Therapists in Ottawa, ON

Photo of Katrina Tarkowski, Registered Psychotherapist
Katrina Tarkowski
Registered Psychotherapist
2 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2C
I work with individuals and couples who are experiencing life’s struggles such as anxiety, depression, life stressors and transitions, low self-esteem, past traumas, relationship challenges, and more. In utilizing evidence-based tools and coping techniques, I commit to guiding you on a path toward a more fulfilling, rewarding, and empowered life. My practice places a strong emphasis on inclusivity, ensuring a safe and welcoming environment for all individuals.
I work with individuals and couples who are experiencing life’s struggles such as anxiety, depression, life stressors and transitions, low self-esteem, past traumas, relationship challenges, and more. In utilizing evidence-based tools and coping techniques, I commit to guiding you on a path toward a more fulfilling, rewarding, and empowered life. My practice places a strong emphasis on inclusivity, ensuring a safe and welcoming environment for all individuals.
(343) 500-6437 View (343) 500-6437
Photo of Joanne Lougheed, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, B.Ed.
Joanne Lougheed
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, B.Ed.
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Compassionate Support for Anxiety, Stress, Burnout, and Chronic Illness- You’ve been pushing through, showing up for your responsibilities and everyone else, but lately, it feels like you’re running on fumes. Whether it’s the constant hum of anxiety, the heavy weight of stress and burnout, or the added layer of managing chronic pain or illness, even small tasks have started to feel like mountains. You feel stuck in cycles of worry, self-criticism, and overwhelm. If you're wondering if life can ever feel lighter or more meaningful again, it can, and you don’t have to navigate this path alone!
Compassionate Support for Anxiety, Stress, Burnout, and Chronic Illness- You’ve been pushing through, showing up for your responsibilities and everyone else, but lately, it feels like you’re running on fumes. Whether it’s the constant hum of anxiety, the heavy weight of stress and burnout, or the added layer of managing chronic pain or illness, even small tasks have started to feel like mountains. You feel stuck in cycles of worry, self-criticism, and overwhelm. If you're wondering if life can ever feel lighter or more meaningful again, it can, and you don’t have to navigate this path alone!
(343) 314-8027 x816 View (343) 314-8027 x816
Photo of Nihal Bulut, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, CYC, RP(Q)
Nihal Bulut
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, CYC, RP(Q)
Online Only
Hello, and welcome. I’m here to offer a calm, compassionate space where you can slow down and explore what’s been weighing on your mind and heart. Together, we’ll work to understand the patterns, emotions, and experiences that shape how you see yourself and the world around you. My role is to walk beside you as you rediscover your strengths, rebuild trust in yourself, and move toward a more peaceful and meaningful life. I support individuals navigating anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, life transitions, and relationship challenges.
Hello, and welcome. I’m here to offer a calm, compassionate space where you can slow down and explore what’s been weighing on your mind and heart. Together, we’ll work to understand the patterns, emotions, and experiences that shape how you see yourself and the world around you. My role is to walk beside you as you rediscover your strengths, rebuild trust in yourself, and move toward a more peaceful and meaningful life. I support individuals navigating anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, life transitions, and relationship challenges.
(613) 909-4163 View (613) 909-4163
Photo of Nathalie Girgis, Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Nathalie Girgis
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
14 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you navigating life changes, parenting stress, or relationship struggles? I provide a safe, supportive space where you can explore your challenges, discover new perspectives, and reconnect with your strengths. With a multicultural background and lived experience of immigration, I value diversity and welcome clients from all walks of life.
Are you navigating life changes, parenting stress, or relationship struggles? I provide a safe, supportive space where you can explore your challenges, discover new perspectives, and reconnect with your strengths. With a multicultural background and lived experience of immigration, I value diversity and welcome clients from all walks of life.
(343) 655-3685 View (343) 655-3685
Photo of Lauren Collier, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Lauren Collier
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K1S
Feeling stressed, irritable, or overwhelmed can leave you feeling disconnected from yourself. Life’s challenges and losses can weigh heavily, and you don’t have to navigate them alone. Therapy offers a supportive space to pause, reflect, and reconnect—whether you’re facing anxiety, depression, grief, or relationship difficulties. With a blend of professional training and personal experience with loss, I approach this work with compassion and authenticity. Together, we’ll explore patterns, strengthen resilience, and develop practical tools to help you feel more grounded, balanced, and empowered.
Feeling stressed, irritable, or overwhelmed can leave you feeling disconnected from yourself. Life’s challenges and losses can weigh heavily, and you don’t have to navigate them alone. Therapy offers a supportive space to pause, reflect, and reconnect—whether you’re facing anxiety, depression, grief, or relationship difficulties. With a blend of professional training and personal experience with loss, I approach this work with compassion and authenticity. Together, we’ll explore patterns, strengthen resilience, and develop practical tools to help you feel more grounded, balanced, and empowered.
(613) 704-5353 View (613) 704-5353
Photo of Joanne Hart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Joanne Hart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2B
Have you always been the "strong one," and holding everything together has become exhausting? If you are feeling stuck, burnt out, or disconnected, I provide a safe and comfortable environment to transform your internal experience. Together, we will explore your survival patterns and deeply rooted beliefs that no longer serve you, helping you move toward a life aligned with your truest values and more fulfilling relationships.
Have you always been the "strong one," and holding everything together has become exhausting? If you are feeling stuck, burnt out, or disconnected, I provide a safe and comfortable environment to transform your internal experience. Together, we will explore your survival patterns and deeply rooted beliefs that no longer serve you, helping you move toward a life aligned with your truest values and more fulfilling relationships.
(343) 326-5744 View (343) 326-5744
Photo of Dr. Lydia Muyingo, Registered Provisional Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Lydia Muyingo
Registered Provisional Psychologist, PhD
Ottawa, ON K1P
I am a psychologist in supervised practice. I support children, teens, and families facing various mental health challenges including anxiety, depression, trauma and among others. My goal is to empower you and work together to help you build a meaningful life!
I am a psychologist in supervised practice. I support children, teens, and families facing various mental health challenges including anxiety, depression, trauma and among others. My goal is to empower you and work together to help you build a meaningful life!
(343) 459-5180 View (343) 459-5180
Photo of Fanny Laurin - Fanny Laurin Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Fanny Laurin Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
3 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2G
I work with Individuals & Couples in English/French. Stress, Low Moods, Shame, Trauma, Postpartum, ADHD, Illness, Family, and Life Transitions are common struggles that I work with. Therefore, when these issues begin to negatively impact your life or become too much to handle, we need help identifying emotions, beliefs, past and current struggles to find strategies to resolve these issues & achieve our goals. We can work together to find the right tools and skills to cope, grow, and reconnect with ourselves and those around us. I value your lived experiences and will work with you to find the approaches that best fits your needs.
I work with Individuals & Couples in English/French. Stress, Low Moods, Shame, Trauma, Postpartum, ADHD, Illness, Family, and Life Transitions are common struggles that I work with. Therefore, when these issues begin to negatively impact your life or become too much to handle, we need help identifying emotions, beliefs, past and current struggles to find strategies to resolve these issues & achieve our goals. We can work together to find the right tools and skills to cope, grow, and reconnect with ourselves and those around us. I value your lived experiences and will work with you to find the approaches that best fits your needs.
(343) 633-0217 View (343) 633-0217
Photo of Tally Annable, Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP, CCC
Tally Annable
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP, CCC
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I believe that personal health encompasses not only the state of the body but our minds, emotions, and thoughts as well. My passion for psychotherapy comes from helping others achieve their goals and fulfill a wholistic picture of health by improving and integrating all areas of their lives. Since I began practicing in the field in 2018, I have discovered that one of the greatest rewards for me is supporting clients in learning new skills and gaining a different perspective often while using a sense of humor. While doing this, my goal is to help them utilize their own strengths and abilities to develop a happier and healthier life.
I believe that personal health encompasses not only the state of the body but our minds, emotions, and thoughts as well. My passion for psychotherapy comes from helping others achieve their goals and fulfill a wholistic picture of health by improving and integrating all areas of their lives. Since I began practicing in the field in 2018, I have discovered that one of the greatest rewards for me is supporting clients in learning new skills and gaining a different perspective often while using a sense of humor. While doing this, my goal is to help them utilize their own strengths and abilities to develop a happier and healthier life.
(343) 313-1183 View (343) 313-1183
Photo of Intisar Farah, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Intisar Farah
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with individuals who are navigating the blended cultures, expectations, and their own inner world. Many are first-generation Muslims who carry deep responsibility, often the oldest daughters, quiet caregivers, or community builders who are used to showing up for everyone else. They come to therapy seeking clarity, not because they are broken, but because they’re tired of holding it all alone. Often, they’re working through anxiety, religious guilt, family dynamics, or the quiet grief of never fully feeling seen.
I work with individuals who are navigating the blended cultures, expectations, and their own inner world. Many are first-generation Muslims who carry deep responsibility, often the oldest daughters, quiet caregivers, or community builders who are used to showing up for everyone else. They come to therapy seeking clarity, not because they are broken, but because they’re tired of holding it all alone. Often, they’re working through anxiety, religious guilt, family dynamics, or the quiet grief of never fully feeling seen.
(343) 321-7497 View (343) 321-7497
Photo of Jane Loignon, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Jane Loignon
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Ottawa, ON K1Z
You want to figure a few things out. For months you may have been ruminating about the same issues: your relationships, your career goals, your hopes for the future and you're feeling stuck...and so frustrated! And what about that social anxiety? the feeling you have that the world is burning? how to be a good person in an environment of seeming incivility?
You want to figure a few things out. For months you may have been ruminating about the same issues: your relationships, your career goals, your hopes for the future and you're feeling stuck...and so frustrated! And what about that social anxiety? the feeling you have that the world is burning? how to be a good person in an environment of seeming incivility?
(343) 342-1075 View (343) 342-1075
Photo of Isabella Hill, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Isabella Hill
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) who works with youth ages 12 and up, teenagers and adults, in a warm, supportive and non- judgemental space. I believe that counselling is a collaborative process rooted in growth, self- discovery and meaningful change. My approach is grounded in person- centered therapy, emphasizing empathy, acceptance and a strong therapeutic relationship.
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) who works with youth ages 12 and up, teenagers and adults, in a warm, supportive and non- judgemental space. I believe that counselling is a collaborative process rooted in growth, self- discovery and meaningful change. My approach is grounded in person- centered therapy, emphasizing empathy, acceptance and a strong therapeutic relationship.
(343) 943-3999 View (343) 943-3999
Photo of Maryem Bengassem, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MEd
Maryem Bengassem
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MEd
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2J
I work with individuals seeking a personalized, safe, empathetic, and supportive space to freely explore their inner thoughts, emotions, and feelings without judgment. You may be a child facing ADHD, anxiety, depression, social difficulties, or low self-confidence; or a teen exploring identity and relationships; or an adult navigating neurodivergence, cultural conflicts, life transitions, or personal growth. I carefully consider and hold respect for all cultural and faith backgrounds, including Muslim identities, ensuring your core values and strengths are honoured as we work towards a healthier, more fulfilling life.
I work with individuals seeking a personalized, safe, empathetic, and supportive space to freely explore their inner thoughts, emotions, and feelings without judgment. You may be a child facing ADHD, anxiety, depression, social difficulties, or low self-confidence; or a teen exploring identity and relationships; or an adult navigating neurodivergence, cultural conflicts, life transitions, or personal growth. I carefully consider and hold respect for all cultural and faith backgrounds, including Muslim identities, ensuring your core values and strengths are honoured as we work towards a healthier, more fulfilling life.
(343) 600-3258 View (343) 600-3258
Photo of Andre Betim, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Andre Betim
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You may be at a point in your life where you're curious and motivated to explore areas of your life or experiences that aren't going as you hoped—whether in your personal, academic, professional, family, or social life; or related to your thoughts, emotions, or behaviours.
You may be at a point in your life where you're curious and motivated to explore areas of your life or experiences that aren't going as you hoped—whether in your personal, academic, professional, family, or social life; or related to your thoughts, emotions, or behaviours.
(343) 321-1327 View (343) 321-1327
Photo of Matt Temple, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, CCC
Matt Temple
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, CCC
4 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2P
I believe that everyone experiences life in his or her own unique way. Whatever your situation, my goal is to listen and understand your needs while exploring new ways of living. I aim to create an environment that is safe in order to work with you to explore your past and create freedom to become the person you were meant to be. I am comfortable and trained in working with individuals, couples, and families.
I believe that everyone experiences life in his or her own unique way. Whatever your situation, my goal is to listen and understand your needs while exploring new ways of living. I aim to create an environment that is safe in order to work with you to explore your past and create freedom to become the person you were meant to be. I am comfortable and trained in working with individuals, couples, and families.
(343) 300-0327 View (343) 300-0327
Photo of Robert Fierro, Registered Social Worker, MA, MSW, RSW
Robert Fierro
Registered Social Worker, MA, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2P
Hello. I'm Robert Fierro, a registered social worker practicing as a psychotherapist on on the traditional and un-ceded territory of the Anishnaabeg nation. - I came to my practice as a result of a profound curiosity into how the mind copes with difficult experiences and I believe that we can come to a deeper and more integrated understanding of ourselves and each other by exploring these experiences in the present moment with a trusted partner. I can say with certainty this happens outside of therapy, and that at times therapy is a critical to the healing process.
Hello. I'm Robert Fierro, a registered social worker practicing as a psychotherapist on on the traditional and un-ceded territory of the Anishnaabeg nation. - I came to my practice as a result of a profound curiosity into how the mind copes with difficult experiences and I believe that we can come to a deeper and more integrated understanding of ourselves and each other by exploring these experiences in the present moment with a trusted partner. I can say with certainty this happens outside of therapy, and that at times therapy is a critical to the healing process.
(343) 308-2535 View (343) 308-2535
Photo of Rachel Levine-Katz, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Rachel Levine-Katz
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I offer counselling for adults navigating the end of life and for people accompanying them. Concerns include terminal illness, grief, loss, caregiving, and Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD). Sessions are virtual, held securely by video or phone so that clients can access support from their own space. Grief unfolds differently for each person, and I help people move through it with experience and compassion. I can advise on the practical aspects of navigating healthcare and social systems.
I offer counselling for adults navigating the end of life and for people accompanying them. Concerns include terminal illness, grief, loss, caregiving, and Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD). Sessions are virtual, held securely by video or phone so that clients can access support from their own space. Grief unfolds differently for each person, and I help people move through it with experience and compassion. I can advise on the practical aspects of navigating healthcare and social systems.
(613) 519-4048 View (613) 519-4048
Photo of Charlotte Gurr - Confidence, Self Esteem, Women Therapy - Charlotte, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Confidence, Self Esteem, Women Therapy - Charlotte
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Online Only
My name is Charlotte, and I support young adults navigating body image, self-esteem, emotional regulation, and relationship struggles. Maybe you’re constantly comparing yourself to others, never feeling “enough,” or stuck in cycles of overthinking. Relationships may feel complicated, whether it’s conflict with friends, dating stress, or feeling misunderstood by family. Big emotions might lead to shutting down, lashing out, or feeling overwhelmed. Over time, this can leave you drained, disconnected, or unsure of who you really are. Therapy can be a space to sort through the noise and reconnect with yourself. Accepting new clients!
My name is Charlotte, and I support young adults navigating body image, self-esteem, emotional regulation, and relationship struggles. Maybe you’re constantly comparing yourself to others, never feeling “enough,” or stuck in cycles of overthinking. Relationships may feel complicated, whether it’s conflict with friends, dating stress, or feeling misunderstood by family. Big emotions might lead to shutting down, lashing out, or feeling overwhelmed. Over time, this can leave you drained, disconnected, or unsure of who you really are. Therapy can be a space to sort through the noise and reconnect with yourself. Accepting new clients!
(343) 314-5573 View (343) 314-5573
Photo of Theresa Ming Young, Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Theresa Ming Young
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
3 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2A
All things seek wholeness. We are wired to experience interconnectedness—with our inner parts, with others, with the Earth, and with the greater web of Life. Shame, emptiness, pain, grief - much of our suffering stems from some form of disconnection. Healing is, at its core, a relational process. This work may resonate with you if you've spent what can feel like ages trying to understand yourself, your patterns and your relationships. You may be highly perceptive, feel and care deeply, while also feeling exhausted from holding so much together for so long. In our work, the complexity of your inner world is welcomed, not minimized.
All things seek wholeness. We are wired to experience interconnectedness—with our inner parts, with others, with the Earth, and with the greater web of Life. Shame, emptiness, pain, grief - much of our suffering stems from some form of disconnection. Healing is, at its core, a relational process. This work may resonate with you if you've spent what can feel like ages trying to understand yourself, your patterns and your relationships. You may be highly perceptive, feel and care deeply, while also feeling exhausted from holding so much together for so long. In our work, the complexity of your inner world is welcomed, not minimized.
(343) 312-5568 View (343) 312-5568
Photo of Sasha Clarke - Therapy for BPD & Intense Emotions - Sasha , Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Therapy for BPD & Intense Emotions - Sasha
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Online Only
My name is Sasha, and I support individuals living with BPD or struggling with intense emotions and difficulty regulating them. BPD can shape how you see yourself, your relationships, and your world, leaving you feeling unstable, misunderstood, or caught in patterns that feel impossible to break. You may notice sudden shifts in mood, fear of abandonment, or intense reactions that impact relationships. You might also struggle with self-image, impulsive behavior, or feeling like your emotions are just too much. Therapy can be a place to untangle these experiences and start finding a sense of stability.
My name is Sasha, and I support individuals living with BPD or struggling with intense emotions and difficulty regulating them. BPD can shape how you see yourself, your relationships, and your world, leaving you feeling unstable, misunderstood, or caught in patterns that feel impossible to break. You may notice sudden shifts in mood, fear of abandonment, or intense reactions that impact relationships. You might also struggle with self-image, impulsive behavior, or feeling like your emotions are just too much. Therapy can be a place to untangle these experiences and start finding a sense of stability.
(365) 799-5633 View (365) 799-5633

See more therapy options for Ottawa

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Ottawa, ON

3.000+

Average cost per session

$169

Counsellors in Ottawa, ON who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
82% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues
80% Stress
71% Life Transitions
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% SunLife
74% Canada Life | Great-West Life
69% Manulife

How Counsellors in Ottawa, ON see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
16% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Ottawa?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.