Psychoanalytic Therapists in Kingston, ON

Photo of Emily Tidman - Psychodynamic "get unstuck" Therapy - Emily Tidman, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RPQ
Psychodynamic "get unstuck" Therapy - Emily Tidman
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RPQ
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My psychoanalytic approach is especially valuable when these problems are deeply ingrained and significantly interfere with your quality of life.
Accepting new clients! My psychoanalytical practice is grounded in the belief that long-standing, repetitive issues — those that seem to resist resolution despite your best efforts — are most effectively addressed by uncovering unconscious motivations that drive thoughts, emotions, and behaviour. I work with challenges like stress, depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, identity confusion, loss, addictions, physical illness, and family-of-origin issues.
My psychoanalytic approach is especially valuable when these problems are deeply ingrained and significantly interfere with your quality of life.
Accepting new clients! My psychoanalytical practice is grounded in the belief that long-standing, repetitive issues — those that seem to resist resolution despite your best efforts — are most effectively addressed by uncovering unconscious motivations that drive thoughts, emotions, and behaviour. I work with challenges like stress, depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, identity confusion, loss, addictions, physical illness, and family-of-origin issues.
(343) 309-9723 View (343) 309-9723
Photo of Carole-Anne Vatcher-Psychotherapist And Clinical Supervisor, Registered Social Worker
I primarily use an exploratory, collaborative, psychodynamic approach in therapy, drawing from core psychoanalytic concepts.
Jan 16, 2025 - Currently accepting new clients. I work with adult women who are experiencing burnout, stress, anxiety, exhaustion, unhappiness, and resentment, at work and in their personal relationships. If this is you, I can help you to come into calm, process the realities of your situation, understand what unconscious inner patterns might be playing a role, and develop a more grounded, relaxed, and peaceful way of being. My approach is exploratory and collaborative, as together we work to understand your issues of concern from fresh perspectives, and find creative, effective responses that can begin to shift your life situation.
I primarily use an exploratory, collaborative, psychodynamic approach in therapy, drawing from core psychoanalytic concepts.
Jan 16, 2025 - Currently accepting new clients. I work with adult women who are experiencing burnout, stress, anxiety, exhaustion, unhappiness, and resentment, at work and in their personal relationships. If this is you, I can help you to come into calm, process the realities of your situation, understand what unconscious inner patterns might be playing a role, and develop a more grounded, relaxed, and peaceful way of being. My approach is exploratory and collaborative, as together we work to understand your issues of concern from fresh perspectives, and find creative, effective responses that can begin to shift your life situation.
(613) 453-7102 View (613) 453-7102
Photo of Jennifer L. Ashton (Liesen), Registered Psychotherapist, MSc-MHC, BSc-Psy
Jennifer L. Ashton (Liesen)
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc-MHC, BSc-Psy
Kingston, ON K7L
Waitlist for new clients
Complex/Relational Trauma Therapy: Jennifer works with adults who have experienced intergenerational and interpersonal traumas in their upbringing and in adult relationships. We may have had unavailable caregivers whom did not have the tools to provide essential emotional support, which then shaped our sense of shame and other core beliefs about our worth. We needed to feel safe and protected, to be guided with the appropriate balance of security and independence to develop self-trust and confidence in our decision making. We learned to adapt and survive with coping strategies that continue to exist and may no longer be helpful.
Complex/Relational Trauma Therapy: Jennifer works with adults who have experienced intergenerational and interpersonal traumas in their upbringing and in adult relationships. We may have had unavailable caregivers whom did not have the tools to provide essential emotional support, which then shaped our sense of shame and other core beliefs about our worth. We needed to feel safe and protected, to be guided with the appropriate balance of security and independence to develop self-trust and confidence in our decision making. We learned to adapt and survive with coping strategies that continue to exist and may no longer be helpful.
(613) 801-5455 View (613) 801-5455
Photo of Krista Melrose - Mind Up Counselling, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MA
Mind Up Counselling
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MA
1 Endorsed
Kingston, ON K7K
I work with adults who experienced abuse, household dysfunction and neglect during their childhood. Harbored trauma can show up later in life with feelings of inadequacy, unfulfilling relationships, addictions, people-pleasing, having unachievable expectations for yourself/others, and much more. I help clients who have experienced adversity in their younger years understand their thought patterns, attachment styles and work towards creating a life they are comfortable living in.
I work with adults who experienced abuse, household dysfunction and neglect during their childhood. Harbored trauma can show up later in life with feelings of inadequacy, unfulfilling relationships, addictions, people-pleasing, having unachievable expectations for yourself/others, and much more. I help clients who have experienced adversity in their younger years understand their thought patterns, attachment styles and work towards creating a life they are comfortable living in.
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Photo of Fiona Woodman, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Fiona Woodman
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Currently Accepting New Clients. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 18 years of experience. I have extensive experience working with adults who struggle with issues such as depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma, PTSD, interpersonal conflict and life transitions. I particularly enjoy working with university and college students who are grappling with adjusting to secondary school, family of origin issues, perfectionism and relationship difficulties.
Currently Accepting New Clients. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 18 years of experience. I have extensive experience working with adults who struggle with issues such as depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma, PTSD, interpersonal conflict and life transitions. I particularly enjoy working with university and college students who are grappling with adjusting to secondary school, family of origin issues, perfectionism and relationship difficulties.
(343) 307-9437 View (343) 307-9437
Photo of Lisa Steacy, Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Lisa Steacy
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Kingston, ON K7L
I work from a place that values and acknowledges the need for connection and right relationship in all domains of life, including the therapeutic relationship. The desire to feel heard, understood, known and safe is an inherent need we all desire and I aspire to create this dynamic in all my therapeutic working relationships. I am strength-based clinician, drawing on each individual unique gifts, talents and experiences. I understand and feel privileged to witness the triumph over one's challenges through this therapeutic process. I am a RP, with 30 years in Mental Health, working with children, youth, adults, couples and families.
I work from a place that values and acknowledges the need for connection and right relationship in all domains of life, including the therapeutic relationship. The desire to feel heard, understood, known and safe is an inherent need we all desire and I aspire to create this dynamic in all my therapeutic working relationships. I am strength-based clinician, drawing on each individual unique gifts, talents and experiences. I understand and feel privileged to witness the triumph over one's challenges through this therapeutic process. I am a RP, with 30 years in Mental Health, working with children, youth, adults, couples and families.
(343) 309-5942 View (343) 309-5942
Photo of Dr. Karen Dinsmore, Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Dr. Karen Dinsmore
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
6 Endorsed
Kingston, ON K7L
You are likely on this website because there is some aspect of your life that you are hoping to change. Perhaps you have experienced a history of unstable mood, depression, anxiety, or self-defeating behaviours. You might have tried to cope in ways that do not seem to work, or learn skills but they don't seem to stick, and somehow always end back in a place you don't want to be. If you feel that you have suffered for long enough and you have a strong desire to change the patterns that get you stuck, and process and heal from your core emotional struggle we can work together to make the changes necessary to help you move forward.
You are likely on this website because there is some aspect of your life that you are hoping to change. Perhaps you have experienced a history of unstable mood, depression, anxiety, or self-defeating behaviours. You might have tried to cope in ways that do not seem to work, or learn skills but they don't seem to stick, and somehow always end back in a place you don't want to be. If you feel that you have suffered for long enough and you have a strong desire to change the patterns that get you stuck, and process and heal from your core emotional struggle we can work together to make the changes necessary to help you move forward.
(343) 309-9194 View (343) 309-9194
Photo of Kimberly Mask, Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, RP
Kimberly Mask
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, RP
Kingston, ON K7P
You might be feeling overwhelmed by life’s changes, struggling to meet expectations — whether from work, family, society, or even yourself — and wondering how to find your footing again. Maybe you’re looking for more than just coping; maybe you want personal growth, emotional understanding, and a deeper connection with yourself. I work with individuals who are navigating stress, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, addiction, low self-esteem, and difficulties managing emotions. If you’re looking for a space where you can feel heard, understood, and supported as you work toward real, meaningful change, I’m here to walk alongside you.
You might be feeling overwhelmed by life’s changes, struggling to meet expectations — whether from work, family, society, or even yourself — and wondering how to find your footing again. Maybe you’re looking for more than just coping; maybe you want personal growth, emotional understanding, and a deeper connection with yourself. I work with individuals who are navigating stress, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, addiction, low self-esteem, and difficulties managing emotions. If you’re looking for a space where you can feel heard, understood, and supported as you work toward real, meaningful change, I’m here to walk alongside you.
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Photo of Ryan Dinsmore, Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP, CCC
Ryan Dinsmore
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP, CCC
1 Endorsed
Kingston, ON K7L
I help adults who struggle with anxiety, trauma, interpersonal challenges, and low self-esteem and I also provide specialized clinical services to people with chronic pain, Functional Neurological Disorders (FND), and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). You may be experiencing persistent anxious thoughts, self-defeating behaviours, issues in relationships, or physical symptoms despite your best efforts to live a good life.
I help adults who struggle with anxiety, trauma, interpersonal challenges, and low self-esteem and I also provide specialized clinical services to people with chronic pain, Functional Neurological Disorders (FND), and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). You may be experiencing persistent anxious thoughts, self-defeating behaviours, issues in relationships, or physical symptoms despite your best efforts to live a good life.
(343) 338-5307 View (343) 338-5307
Photo of Ekta Sehgal, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, MBBS
Ekta Sehgal
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, MBBS
1 Endorsed
Kingston, ON K7M
Life can be heavy sometimes. Maybe you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or caught in patterns that don’t serve you anymore. Or maybe you’re carrying grief that no one sees, struggling in relationships, or just feeling disconnected from yourself. Whatever it is, you don’t have to figure it out alone. Therapy isn’t about having all the answers—it’s about having a space where you can be real, messy, and honest without judgment. My goal is to offer that space for you. We’ll move at your pace, untangling what feels confusing and creating more room for clarity, self-acceptance and growth.
Life can be heavy sometimes. Maybe you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or caught in patterns that don’t serve you anymore. Or maybe you’re carrying grief that no one sees, struggling in relationships, or just feeling disconnected from yourself. Whatever it is, you don’t have to figure it out alone. Therapy isn’t about having all the answers—it’s about having a space where you can be real, messy, and honest without judgment. My goal is to offer that space for you. We’ll move at your pace, untangling what feels confusing and creating more room for clarity, self-acceptance and growth.
(343) 321-8864 View (343) 321-8864
Photo of Carly Crump, Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, MSc, BSc
Carly Crump
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, MSc, BSc
1 Endorsed
Kingston, ON K7K
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with the College of Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO). I completed my MA in Counselling Psychology at Yorkville University and completed an MSc in Neuroscience and a BSc in Neuroscience and Mental Health from Carleton University where my research focused on understanding the influence of genetics, trauma, and social support in the development of depression and resilience in adults. I provide psychotherapy to adolescents, adults, and seniors. I have significant experience working with clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, eating disorders, relationship issues, life transitions.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with the College of Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO). I completed my MA in Counselling Psychology at Yorkville University and completed an MSc in Neuroscience and a BSc in Neuroscience and Mental Health from Carleton University where my research focused on understanding the influence of genetics, trauma, and social support in the development of depression and resilience in adults. I provide psychotherapy to adolescents, adults, and seniors. I have significant experience working with clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, eating disorders, relationship issues, life transitions.
(343) 655-2362 View (343) 655-2362
Photo of Zahra Nafar - YourTherapist Psychotherapy and Counselling , Registered Psychotherapist, RP
YourTherapist Psychotherapy and Counselling
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Kingston, ON K7K
YourTherapist Psychotherapy and Counselling is a specialized mental health clinic that provides evidence-based, compassionate, and affordable mental health services across Ontario. Our highly skilled psychotherapists have been extensively trained to treat a variety of mental illnesses with interventions that are personalized to each client’s needs, including psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Internal Family Systems (IFS), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Attachment-Based Therapy, and Trauma-Focused Interventions to individuals, couples, and families.
YourTherapist Psychotherapy and Counselling is a specialized mental health clinic that provides evidence-based, compassionate, and affordable mental health services across Ontario. Our highly skilled psychotherapists have been extensively trained to treat a variety of mental illnesses with interventions that are personalized to each client’s needs, including psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Internal Family Systems (IFS), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Attachment-Based Therapy, and Trauma-Focused Interventions to individuals, couples, and families.
(343) 304-6238 View (343) 304-6238
Photo of Darbey Carlson, Registered Psychotherapist, EMDR-C, MSc, MA, RYT, ADHD-SP
Darbey Carlson
Registered Psychotherapist, EMDR-C, MSc, MA, RYT, ADHD-SP
16 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting NEW Clients - Do you feel “stuck” in your day-to-day life or unsure how to move forward in a way that makes you feel fulfilled? Are you interested in learning more about how your childhood impacts you as an adult? Does it feel like your past experiences are weighing on you, and your sense of self is foggy or unclear? Are you interested in exploring different perspectives or figuring out who you’d like to move forward as? Betrayal trauma or infidelity have you frozen? Together we can look at the steps that have brought you to this point, and increase self-awareness, emotional stability, and insight into your experiences.
Accepting NEW Clients - Do you feel “stuck” in your day-to-day life or unsure how to move forward in a way that makes you feel fulfilled? Are you interested in learning more about how your childhood impacts you as an adult? Does it feel like your past experiences are weighing on you, and your sense of self is foggy or unclear? Are you interested in exploring different perspectives or figuring out who you’d like to move forward as? Betrayal trauma or infidelity have you frozen? Together we can look at the steps that have brought you to this point, and increase self-awareness, emotional stability, and insight into your experiences.
(289) 210-0867 View (289) 210-0867
Photo of Zahra Nafar, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Zahra Nafar
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
11 Endorsed
Kingston, ON K7K
I am a Registered Psychotherapist and the director of YourTherapist Psychotherapy and Counselling Clinic with locations in Ottawa, Kingston and the GTA. My experience includes years of advanced training in psychology, neuroscience and genetics, providing trauma-informed interventions for clients with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP) and a Certified Addictions-Informed Mental Health Professional (CAIMHP). I utilize a client-centred methodology to provide a compassionate and safe therapeutic environment for my clients.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist and the director of YourTherapist Psychotherapy and Counselling Clinic with locations in Ottawa, Kingston and the GTA. My experience includes years of advanced training in psychology, neuroscience and genetics, providing trauma-informed interventions for clients with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP) and a Certified Addictions-Informed Mental Health Professional (CAIMHP). I utilize a client-centred methodology to provide a compassionate and safe therapeutic environment for my clients.
(343) 306-4498 View (343) 306-4498
Photo of Caitlin Bailer - Anxiety Therapy for Women - Caitlin Bailer, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Anxiety Therapy for Women - Caitlin Bailer
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting new clients! If you're a woman dealing with anxiety, I'm here to help. As someone who has been to therapy myself, I know how important it is to have someone you can talk to and trust with your daily worries and challenges. No matter what you're going through, whether it's a lot of things at once or something really big that's got you feeling swamped, I'm here to support you. We can team up to change these tough times into opportunities for growth, moving you towards a life filled with peace and strength.
Accepting new clients! If you're a woman dealing with anxiety, I'm here to help. As someone who has been to therapy myself, I know how important it is to have someone you can talk to and trust with your daily worries and challenges. No matter what you're going through, whether it's a lot of things at once or something really big that's got you feeling swamped, I'm here to support you. We can team up to change these tough times into opportunities for growth, moving you towards a life filled with peace and strength.
(249) 505-0795 View (249) 505-0795
Photo of Amanda Dewar - Strength Counselling Services, Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(782) 400-0486 View (782) 400-0486
Photo of Gordana Cvetkovic - Gordana Cvetkovic - London Trauma Therapy, Registered Social Worker, BA, BSW, MSW, RSW
Gordana Cvetkovic - London Trauma Therapy
Registered Social Worker, BA, BSW, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Kingston, ON K0H
Your relationship used to feel effortless, but now it’s a struggle just to communicate. The distance between you grows, and it feels like you are always either arguing or walking on eggshells. You miss the connection, the laughter, and the love you once shared. You wonder, Can we ever get back to that place? Yes, you can. As a couples therapist, I specialize in helping partners rebuild trust, improve communication, and reconnect on a deeper level. Whether you are stuck in the same arguments, dealing with resentment, or just feel disconnected, I can help you find your way back to each other. You don’t do this alone, email us today.
Your relationship used to feel effortless, but now it’s a struggle just to communicate. The distance between you grows, and it feels like you are always either arguing or walking on eggshells. You miss the connection, the laughter, and the love you once shared. You wonder, Can we ever get back to that place? Yes, you can. As a couples therapist, I specialize in helping partners rebuild trust, improve communication, and reconnect on a deeper level. Whether you are stuck in the same arguments, dealing with resentment, or just feel disconnected, I can help you find your way back to each other. You don’t do this alone, email us today.
(226) 777-7702 View (226) 777-7702
Photo of Sonya Watson Adult Adhd Teens Anxiety Supervision, Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CCC, MEd, BEd, BSc
Sonya Watson Adult Adhd Teens Anxiety Supervision
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CCC, MEd, BEd, BSc
9 Endorsed
Kingston, ON K7L
Being a teen, post-secondary student, adult or professional today can be tough. Anxiety, ADHD or low mood can make you feel stuck, stressed, overwhelmed or exhausted from trying to cope every day, but there is hope! Are you tired of feeling anxious, overwhelmed or down all the time? Are you constantly worrying? Maybe your social life, grades or job are being impacted. If you struggle with anxiety, low mood, self-esteem, social anxiety, life transitions, time management, ADHD, ASD, OCD, learning disabilities, peer/relationships issues, reach out for help today.
Being a teen, post-secondary student, adult or professional today can be tough. Anxiety, ADHD or low mood can make you feel stuck, stressed, overwhelmed or exhausted from trying to cope every day, but there is hope! Are you tired of feeling anxious, overwhelmed or down all the time? Are you constantly worrying? Maybe your social life, grades or job are being impacted. If you struggle with anxiety, low mood, self-esteem, social anxiety, life transitions, time management, ADHD, ASD, OCD, learning disabilities, peer/relationships issues, reach out for help today.
(249) 449-9201 View (249) 449-9201
Photo of Warren Elardo - Elardo Therapy and Counselling Services, Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Elardo Therapy and Counselling Services
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
My practice specializes in working with youth, couples, and families. I support clientele who need support with anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, and self-esteem. Many of my clients are experiencing mental health struggles related to their life transitions such as divorce/separation, death of a loved one, and work-related challenges. I can provide you, and your partner, single sessions, brief therapy, and long-term psychotherapy. I offer my services through my office, at your home through Zoom (video therapy), or any location convenient for you. I will ensure that you feel comfortable with the process of starting therapy.
My practice specializes in working with youth, couples, and families. I support clientele who need support with anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, and self-esteem. Many of my clients are experiencing mental health struggles related to their life transitions such as divorce/separation, death of a loved one, and work-related challenges. I can provide you, and your partner, single sessions, brief therapy, and long-term psychotherapy. I offer my services through my office, at your home through Zoom (video therapy), or any location convenient for you. I will ensure that you feel comfortable with the process of starting therapy.
(647) 691-6405 View (647) 691-6405
Photo of Brent McKay - McKay Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RN, BScN, MACP
McKay Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RN, BScN, MACP
Serves Area
You may be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, or navigating the complexities of relationships and life transitions. You’re likely seeking relief from emotional pain, greater self-understanding, and a path to feeling more in control. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space where we can work together to break unhealthy patterns, build resilience, and help you move forward. If you're ready to make meaningful changes in your life and gain a sense of purpose and direction, I’m here to support you every step of the way.
You may be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, or navigating the complexities of relationships and life transitions. You’re likely seeking relief from emotional pain, greater self-understanding, and a path to feeling more in control. I provide a safe, non-judgmental space where we can work together to break unhealthy patterns, build resilience, and help you move forward. If you're ready to make meaningful changes in your life and gain a sense of purpose and direction, I’m here to support you every step of the way.
(343) 338-5333 View (343) 338-5333

See more therapy options for Kingston

Psychoanalytic Counsellors

Does psychoanalytic therapy work?

Psychoanalytic therapy derives from the work of Sigmund Freud. In this type of therapy, discovering buried thoughts and emotions from the unconscious will help a person work through their difficulties and negative behaviours. Research shows that psychoanalytic therapy can be highly effective, with patients reporting improvement in mood, quality of life, and overall well-being.

How long are people typically in psychoanalytic therapy?

Traditional psychoanalysis is in-depth and is conducted in five sessions every week. Today, modern psychoanalytic therapy is less intense and normally incorporates as few as one or two sessions a week. In some cases, positive change can occur quickly. However, if the condition, difficulty, or behaviour is deep-seated, improvement may require many months or years of therapy.

Is psychoanalytic therapy suitable for young people?

Children and adolescents can benefit from this type of therapy. Many kids and teens are often unable to form and communicate their thoughts and emotions. Psychoanalytic therapy uses specific techniques such as dream analysis, symbolism, and free association or word association; all of which can be useful tools for less-communicative young people. Through this therapy, a patient will hopefully make connections between what they feel inside and how the world works outside.

Can psychoanalytic therapy be done online?

Modern-day psychoanalytic therapy is very different from traditional psychoanalysis. While an individual can sit face-to-face with the psychoanalyst for multiple sessions a week, they do not have to. Today, psychoanalytic therapy can be effectively conducted online or by phone. The key is that the individual confronts what is repressed and avoided, and this can be done whether in person or over online video.