Depression Therapists in Dundas, ON

Photo of Jojo Chooi-Harley, Registered Social Worker, BA, BSW, RSW
Jojo Chooi-Harley
Registered Social Worker, BA, BSW, RSW
2 Endorsed
Dundas, ON L9H
I work with a wide range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, grief, life transitions, self-esteem, stress, and interpersonal conflict.
My work is grounded in the belief that healing happens through relationship, curiosity, and creative exploration. I will collaborate with you to access support that is personalized and responsive to your lived experience. We can explore how social, cultural, and relational contexts shape identity and challenges, and develop practical skills and insights.
I work with a wide range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, grief, life transitions, self-esteem, stress, and interpersonal conflict.
My work is grounded in the belief that healing happens through relationship, curiosity, and creative exploration. I will collaborate with you to access support that is personalized and responsive to your lived experience. We can explore how social, cultural, and relational contexts shape identity and challenges, and develop practical skills and insights.
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Photo of Alannah Kavanagh, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MCP
Alannah Kavanagh
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MCP
3 Endorsed
Online Only
You want to feel confident and ready for the next chapter of your life, but deep down you struggle with doubt, ambivalence, and the pressure of major changes like marriage or adjusting to life with a newborn. You want to feel empowered in your choices, but still find yourself second-guessing them, noticing the weight of all the lives you are saying no to when you choose one path. You may feel overwhelmed, exhausted, or unsure of what to trust. You are ready to gain clarity, trust yourself, and engage with life fully. I want to help you step into this stage with confidence!
You want to feel confident and ready for the next chapter of your life, but deep down you struggle with doubt, ambivalence, and the pressure of major changes like marriage or adjusting to life with a newborn. You want to feel empowered in your choices, but still find yourself second-guessing them, noticing the weight of all the lives you are saying no to when you choose one path. You may feel overwhelmed, exhausted, or unsure of what to trust. You are ready to gain clarity, trust yourself, and engage with life fully. I want to help you step into this stage with confidence!
(365) 397-9871 View (365) 397-9871
Photo of Michelle L Stockwell, RN, Psychotherapist, CNP/CPN, MHSc, RN
Michelle L Stockwell
RN, Psychotherapist, CNP/CPN, MHSc, RN
Dundas, ON L9H
My clients are usually people in life transition, they feel overwhelmed and want to discuss their issues and get some clarity and help with decision making and coping strategies. They may have a complicated life situation and often medical and mental health problems combined. I can help them to maximize their health during stressful times and focus on goals and direction in the present and future. Personal and family situations, relationships, health and medication management, work and school and grief and isolation. With some support and professional guidance many situations that feel overwhelming and hopeless can be opportunities.
My clients are usually people in life transition, they feel overwhelmed and want to discuss their issues and get some clarity and help with decision making and coping strategies. They may have a complicated life situation and often medical and mental health problems combined. I can help them to maximize their health during stressful times and focus on goals and direction in the present and future. Personal and family situations, relationships, health and medication management, work and school and grief and isolation. With some support and professional guidance many situations that feel overwhelming and hopeless can be opportunities.
(289) 277-6421 View (289) 277-6421
Photo of Laura O'Neill - Dundas Counselling & Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Registered Social Worker, PhD, MSW, RSW, RP
Dundas Counselling & Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Registered Social Worker, PhD, MSW, RSW, RP
Dundas, ON L9H
We provide treatment for depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, PTSD, grief, relationship conflicts and other interpersonal problems.
Dundas Counselling & CBT provides counselling and psychotherapy services that are tailored to your unique needs and have been shown to be effective in clinical research. By taking a collaborative approach, we can help you identify the sources of your stress or your problems, and move towards strengthening coping skills and finding successful solutions.
We provide treatment for depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, PTSD, grief, relationship conflicts and other interpersonal problems.
Dundas Counselling & CBT provides counselling and psychotherapy services that are tailored to your unique needs and have been shown to be effective in clinical research. By taking a collaborative approach, we can help you identify the sources of your stress or your problems, and move towards strengthening coping skills and finding successful solutions.
(289) 684-3581 View (289) 684-3581
Photo of Allen Tedjo, Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MACP, BSc, CPT
Allen Tedjo
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MACP, BSc, CPT
Dundas, ON L9H
As a Registered Psychotherapist at True Health Therapy, I help individuals facing anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, relationship challenges, and self-esteem issues.
I believe in therapy from a biopsychosocial perspective, recognizing the deep connection between the body, mind, and relationships. My approach considers biological factors like pain management, exercise, and sleep; psychological aspects such as emotional regulation, stress management, and education; and social influences, including relationships and conflict resolution. I provide a non-judgmental and open space where we can explore your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, working together to reduce distress and promote meaningful change. I also encourage nature therapy, helping clients reconnect with the outdoors to enhance their se
As a Registered Psychotherapist at True Health Therapy, I help individuals facing anxiety, depression, trauma, ADHD, relationship challenges, and self-esteem issues.
I believe in therapy from a biopsychosocial perspective, recognizing the deep connection between the body, mind, and relationships. My approach considers biological factors like pain management, exercise, and sleep; psychological aspects such as emotional regulation, stress management, and education; and social influences, including relationships and conflict resolution. I provide a non-judgmental and open space where we can explore your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, working together to reduce distress and promote meaningful change. I also encourage nature therapy, helping clients reconnect with the outdoors to enhance their se
(289) 217-5313 View (289) 217-5313
Photo of Lisa Marie McGreal - Dundas Valley Psychotherapy & Hypnosis, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MA, RSW, CCHT, CHyp
Dundas Valley Psychotherapy & Hypnosis
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MA, RSW, CCHT, CHyp
Dundas, ON L9H
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling burdened by anxiety, stress, trauma, grief or depression?
With extensive experience working with depression, anxiety, and life transitions. Experience a quiet, calm and private environment where you can have the space to heal through Mindfulness-based therapies and Clinical counselling hypnotherapy. We can create a personalized approach for your desired outcome and vision of authentic healing for a cherished life.
Are you feeling burdened by anxiety, stress, trauma, grief or depression?
With extensive experience working with depression, anxiety, and life transitions. Experience a quiet, calm and private environment where you can have the space to heal through Mindfulness-based therapies and Clinical counselling hypnotherapy. We can create a personalized approach for your desired outcome and vision of authentic healing for a cherished life.
(855) 622-8831 View (855) 622-8831
Photo of Sean Sydor, Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Sean Sydor
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Serves Area
My goal every day is to offer a supportive, practical approach to therapy. Throughout my career, I’ve tended to work primarily with people who have mood or anxiety difficulties. Some are undergoing or have undergone significant life transitions such as grief from loss. Others come to me for guidance around work-related stress or burnout. And others wish to examine the patterns and practices around their substance use.
My goal every day is to offer a supportive, practical approach to therapy. Throughout my career, I’ve tended to work primarily with people who have mood or anxiety difficulties. Some are undergoing or have undergone significant life transitions such as grief from loss. Others come to me for guidance around work-related stress or burnout. And others wish to examine the patterns and practices around their substance use.
(289) 207-6463 View (289) 207-6463
Photo of Julia Verbitsky, Registered Psychotherapist, HBSc, MA, AccFM
Julia Verbitsky
Registered Psychotherapist, HBSc, MA, AccFM
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Julia Verbitsky is a mental health professional offering client-centered and culturally sensitive care to individuals and families. She has been working with adolescents, adults and families for over 10 years, offering early intervention support to clients struggling with concurrent disorders and family conflict. Julia offers integrative counselling to individuals and families seeking change and development in their lives. She works empathetically and collaboratively with clients, while also challenging them through their journey towards positive change.
Julia Verbitsky is a mental health professional offering client-centered and culturally sensitive care to individuals and families. She has been working with adolescents, adults and families for over 10 years, offering early intervention support to clients struggling with concurrent disorders and family conflict. Julia offers integrative counselling to individuals and families seeking change and development in their lives. She works empathetically and collaboratively with clients, while also challenging them through their journey towards positive change.
(289) 402-3813 View (289) 402-3813
Photo of Lesley Hannell, Psychologist, CPsych
Lesley Hannell
Psychologist, CPsych
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
We provide assistance with the following areas: Relationships, Anxiety, Depression, Work Stress, Trauma, Communication, Parenting, Conflict Resolution, Blended Families, Separation, Divorce, Self-esteem, Grief & Loss, Stress Management.
Counselling for Adolescents, Adults, Couples and Families. Assessment & Diagnosis. Emotional challenges can affect any individual, couple or family. Finding a healthy way to manage can be difficult. It's common to feel overwhelmed. We provide a safe place, professional support, and the tools to help. Bringing Balance to Mind, Body & Spirit. Now available, ongoing supervision for clinicians in group or individual format. 45 years of clinical experience and training in many modalities, under many well known teachers, brings a depth that incorporates East and West, spiritual and energetic aspects of wellness and healing.
We provide assistance with the following areas: Relationships, Anxiety, Depression, Work Stress, Trauma, Communication, Parenting, Conflict Resolution, Blended Families, Separation, Divorce, Self-esteem, Grief & Loss, Stress Management.
Counselling for Adolescents, Adults, Couples and Families. Assessment & Diagnosis. Emotional challenges can affect any individual, couple or family. Finding a healthy way to manage can be difficult. It's common to feel overwhelmed. We provide a safe place, professional support, and the tools to help. Bringing Balance to Mind, Body & Spirit. Now available, ongoing supervision for clinicians in group or individual format. 45 years of clinical experience and training in many modalities, under many well known teachers, brings a depth that incorporates East and West, spiritual and energetic aspects of wellness and healing.
(289) 206-6505 View (289) 206-6505
Photo of Rob Menning McRae, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Rob Menning McRae
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
I focus on addictions, trauma, depression, anxiety and personal growth.
We are all on a path of healing and discovery that leads, eventually and inevitably, to the realization of our true potential. I see psychotherapy as a powerful companion on this journey - it is a helpful friend that can help ease the burden during dark times, and it is a ray of light that can guide us more quickly beyond our own limitations when we are moving towards a goal. My practice is based in modern cognitive therapy and the neuroscience of trauma, while always anchored in the wisdom of mindfulness, acceptance and nondual awareness.
I focus on addictions, trauma, depression, anxiety and personal growth.
We are all on a path of healing and discovery that leads, eventually and inevitably, to the realization of our true potential. I see psychotherapy as a powerful companion on this journey - it is a helpful friend that can help ease the burden during dark times, and it is a ray of light that can guide us more quickly beyond our own limitations when we are moving towards a goal. My practice is based in modern cognitive therapy and the neuroscience of trauma, while always anchored in the wisdom of mindfulness, acceptance and nondual awareness.
(855) 495-7219 View (855) 495-7219
Photo of Lisa Marie Bourque - Dr. Lisa Bourque & Associates, Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Dr. Lisa Bourque & Associates
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Serves Area
Dr. Lisa Bourque has worked in a private practice and a hospital setting for 20+ years. Dr. Lisa Bourque offers cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to individuals, couples, and families. .CBT helps clients understand how their thoughts and behaviors influence their feelings. Dr. Lisa Bourque has a special interest in treating anxiety disorders (panic attacks, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder), posttraumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, anger management, stress management, addiction, self-esteem, and relationship issues. Self-referrals, along with WSIB, Sunlife, Manulife etc. accepted.
Dr. Lisa Bourque has worked in a private practice and a hospital setting for 20+ years. Dr. Lisa Bourque offers cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to individuals, couples, and families. .CBT helps clients understand how their thoughts and behaviors influence their feelings. Dr. Lisa Bourque has a special interest in treating anxiety disorders (panic attacks, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder), posttraumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, anger management, stress management, addiction, self-esteem, and relationship issues. Self-referrals, along with WSIB, Sunlife, Manulife etc. accepted.
(844) 402-1329 View (844) 402-1329
Photo of Claire Gosselin - Claire Gosselin, Counselling and Supervision, Registered Psychotherapist, MDiv, RP, RMFT
Claire Gosselin, Counselling and Supervision
Registered Psychotherapist, MDiv, RP, RMFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work with individuals and offer supervision. Based on an assessment with you, we determine the best approach to meet your goals, and emotional needs towards personal health and growth. A few of the therapeutic approaches I use include, but not limited to, CBT which highlights thoughts, dysfunctional (unhelpful) thinking, and assumptions. We explore the unique meaning you make of situations and events. I also use Emotionally Focussed Therapy, mindfulness techniques that rely on neurosciences to restore emotional integrity, narrative therapy, and reconstruction therapy.
I work with individuals and offer supervision. Based on an assessment with you, we determine the best approach to meet your goals, and emotional needs towards personal health and growth. A few of the therapeutic approaches I use include, but not limited to, CBT which highlights thoughts, dysfunctional (unhelpful) thinking, and assumptions. We explore the unique meaning you make of situations and events. I also use Emotionally Focussed Therapy, mindfulness techniques that rely on neurosciences to restore emotional integrity, narrative therapy, and reconstruction therapy.
(365) 305-0136 View (365) 305-0136
Photo of Dawn Zivanovich - Dawn Associates, Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Dawn Associates
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
We are dedicated to working with you & your partner, or your teenager and deal with any number of issues including communication & conflict, work issues, bullying, behaviour & academic problems, peers, anxiety & depression.
Are you feeling stressed due to your job or workplace, family relationships or dealing with school or peers? Do you have trauma or distressing memories that are intruding on your ability to function? Do you feel overwhelmed, anxious and distressed about your situation or the issues in your life? Are you ready to talk to a therapist who can help you to navigate the problems, and work with you to reduce your anxious and negative thoughts?
We are dedicated to working with you & your partner, or your teenager and deal with any number of issues including communication & conflict, work issues, bullying, behaviour & academic problems, peers, anxiety & depression.
Are you feeling stressed due to your job or workplace, family relationships or dealing with school or peers? Do you have trauma or distressing memories that are intruding on your ability to function? Do you feel overwhelmed, anxious and distressed about your situation or the issues in your life? Are you ready to talk to a therapist who can help you to navigate the problems, and work with you to reduce your anxious and negative thoughts?
(289) 206-8783 View (289) 206-8783
Photo of Carly Fleming - Everwell Integrated Health Professionals, Registered Psychotherapist
Everwell Integrated Health Professionals
Registered Psychotherapist
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Our areas of specialization include anxiety, depression, grief/loss, parenting, coping with cancer, navigating life transitions, managing stress, addictions, trauma, family therapy, attachment issues - and more!
Having trouble deciding which therapist is the best fit for you? At everwell Integrated Health Professionals we have a team of therapists who specialize in various areas and we take the time to consider your needs to match you with a therapist who will suit you best. We have Registered Psychotherapists and Social Workers on our team who are ready to put their skills and experience to work for you. We serve adults, couples, families and children. Give us a call or send us an email and we will help you find the therapist that's right for you!
Our areas of specialization include anxiety, depression, grief/loss, parenting, coping with cancer, navigating life transitions, managing stress, addictions, trauma, family therapy, attachment issues - and more!
Having trouble deciding which therapist is the best fit for you? At everwell Integrated Health Professionals we have a team of therapists who specialize in various areas and we take the time to consider your needs to match you with a therapist who will suit you best. We have Registered Psychotherapists and Social Workers on our team who are ready to put their skills and experience to work for you. We serve adults, couples, families and children. Give us a call or send us an email and we will help you find the therapist that's right for you!
(289) 512-0787 View (289) 512-0787
Photo of Tara Green, Registered Social Worker, BA, BSW, MSW
Tara Green
Registered Social Worker, BA, BSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am interested in working with children, adolescents and emerging adults and their families wishing to explore barriers to their life goals, including anxiety, depression, mood dysregulation and relationship difficulties.
I use several different modalities to support clients in achieving their goals such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Solution Focused, Trauma Informed and Goal Directed therapies.
I am interested in working with children, adolescents and emerging adults and their families wishing to explore barriers to their life goals, including anxiety, depression, mood dysregulation and relationship difficulties.
I use several different modalities to support clients in achieving their goals such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Solution Focused, Trauma Informed and Goal Directed therapies.
(289) 512-2694 View (289) 512-2694
Photo of Katie Meagher, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MACP
Katie Meagher
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MACP
7 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with couples (and individuals) who feel stuck in cycles of miscommunication, emotional disconnection, or are trying to navigate the impact of infidelity. Many come feeling frustrated, unheard, or unsure how to move forward together. I offer a warm but direct approach—creating a space where both partners feel understood while also addressing what’s not working. Together, we break unhealthy patterns, rebuild trust, and develop clearer, more effective ways to communicate and reconnect.
I work with couples (and individuals) who feel stuck in cycles of miscommunication, emotional disconnection, or are trying to navigate the impact of infidelity. Many come feeling frustrated, unheard, or unsure how to move forward together. I offer a warm but direct approach—creating a space where both partners feel understood while also addressing what’s not working. Together, we break unhealthy patterns, rebuild trust, and develop clearer, more effective ways to communicate and reconnect.
(365) 305-5445 View (365) 305-5445
Photo of Melissa White, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, AF-EMDR, CCPT-II, OCT
Melissa White
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, AF-EMDR, CCPT-II, OCT
3 Endorsed
Dundas, ON L9H
I work with people who are ready to do the deeper work to understand who they are, why their nervous system responds a certain way, and how they can stop repeating patterns. This often looks like understanding family systems, transgenerational trauma, and core beliefs. I use evidence based modalities such as AF-EMDR to process trauma, and have extensive training in trauma and stress, and post traumatic growth. My typical clients experience childhood trauma (attachment, 'mother wounding'), complex trauma, recent and past trauma (sexual assault), relationship problems (infidelity), burn out (stress leave), and midlife crisis.
I work with people who are ready to do the deeper work to understand who they are, why their nervous system responds a certain way, and how they can stop repeating patterns. This often looks like understanding family systems, transgenerational trauma, and core beliefs. I use evidence based modalities such as AF-EMDR to process trauma, and have extensive training in trauma and stress, and post traumatic growth. My typical clients experience childhood trauma (attachment, 'mother wounding'), complex trauma, recent and past trauma (sexual assault), relationship problems (infidelity), burn out (stress leave), and midlife crisis.
(289) 312-4946 View (289) 312-4946
Photo of Lisa Dekker, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Lisa Dekker
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
1 Endorsed
Dundas, ON L9H
Maybe you're struggling with relationships around you, or the relationship with yourself or wanting help moving past a trauma or source of anxiety or depression.
I specialize in helping adults & couples manage anxiety, burnout, and relationship challenges. Clients describe me as warm, grounded, and easy to talk to, a therapist who listens deeply and helps them feel safe exploring difficult emotions. Sessions are collaborative, reflective, and focused on insight and growth and customized to what you need and want!
Maybe you're struggling with relationships around you, or the relationship with yourself or wanting help moving past a trauma or source of anxiety or depression.
I specialize in helping adults & couples manage anxiety, burnout, and relationship challenges. Clients describe me as warm, grounded, and easy to talk to, a therapist who listens deeply and helps them feel safe exploring difficult emotions. Sessions are collaborative, reflective, and focused on insight and growth and customized to what you need and want!
(365) 816-1984 View (365) 816-1984
Photo of Heather McFadyen, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, RP, RYT
Heather McFadyen
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, RP, RYT
Dundas, ON L9H
Often these traumatic injuries appear in life as anxiety, depression, addictions, flashbacks, unhealthy relationships or chronic pain.
I have extensive experience working with both women and men survivors of sexual abuse.
Often these traumatic injuries appear in life as anxiety, depression, addictions, flashbacks, unhealthy relationships or chronic pain.
I have extensive experience working with both women and men survivors of sexual abuse.
(289) 274-6928 View (289) 274-6928
Photo of Candice Langlois, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Candice Langlois
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Dundas, ON L9H
You want to appear strong and put together, but underneath that exterior you’re juggling anxiety, racing thoughts, emotional overload, or a sense of feeling numb or disconnected from yourself. You might be stuck in the same relationship patterns, bottling things up until you shut down or snap, or feeling like you’re drifting through life without clarity or direction. Maybe you’ve tried traditional talk therapy before and it didn't quite click. Now you’re ready for something that feels different, more authentic, intuitive, and genuinely supportive. I offer just that!
You want to appear strong and put together, but underneath that exterior you’re juggling anxiety, racing thoughts, emotional overload, or a sense of feeling numb or disconnected from yourself. You might be stuck in the same relationship patterns, bottling things up until you shut down or snap, or feeling like you’re drifting through life without clarity or direction. Maybe you’ve tried traditional talk therapy before and it didn't quite click. Now you’re ready for something that feels different, more authentic, intuitive, and genuinely supportive. I offer just that!
(365) 360-6074 View (365) 360-6074

See more therapy options for Dundas

Depression Counsellors
What is the goal of therapy for depression?
Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognise and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?
Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?
Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioural activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?
Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?
Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.