Therapists in Ottawa, ON

Sarah Yassin
Registered Social Worker, BSW, RSW
Ottawa, ON K2B
Thank you for being here. I'm here to empower and support any potential client of mine while ensuring that each session is tailored to the unique needs and strengths of my clients. My aim is to foster a safe and supportive environment, to empower my clients to rewrite their narratives, identify solutions, and envision a future aligned with their goals. Cultural sensitivity lies at the heart of my practice, as I recognize the profound impact of identity, spirituality, and cultural background on one's well-being.
Thank you for being here. I'm here to empower and support any potential client of mine while ensuring that each session is tailored to the unique needs and strengths of my clients. My aim is to foster a safe and supportive environment, to empower my clients to rewrite their narratives, identify solutions, and envision a future aligned with their goals. Cultural sensitivity lies at the heart of my practice, as I recognize the profound impact of identity, spirituality, and cultural background on one's well-being.
(343) 453-7498 View (343) 453-7498
Tuba Aktas
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2G
Finding Your Words. Sometimes the hardest part is putting words to what you're feeling. I meet you with curiosity and attunement to explore the heart of your struggle, and together we work to understand the needs and patterns shaping your life. I work with adolescents (12+), adults, and couples across a wide range of experiences, and we begin with a consultation phase so we can slow down and thoughtfully explore your history and goals. This structured start makes sure my approach fits your needs and creates a clear foundation for our work. My space is culturally attuned, respectful of your pace, and offered in English or Turkish.
Finding Your Words. Sometimes the hardest part is putting words to what you're feeling. I meet you with curiosity and attunement to explore the heart of your struggle, and together we work to understand the needs and patterns shaping your life. I work with adolescents (12+), adults, and couples across a wide range of experiences, and we begin with a consultation phase so we can slow down and thoughtfully explore your history and goals. This structured start makes sure my approach fits your needs and creates a clear foundation for our work. My space is culturally attuned, respectful of your pace, and offered in English or Turkish.
(343) 459-1092 View (343) 459-1092
Ainisis Clemente Vivas
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, RP(Q)
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2P
Maybe you are someone who wants to feel lighter, calmer, and more at peace with yourself. Maybe you’ve been carrying anxiety, self-doubt, or painful experiences for a long time and just want a safe place to let it out. You hope to build confidence, set boundaries, and feel more grounded in who you are. What you are really looking for is support, understanding, and a path forward - and I want to walk beside you as you take those steps toward healing.
Maybe you are someone who wants to feel lighter, calmer, and more at peace with yourself. Maybe you’ve been carrying anxiety, self-doubt, or painful experiences for a long time and just want a safe place to let it out. You hope to build confidence, set boundaries, and feel more grounded in who you are. What you are really looking for is support, understanding, and a path forward - and I want to walk beside you as you take those steps toward healing.
(343) 326-3208 View (343) 326-3208
Wendy Elizabeth Brown
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, ICADC, ICCS, CCAC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Wendy Brown is a Registered Psychotherapist with the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario. As well, she is a seasoned veteran in the field of Addiction Counselling for over 30 years. Wendy's practice and experience has focused on the continuum of treatment, including harm reduction, stabilization, abstinence and relapse prevention depending on each individuals goals. She specializes in Issues of mental health and substance use for adults, young adults and youth. Challenges such as internal and external stressors such as grief, trauma, emotional regulation and issues related to the Criminal Justice System.
Wendy Brown is a Registered Psychotherapist with the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario. As well, she is a seasoned veteran in the field of Addiction Counselling for over 30 years. Wendy's practice and experience has focused on the continuum of treatment, including harm reduction, stabilization, abstinence and relapse prevention depending on each individuals goals. She specializes in Issues of mental health and substance use for adults, young adults and youth. Challenges such as internal and external stressors such as grief, trauma, emotional regulation and issues related to the Criminal Justice System.
(343) 307-4969 View (343) 307-4969
Petra Eperjesi
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA, BA(Hon)
2 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K0A
Are you struggling with anger, racing worries, feeling low, or like you don't even know who you are anymore? Is it starting to negatively affect your day-to-day life, relationships, and ability to function? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or discouraged by parenthood, pregnancy, or infertility? Do you wonder if you will ever feel like yourself again? You are not alone. So many of us parents and those hoping to become parents are feeling isolated, anxious, and lost trying to balance parenthood, relationships, work, and self-care. I want to help you (re)discover yourself, and find connection, joy, and peace in parenthood.
Are you struggling with anger, racing worries, feeling low, or like you don't even know who you are anymore? Is it starting to negatively affect your day-to-day life, relationships, and ability to function? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or discouraged by parenthood, pregnancy, or infertility? Do you wonder if you will ever feel like yourself again? You are not alone. So many of us parents and those hoping to become parents are feeling isolated, anxious, and lost trying to balance parenthood, relationships, work, and self-care. I want to help you (re)discover yourself, and find connection, joy, and peace in parenthood.
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Cathy Hum
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MEd, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2G
Choosing to come for counselling can be an intimidating task but rest assured that I will offer you and your loved ones an environment that is caring, non-judgmental and professional. Together, we will make a plan and set goals to help you get back on track. I offer counselling to children (10 years+), youth, and adults; individually or as a family, in the areas of anxiety, depression, anger, and grief. My areas of focus include mental health, substance misuse, partner violence, parenting, relationship difficulties, work place stress, racialized populations and forensic clientele.
Choosing to come for counselling can be an intimidating task but rest assured that I will offer you and your loved ones an environment that is caring, non-judgmental and professional. Together, we will make a plan and set goals to help you get back on track. I offer counselling to children (10 years+), youth, and adults; individually or as a family, in the areas of anxiety, depression, anger, and grief. My areas of focus include mental health, substance misuse, partner violence, parenting, relationship difficulties, work place stress, racialized populations and forensic clientele.
(613) 706-4021 View (613) 706-4021
Christiane Lafleche
Registered Social Worker, MSW , RSW
3 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K1Y
Accepting new clients for the new year. Are you on your reproductive journey? While the ability of bringing life into the world can bring great joy, it can also be the cause of loss, guilt, shame and overwhelm. From sexual trauma, termination of pregnancy, miscarriage, birth trauma, and perinatal anxiety and depression, I am here to support you so that you can start feeling uplifted, at peace and simply well. My goal is to support you so you can find empowerment and joy within sexuality, pregnancy, birth and parenting.
Accepting new clients for the new year. Are you on your reproductive journey? While the ability of bringing life into the world can bring great joy, it can also be the cause of loss, guilt, shame and overwhelm. From sexual trauma, termination of pregnancy, miscarriage, birth trauma, and perinatal anxiety and depression, I am here to support you so that you can start feeling uplifted, at peace and simply well. My goal is to support you so you can find empowerment and joy within sexuality, pregnancy, birth and parenting.
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Susan Kelen. Retired
Psychologist, PhD, C, Psych
Ottawa, ON K1N
Not accepting new clients
I am a Registered Clinical Psychologist located in Ottawa providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples, and teenagers and their families. Most of the people who come to see me are referred due to common psychological problems (such as anxiety, depression, work stress) as well as health problems and stressful or confusing life events. I specialize in working with teens (ages 12 and up.) One third of my practice is teens, one third adults and one third couples.
I am a Registered Clinical Psychologist located in Ottawa providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples, and teenagers and their families. Most of the people who come to see me are referred due to common psychological problems (such as anxiety, depression, work stress) as well as health problems and stressful or confusing life events. I specialize in working with teens (ages 12 and up.) One third of my practice is teens, one third adults and one third couples.
(343) 308-1257 View (343) 308-1257
Fran Isaacs
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2C
It is possible to find resilience and meaningful new paths - even with difficulties such as anxious or depressed feelings, crises with relationship, LGBTQIA2S+ issues, and coming to terms with aging, loss, and grief. I care that women find ways to go out into the world to fulfill themselves, that being queer is defined by the story of self, and that those who are growing older continue to explore self-growth and self-development.
It is possible to find resilience and meaningful new paths - even with difficulties such as anxious or depressed feelings, crises with relationship, LGBTQIA2S+ issues, and coming to terms with aging, loss, and grief. I care that women find ways to go out into the world to fulfill themselves, that being queer is defined by the story of self, and that those who are growing older continue to explore self-growth and self-development.
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Jeannette Robert
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, CCC, RP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My philosophy is Existential, meaning that we are free and therefore responsible for our choices, We are the authors of our lives, and we design the pathways we follow. My basic premise is that we are not victims of circumstance because, to a large extent, we are what we choose to be. Life is a cycle of transitions and experiences, presenting opportunities and challenges. Often the most important life lessons comes from our suffering. My aim is to assist people to develop their meaning and purpose, by encouraging them to explore options, in order to achieve a more meaningful existence.
My philosophy is Existential, meaning that we are free and therefore responsible for our choices, We are the authors of our lives, and we design the pathways we follow. My basic premise is that we are not victims of circumstance because, to a large extent, we are what we choose to be. Life is a cycle of transitions and experiences, presenting opportunities and challenges. Often the most important life lessons comes from our suffering. My aim is to assist people to develop their meaning and purpose, by encouraging them to explore options, in order to achieve a more meaningful existence.
(613) 801-6262 View (613) 801-6262
Alexia Jiménez
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K2P
Has your relationship gone flat? Are you living as roommates rather than romantic partners? Do you have repetitive arguments that go nowhere? Do you give or receive the cold shoulder when things get heated? Do you want to rebuild a more enjoyable, loving and flourishing relationship with your partner? A great relationship, one in which you grow together rather than merely stay together, brings joy, enhances overall happiness, has physical health benefits, brings a sense of companionship, provides safety and stability and at the same time allows you the space to grow and challenges you to become the best version of yourself.
Has your relationship gone flat? Are you living as roommates rather than romantic partners? Do you have repetitive arguments that go nowhere? Do you give or receive the cold shoulder when things get heated? Do you want to rebuild a more enjoyable, loving and flourishing relationship with your partner? A great relationship, one in which you grow together rather than merely stay together, brings joy, enhances overall happiness, has physical health benefits, brings a sense of companionship, provides safety and stability and at the same time allows you the space to grow and challenges you to become the best version of yourself.
(613) 909-5742 View (613) 909-5742
Dr. Mahin Tavakoli
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Ottawa, ON K1R
Currently, new clients are accepted. I am a Clinical Psychologist, fully registered by the College of Psychologists of Ontario. I provide assessment, psychodiagnosis, counselling, and psychotherapy services to individuals with a variety of psychological needs. My areas of expertise include: Depression, Anxiety, Adjustment to Life Changes, Emotion Regulation, Family of Origin Issues, Identity Issues, Interpersonal Problems, Panic, Phobias, Premarital Counselling, Procrastination, Self-Esteem, Stress/Coping, Trauma, Workplace Issues, Immigrant Issues, Culturally Sensitive Assessment & Psychotherapy.
Currently, new clients are accepted. I am a Clinical Psychologist, fully registered by the College of Psychologists of Ontario. I provide assessment, psychodiagnosis, counselling, and psychotherapy services to individuals with a variety of psychological needs. My areas of expertise include: Depression, Anxiety, Adjustment to Life Changes, Emotion Regulation, Family of Origin Issues, Identity Issues, Interpersonal Problems, Panic, Phobias, Premarital Counselling, Procrastination, Self-Esteem, Stress/Coping, Trauma, Workplace Issues, Immigrant Issues, Culturally Sensitive Assessment & Psychotherapy.
(613) 209-0600 View (613) 209-0600
Kelly Tabor
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
2 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K1G
Waitlist for new clients
Trusting yourself and seeking support takes courage. If you're impacted by stressful life events or struggling with difficult thoughts and feelings, and looking for a comfortable compassionate space to process, heal, and develop new insights and skills, therapeutic support can be a way forward. I provide therapeutic support to individuals navigating a variety of challenging life experiences including anxiety, depression, interpersonal difficulties, life or family transitions, and to those impacted by chronic illness or cancer, whether a personal diagnosis, a family member, friend, or caregiver.
Trusting yourself and seeking support takes courage. If you're impacted by stressful life events or struggling with difficult thoughts and feelings, and looking for a comfortable compassionate space to process, heal, and develop new insights and skills, therapeutic support can be a way forward. I provide therapeutic support to individuals navigating a variety of challenging life experiences including anxiety, depression, interpersonal difficulties, life or family transitions, and to those impacted by chronic illness or cancer, whether a personal diagnosis, a family member, friend, or caregiver.
(343) 321-0146 View (343) 321-0146
Anjali Joseph
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP, RMFT-S
2 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K1G
Are you looking to break patterns you are noticing in your life that are keeping you stuck in cycles of pain and struggle personally and relationally? Lets explore ways of compassionately noticing, seeing, and discovering new ways of growing and unlocking potential growth, together. Ready for something new?
Are you looking to break patterns you are noticing in your life that are keeping you stuck in cycles of pain and struggle personally and relationally? Lets explore ways of compassionately noticing, seeing, and discovering new ways of growing and unlocking potential growth, together. Ready for something new?
(343) 304-6419 View (343) 304-6419
Dr. Andrew Jacobs
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Online Only
Living with OCD, anxiety, phobias, or the effects of trauma can be overwhelming, and finding treatment that truly targets these difficulties is often a challenge. I am a licensed clinical psychologist with two decades of experience providing tailored, evidence-based therapy for OCD, anxiety, and trauma-related concerns. My approach to therapy is down-to-earth and collaborative, recognizing that you bring valuable expertise about your own life and experiences. Together, we’ll explore your strengths, identify what may be keeping you stuck, and develop effective strategies to help you move toward your goals.
Living with OCD, anxiety, phobias, or the effects of trauma can be overwhelming, and finding treatment that truly targets these difficulties is often a challenge. I am a licensed clinical psychologist with two decades of experience providing tailored, evidence-based therapy for OCD, anxiety, and trauma-related concerns. My approach to therapy is down-to-earth and collaborative, recognizing that you bring valuable expertise about your own life and experiences. Together, we’ll explore your strengths, identify what may be keeping you stuck, and develop effective strategies to help you move toward your goals.
(343) 429-6301 View (343) 429-6301
Heather Sutherland
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I have been providing supportive, results-oriented counselling, and training other counsellors & psychologists, for 25 years. My passion & enthusiasm for helping people make positive lasting changes in their lives remains strong. I am devoted to listening closely to my clients, understanding their concerns, & helping them find solutions that work for them. Primarily a cognitive-behavioural therapist, I draw on various evidence-based therapeutic methods, matching strategies with client needs & goals. I provide individual, couple & group therapy. Please visit sutherlandcounselling.com for information on my specialities including: Addiction, Anger, Anxiety, Assertiveness, Depression, Personal Growth, Relationship Issues, Self-Esteem, Stress, & Workplace Issues.
I have been providing supportive, results-oriented counselling, and training other counsellors & psychologists, for 25 years. My passion & enthusiasm for helping people make positive lasting changes in their lives remains strong. I am devoted to listening closely to my clients, understanding their concerns, & helping them find solutions that work for them. Primarily a cognitive-behavioural therapist, I draw on various evidence-based therapeutic methods, matching strategies with client needs & goals. I provide individual, couple & group therapy. Please visit sutherlandcounselling.com for information on my specialities including: Addiction, Anger, Anxiety, Assertiveness, Depression, Personal Growth, Relationship Issues, Self-Esteem, Stress, & Workplace Issues.
(343) 700-6050 View (343) 700-6050
Mvumbi Kumbu
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd
Ottawa, ON K1R
Do you ever wonder why you are so anxious? Are you struggling to identify the source of your depression? Do you ever look for answers about the purpose of the situation you are going through in your life? Are you sometimes discouraged, disengaged, demotivated to get back on your feet because you feel you have tried everything?
Do you ever wonder why you are so anxious? Are you struggling to identify the source of your depression? Do you ever look for answers about the purpose of the situation you are going through in your life? Are you sometimes discouraged, disengaged, demotivated to get back on your feet because you feel you have tried everything?
(343) 307-0835 View (343) 307-0835
Heer Deepak Vaghela
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), M'ED
1 Endorsed
Ottawa, ON K1R
I am passionate about helping individuals navigate and heal from the emotional, physical, and spiritual impact of trauma. My work centers on supporting clients through complex challenges, including trauma (PTSD and C-PTSD), anxiety, depression, ADHD, emotional distress, and addiction. I believe that true healing comes from addressing not only the symptoms but also the root causes that shape each person’s experiences. Together, we will work to uncover and explore these deeper layers, fostering resilience and holistic well-being. My approach is collaborative and grounded in compassion. I offer a safe, supportive space where we can ex
I am passionate about helping individuals navigate and heal from the emotional, physical, and spiritual impact of trauma. My work centers on supporting clients through complex challenges, including trauma (PTSD and C-PTSD), anxiety, depression, ADHD, emotional distress, and addiction. I believe that true healing comes from addressing not only the symptoms but also the root causes that shape each person’s experiences. Together, we will work to uncover and explore these deeper layers, fostering resilience and holistic well-being. My approach is collaborative and grounded in compassion. I offer a safe, supportive space where we can ex
(343) 700-3470 View (343) 700-3470
Gray Winchell
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Ottawa, ON K2P
Clients often arrive with complex feelings, relational challenges, and a general desire for change. They're aware a shift is needed, though it's unclear what that looks like, or how to get there. They seek a grounded presence to unpack their experiences - both past and present - and explore how it is their life and relationships (or lack thereof) have come to be. It is from this place we begin the necessary work of untangling complex experiences, drawing on them for insight, self-understanding, compassion, more ease, and empowerment.
Clients often arrive with complex feelings, relational challenges, and a general desire for change. They're aware a shift is needed, though it's unclear what that looks like, or how to get there. They seek a grounded presence to unpack their experiences - both past and present - and explore how it is their life and relationships (or lack thereof) have come to be. It is from this place we begin the necessary work of untangling complex experiences, drawing on them for insight, self-understanding, compassion, more ease, and empowerment.
(343) 803-6426 View (343) 803-6426
Amal Ahmed
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
We all go through stressful moments that overwhelm us and leave us feeling a range of painful emotions that decrease our experiences of pleasure, joy, and contentment. Whether you are new to counselling or have previous experience – we can all benefit from support during difficult life events, transitions, and strenuous family dynamics. I have extensive experience working with clients suffering from loss, grief, anxiety, depression, burnout, relationship challenges and trauma. I am also passionate about providing a culturally sensitive experience.
We all go through stressful moments that overwhelm us and leave us feeling a range of painful emotions that decrease our experiences of pleasure, joy, and contentment. Whether you are new to counselling or have previous experience – we can all benefit from support during difficult life events, transitions, and strenuous family dynamics. I have extensive experience working with clients suffering from loss, grief, anxiety, depression, burnout, relationship challenges and trauma. I am also passionate about providing a culturally sensitive experience.
(343) 338-3127 View (343) 338-3127

See more therapy options for Ottawa

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Ottawa, ON

3.000+

Average cost per session

$169

Counsellors in Ottawa, ON who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
93% Social Anxiety
93% Health Anxiety
93% Driving Anxiety
86% Depression
82% Self Esteem
80% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% SunLife
73% Canada Life | Great-West Life
69% Manulife

How Counsellors in Ottawa, ON see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
16% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Ottawa?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.