life.
(289) 903-0678 View (289) 903-0678
Photo of Sukriti Sharma, Registered Psychotherapist
Sukriti Sharma
Registered Psychotherapist
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6G
We will also experiment with supported challenges - expressing & embodying anger/conflict, anxiety, depression, rest, endings, uncertainty and more.
“Together is the better way through” - John Green. Whether you're looking to expand awareness on your existing process & explore what is and isn't working, or there's an accumulation of unresolved pockets of feeling causing stuckness that need unraveling and felt through, or an experimental space where you'd like to explore a different movement, a different response, a different expression of an emotion, I'm here to make sure you're not alone in this new emergent process for you.
We will also experiment with supported challenges - expressing & embodying anger/conflict, anxiety, depression, rest, endings, uncertainty and more.
“Together is the better way through” - John Green. Whether you're looking to expand awareness on your existing process & explore what is and isn't working, or there's an accumulation of unresolved pockets of feeling causing stuckness that need unraveling and felt through, or an experimental space where you'd like to explore a different movement, a different response, a different expression of an emotion, I'm here to make sure you're not alone in this new emergent process for you.
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Photo of Jeremy Finkelstein, Registered Psychotherapist
Jeremy Finkelstein
Registered Psychotherapist
4 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a Registered Psychotherapist based in Toronto, specializing in supporting individuals with ADHD, depression and anxiety.
My approach emphasizes collaboration, empowering clients with the tools to manage stress, improve emotional regulation, and increase self-awareness. I believe in the importance of building a therapeutic relationship founded on trust and respect, where clients can develop the resilience to thrive despite life's difficulties.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist based in Toronto, specializing in supporting individuals with ADHD, depression and anxiety.
My approach emphasizes collaboration, empowering clients with the tools to manage stress, improve emotional regulation, and increase self-awareness. I believe in the importance of building a therapeutic relationship founded on trust and respect, where clients can develop the resilience to thrive despite life's difficulties.
(289) 301-0226 View (289) 301-0226
Photo of Elena Polyanovsky - Real-Talk Psychotherapy, Registered Social Worker, BA(hon), RSW, MSW
Real-Talk Psychotherapy
Registered Social Worker, BA(hon), RSW, MSW
Toronto, ON M5S
Depressed??
My approach tailors/ mixes and matches best fitting modalities and resources to your needs. My specialties include CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), DBT Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Narrative, Harm Reduction, Solution-Focused, Psycho dynamic, Family Systems, Structural, Trauma-Informed, Gestalt and Mindfulness.
Depressed??
My approach tailors/ mixes and matches best fitting modalities and resources to your needs. My specialties include CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), DBT Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Narrative, Harm Reduction, Solution-Focused, Psycho dynamic, Family Systems, Structural, Trauma-Informed, Gestalt and Mindfulness.
(647) 699-6708 View (647) 699-6708

See more therapy options for Toronto

Depression Counsellors

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognise and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioural activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.