Trauma and PTSD Therapists in Halifax, NS

Photo of Careen June Coetzee - Careen Coetzee Psychologist and Associate, Psychologist, MA, C, Psych
Careen Coetzee Psychologist and Associate
Psychologist, MA, C, Psych
1 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3H
Our areas of specialty include but are not limited to the following: Anxiety, ADHD, Menopausal Transition, Sports Performance and PTSD.
Working with some of the most challenging and high risk youth in Toronto, we also focus and connect well with young adults moving through major life transitions, and adults who feel stuck or overwhelmed. Our areas of focus are: depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder.
Our areas of specialty include but are not limited to the following: Anxiety, ADHD, Menopausal Transition, Sports Performance and PTSD.
Working with some of the most challenging and high risk youth in Toronto, we also focus and connect well with young adults moving through major life transitions, and adults who feel stuck or overwhelmed. Our areas of focus are: depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder.
(416) 844-0922 View (416) 844-0922
Photo of Alison Sanford Thomas, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Alison Sanford Thomas
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Online Only
I offer therapy during the perinatal period (pregnancy, postpartum, parenthood), and for concerns such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, birth & reproductive trauma, life transitions, burnout, perfectionism, stress, relationship challenges.
I practice from a trauma informed lens using modalities such as EMDR, TF-ACT, and EFIT. I have completed specialized training in Perinatal Mood & Anxiety Disorders and Perinatal Psychotherapy. I understand some of the unique demands and stressors that families of first responders face, and have experience working with military and first responder families.
I offer therapy during the perinatal period (pregnancy, postpartum, parenthood), and for concerns such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, birth & reproductive trauma, life transitions, burnout, perfectionism, stress, relationship challenges.
I practice from a trauma informed lens using modalities such as EMDR, TF-ACT, and EFIT. I have completed specialized training in Perinatal Mood & Anxiety Disorders and Perinatal Psychotherapy. I understand some of the unique demands and stressors that families of first responders face, and have experience working with military and first responder families.
(902) 200-6480 View (902) 200-6480
Photo of Jey Benoit, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Jey Benoit
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3H
My practice interests include: romantic relationships; trauma (acute and complex); transgender health; life transition stress; anxiety; and emotional regulation.
I support clients by looking at the full picture of their lives—not just their symptoms. Using ecological and anti-oppressive frameworks, I recognize that our relationships, environments, identities, and associated stressors all shape our mental health. My goal is to understand your lived experience so we can work together to create meaningful, sustainable change. I work with mature adolescents and adult clients, offering individual, couple, and family therapy. I also provide services to members of the Canadian Armed Forces, Veterans, and their families, bringing sensitivity to the unique challenges of military life.
My practice interests include: romantic relationships; trauma (acute and complex); transgender health; life transition stress; anxiety; and emotional regulation.
I support clients by looking at the full picture of their lives—not just their symptoms. Using ecological and anti-oppressive frameworks, I recognize that our relationships, environments, identities, and associated stressors all shape our mental health. My goal is to understand your lived experience so we can work together to create meaningful, sustainable change. I work with mature adolescents and adult clients, offering individual, couple, and family therapy. I also provide services to members of the Canadian Armed Forces, Veterans, and their families, bringing sensitivity to the unique challenges of military life.
(902) 490-0090 View (902) 490-0090
Photo of Laslo Toth, Counsellor, MEd, RCT
Laslo Toth
Counsellor, MEd, RCT
Halifax, NS B3K
Whether you are experiencing a major life transition that has turned everything upside down, are grieving the loss of a loved one, in active recovery from a significant trauma, or simply feel a deeper call to access a more authentic expression of who you are, I’m here to help.
I offer an integrative & contemplative approach that is tailored to your specific needs, which will be grounded in cultivating a space of compassion and unconditional acceptance of all that arises in our sessions. My primary theoretical orientation is Internal Family Systems (IFS), where we recognize and make space for your inner wisdom to emerge.
Whether you are experiencing a major life transition that has turned everything upside down, are grieving the loss of a loved one, in active recovery from a significant trauma, or simply feel a deeper call to access a more authentic expression of who you are, I’m here to help.
I offer an integrative & contemplative approach that is tailored to your specific needs, which will be grounded in cultivating a space of compassion and unconditional acceptance of all that arises in our sessions. My primary theoretical orientation is Internal Family Systems (IFS), where we recognize and make space for your inner wisdom to emerge.
(782) 812-0504 View (782) 812-0504
Photo of Lynette Gillis, Registered Psychotherapist, RP, RCT, MFA
Lynette Gillis
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, RCT, MFA
5 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3J
My approach is collaborative, exploratory, trauma-informed and incorporates parts work and mindfulness.
I offer therapy to people who are struggling to move forward and feeling stuck in some way. You may be feeling disconnected, carrying negative perceptions of yourself, or feeling a general sense of not living the life you want to live and wanting change. I provide a space for you to be seen and known. I want to find what is holding you back. I often work with people through challenges in relationships, in living more authentically, and in building a more secure sense of self. Together we look at the ways you protect yourself and whether these ways are still serving you.
My approach is collaborative, exploratory, trauma-informed and incorporates parts work and mindfulness.
I offer therapy to people who are struggling to move forward and feeling stuck in some way. You may be feeling disconnected, carrying negative perceptions of yourself, or feeling a general sense of not living the life you want to live and wanting change. I provide a space for you to be seen and known. I want to find what is holding you back. I often work with people through challenges in relationships, in living more authentically, and in building a more secure sense of self. Together we look at the ways you protect yourself and whether these ways are still serving you.
(902) 517-0283 View (902) 517-0283
Photo of Kelly Derstenfeld, Counsellor, MA, RCT-C
Kelly Derstenfeld
Counsellor, MA, RCT-C
1 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3K
Navigating relationships with ourselves, others, and the world is difficult on a good day, and it is my belief that symptoms of depression, anxiety and trauma warrant as much attention and care as any physical ailment.
Art therapy combines art-making and psychotherapy, and can be used as a tool to express and process emotion, gain new insights and rescript narratives. Previous art-making experience is not required! I also draw inspiration from CBT, attachment theory, mindfulness and strength-based practices, and am person-centred and trauma-informed across all approaches.
Navigating relationships with ourselves, others, and the world is difficult on a good day, and it is my belief that symptoms of depression, anxiety and trauma warrant as much attention and care as any physical ailment.
Art therapy combines art-making and psychotherapy, and can be used as a tool to express and process emotion, gain new insights and rescript narratives. Previous art-making experience is not required! I also draw inspiration from CBT, attachment theory, mindfulness and strength-based practices, and am person-centred and trauma-informed across all approaches.
(782) 800-5572 View (782) 800-5572
Photo of Adnan Zoubi - Centre For Psychodynamic Insights, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, HBA, RP
Centre For Psychodynamic Insights
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, HBA, RP
Online Only
This approach helps patients explore unresolved conflicts and past trauma that impact current functioning.
The Centre for Psychodynamic Insights is a virtual clinic specializing in psychodynamic psychotherapy. This approach explores the root causes of symptoms by uncovering and understanding underlying emotions through evidence-based treatment. Through collaborative dialogue, we examine unconscious thoughts and emotions shaped from childhood to the present. We work to relieve symptoms by understanding how these patterns affect current experiences, and create targeted strategies for meaningful change long-term.
This approach helps patients explore unresolved conflicts and past trauma that impact current functioning.
The Centre for Psychodynamic Insights is a virtual clinic specializing in psychodynamic psychotherapy. This approach explores the root causes of symptoms by uncovering and understanding underlying emotions through evidence-based treatment. Through collaborative dialogue, we examine unconscious thoughts and emotions shaped from childhood to the present. We work to relieve symptoms by understanding how these patterns affect current experiences, and create targeted strategies for meaningful change long-term.
(437) 907-6850 View (437) 907-6850
Photo of Stephen Doucet Campbell, Counsellor, MA, RCT, RP
Stephen Doucet Campbell
Counsellor, MA, RCT, RP
Halifax, NS B3L
Are you feeling the pressures of life weighing on you? Do you feel like you're a burden to others? Are you stuck in a cycle of thoughts and behaviour you can't break free from? Do you wonder why you continue tolerating certain treatment from those around you? A non-judgmental and trusting therapeutic relationship can provide a solid foundation upon which healing change can begin. A good therapist will listen, will never tell you what to do, and can help empower you to respond to your feelings honestly. Counselling results in new awareness, growth, and an increased quality of life when a balance of change and acceptance is found.
Are you feeling the pressures of life weighing on you? Do you feel like you're a burden to others? Are you stuck in a cycle of thoughts and behaviour you can't break free from? Do you wonder why you continue tolerating certain treatment from those around you? A non-judgmental and trusting therapeutic relationship can provide a solid foundation upon which healing change can begin. A good therapist will listen, will never tell you what to do, and can help empower you to respond to your feelings honestly. Counselling results in new awareness, growth, and an increased quality of life when a balance of change and acceptance is found.
(782) 828-8152 View (782) 828-8152
Photo of Miguel Robichaud, Psychologist, PsyD
Miguel Robichaud
Psychologist, PsyD
4 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3K
I also work with individuals presenting with personality disorders, trauma and other relational/interpersonal difficulties.
My clinical orientation is strongly rooted in the integration of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral theories. This perspective gives me an understanding of clients’ emotional needs and distress, and their difficulty soothing this pain alone and within their relationships. It also provides a frame to attempt to identify the root of their struggles.
I also work with individuals presenting with personality disorders, trauma and other relational/interpersonal difficulties.
My clinical orientation is strongly rooted in the integration of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral theories. This perspective gives me an understanding of clients’ emotional needs and distress, and their difficulty soothing this pain alone and within their relationships. It also provides a frame to attempt to identify the root of their struggles.
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Photo of Simon Sherry, Psychologist, PhD
Simon Sherry
Psychologist, PhD
Halifax, NS B3J
Dr. Sherry is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Dalhousie University. He has published 160 journal articles, delivered 275 scientific presentations and earned $2.5 million in grant funds. In 2018, Dr. Sherry and his wife founded CRUX Psychology, a team of 16 Ph.D.-level psychologists. We provide high-quality individual therapy, couples therapy and assessment. We use scientifically tested therapies and assessments. And each service is tailored to your preferences, values and goals, and delivered with exceptional care and warmth. By merging compassion with science, we help you get the results you want.
Dr. Sherry is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Dalhousie University. He has published 160 journal articles, delivered 275 scientific presentations and earned $2.5 million in grant funds. In 2018, Dr. Sherry and his wife founded CRUX Psychology, a team of 16 Ph.D.-level psychologists. We provide high-quality individual therapy, couples therapy and assessment. We use scientifically tested therapies and assessments. And each service is tailored to your preferences, values and goals, and delivered with exceptional care and warmth. By merging compassion with science, we help you get the results you want.
(902) 904-5582 View (902) 904-5582
Photo of Dan Kevin Diggins, Counsellor, MEd, RCT
Dan Kevin Diggins
Counsellor, MEd, RCT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I will use a variety of counselling modalities; including EMDR for trauma, Solution-Focused, Acceptance and Commitment, Mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioural therapies.
I work with individuals of all ages who are dealing with uncomfortable thoughts and emotions or personal conflict and are ready to feel better and live a more meaningful life. Seeking out the right counsellor is an important step, requiring courage and trust. I honour your willingness to embrace vulnerability and honesty and I will ensure that you find the support and solutions you are seeking.
I will use a variety of counselling modalities; including EMDR for trauma, Solution-Focused, Acceptance and Commitment, Mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioural therapies.
I work with individuals of all ages who are dealing with uncomfortable thoughts and emotions or personal conflict and are ready to feel better and live a more meaningful life. Seeking out the right counsellor is an important step, requiring courage and trust. I honour your willingness to embrace vulnerability and honesty and I will ensure that you find the support and solutions you are seeking.
(782) 825-5135 View (782) 825-5135
Photo of Timothy R Walker, Counsellor, PhD, CCC, NSRCT
Timothy R Walker
Counsellor, PhD, CCC, NSRCT
3 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3H
I work from the perspective that everyone has basic healthiness, a natural yearning for brilliant sanity and the wisdom of wholeness as part of their being. Conditioning and confusion can obscure these endowments but they are never absent. My job is to help draw out this wisdom for healing that is already there, by encouraging awareness. I begin with client-centered listening that honours where you are now, and the change you want. I then move into more experiential work to facilitate transformation. The contract for change and the pace of change is always in the client's hands
I work from the perspective that everyone has basic healthiness, a natural yearning for brilliant sanity and the wisdom of wholeness as part of their being. Conditioning and confusion can obscure these endowments but they are never absent. My job is to help draw out this wisdom for healing that is already there, by encouraging awareness. I begin with client-centered listening that honours where you are now, and the change you want. I then move into more experiential work to facilitate transformation. The contract for change and the pace of change is always in the client's hands
(902) 510-0189 View (902) 510-0189
Photo of Robert Ziegler, Counsellor, MEd, RCT
Robert Ziegler
Counsellor, MEd, RCT
4 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3H
Some of us feel challenged by anxiety, depression, or anger. Some by the relationships in our lives with partners, family, or in the workplace. Parenting never fails to challenge our best intentions, or we can also find ourselves repeating behaviours and ways of thinking that no longer work for us. My clients are typically active partners in change – sometimes to change those habitual behaviours or ways of thinking, sometimes to interact more effectively, sometimes to nourish personal growth, and sometimes just to clarify and explore.
Some of us feel challenged by anxiety, depression, or anger. Some by the relationships in our lives with partners, family, or in the workplace. Parenting never fails to challenge our best intentions, or we can also find ourselves repeating behaviours and ways of thinking that no longer work for us. My clients are typically active partners in change – sometimes to change those habitual behaviours or ways of thinking, sometimes to interact more effectively, sometimes to nourish personal growth, and sometimes just to clarify and explore.
(782) 482-0085 View (782) 482-0085
Photo of Brandy Gryshik, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Brandy Gryshik
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Halifax, NS B3P
Her areas of speciality include psycho-education, anxiety, depression, interpersonal concerns, family conflict, coping with daily stressors, self-harm, suicidal ideation, emotional concerns and trauma.
She has training in Emotion Focused Family & Individual Therapy, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. She is able to sit with you in difficult emotions while teaching emotion/mind/body connection to allow you to connect to their own wisdom and learn to trust their own expertise; this supports sustainable life long change.
Her areas of speciality include psycho-education, anxiety, depression, interpersonal concerns, family conflict, coping with daily stressors, self-harm, suicidal ideation, emotional concerns and trauma.
She has training in Emotion Focused Family & Individual Therapy, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. She is able to sit with you in difficult emotions while teaching emotion/mind/body connection to allow you to connect to their own wisdom and learn to trust their own expertise; this supports sustainable life long change.
(782) 800-0911 View (782) 800-0911
Photo of Micah MacIsaac, Registered Social Worker, BSW, RSW
Micah MacIsaac
Registered Social Worker, BSW, RSW
Halifax, NS B3L
Whether you are looking to address childhood trauma, anxiety, work-life balance, challenging family dynamics, personal or relationship goals, or just need to talk to someone to even know where to start, I can accommodate you with evening or weekend sessions.
I believe everyone is capable of change. My journeys from adolescence to adult, child to caregiver, independent to partner/parent and career planning to career surviving has validated my awareness that we all struggle even with the best intentions. We all have missteps. The good news is some of our missteps can be our greatest opportunity for growth. I have dedicated myself to professionally helping others in times of crisis for nearly 20 years. If I have the privilege to work with you in whatever area you desire to become the best version of yourself I commit to you it will be done in a safe, supportive judgement-free approach.
Whether you are looking to address childhood trauma, anxiety, work-life balance, challenging family dynamics, personal or relationship goals, or just need to talk to someone to even know where to start, I can accommodate you with evening or weekend sessions.
I believe everyone is capable of change. My journeys from adolescence to adult, child to caregiver, independent to partner/parent and career planning to career surviving has validated my awareness that we all struggle even with the best intentions. We all have missteps. The good news is some of our missteps can be our greatest opportunity for growth. I have dedicated myself to professionally helping others in times of crisis for nearly 20 years. If I have the privilege to work with you in whatever area you desire to become the best version of yourself I commit to you it will be done in a safe, supportive judgement-free approach.
(782) 222-5894 View (782) 222-5894
Photo of Kendra Dawe, Counsellor, MA, RCT-C, CCC, CTRS
Kendra Dawe
Counsellor, MA, RCT-C, CCC, CTRS
11 Endorsed
Online Only
My approach is collaborative, trauma-informed, and tailored to your unique needs.
I work with people who feel stuck in cycles of overthinking, self-criticism, people-pleasing, and perfectionism. These patterns often show up as burnout, anxiety, overwhelm, procrastination, avoidance, low mood, physical complaints, masking, and difficulty setting boundaries. If you’re used to pushing through, minimizing your needs, or managing everything on your own, I aim to offer a different way forward.
My approach is collaborative, trauma-informed, and tailored to your unique needs.
I work with people who feel stuck in cycles of overthinking, self-criticism, people-pleasing, and perfectionism. These patterns often show up as burnout, anxiety, overwhelm, procrastination, avoidance, low mood, physical complaints, masking, and difficulty setting boundaries. If you’re used to pushing through, minimizing your needs, or managing everything on your own, I aim to offer a different way forward.
(782) 201-3989 View (782) 201-3989
Photo of Brittany Wells-Pantaleo - Halifax Counselling and Wellness, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Halifax Counselling and Wellness
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Halifax, NS B3K
At Halifax Counselling and Wellness, we support those experiencing symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, personality disorders, substance use, relationship conflicts, personal development challenges and more.
As therapists, we specialize in CBT, DBT, & more. Our approach to therapy is highly personalized, ensuring that each individual receives treatment uniquely suited to their needs & goals. We prioritize trust-based relationships & use evidence-based treatments with all of our clients. Our ultimate goal is to guide you toward lasting well-being.
At Halifax Counselling and Wellness, we support those experiencing symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, personality disorders, substance use, relationship conflicts, personal development challenges and more.
As therapists, we specialize in CBT, DBT, & more. Our approach to therapy is highly personalized, ensuring that each individual receives treatment uniquely suited to their needs & goals. We prioritize trust-based relationships & use evidence-based treatments with all of our clients. Our ultimate goal is to guide you toward lasting well-being.
(902) 609-5762 View (902) 609-5762
Photo of Amanda Dewar - Strength Counselling Services, Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Online Only
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(782) 222-0516 View (782) 222-0516
Photo of Angela Dawn MacKay, Psychologist, MSc
Angela Dawn MacKay
Psychologist, MSc
Halifax, NS B3K
I offer Mind/Body Psychotherapy, a holistic, trauma-informed, mindfulness based approach to psychotherapy for adolescents and adults, Please Note: As of Jan.
NEW! I have just launched my new line of ECO-FRIENDLY YOGA CLOTHING made of ecopoly fibre, now available for sale online. Check out these yoga tanks, leggings, capris, headbands, and more at https://www.etsy.com/ca/shop/CelticArtShop . Some of my products are available for purchase at my new office.
I offer Mind/Body Psychotherapy, a holistic, trauma-informed, mindfulness based approach to psychotherapy for adolescents and adults, Please Note: As of Jan.
NEW! I have just launched my new line of ECO-FRIENDLY YOGA CLOTHING made of ecopoly fibre, now available for sale online. Check out these yoga tanks, leggings, capris, headbands, and more at https://www.etsy.com/ca/shop/CelticArtShop . Some of my products are available for purchase at my new office.
(902) 901-5681 View (902) 901-5681
Photo of Melissa Melnychuk, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, RP(Q), BBA, BA, MSc (P)
Melissa Melnychuk
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, RP(Q), BBA, BA, MSc (P)
Online Only
I specifically address their unique needs in career development, life balance, family and relationship dynamics, personal growth and resilience, trauma recovery, and neurodivergence.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist (Q) specializing in supporting women through relationship issues, trauma, neurodivergence, self-esteem, life transitions, abuse, and attachment-based challenges. My warm, collaborative approach is grounded in evidence-based practices. Many of my clients have experienced therapy before but are now ready for a deeper layer of healing. I provide a comforting space to heal while growing. I work with women striving for personal, family, and career growth, pursuing meaningful goals, motivated yet seeking support, and open to being gently challenged.
I specifically address their unique needs in career development, life balance, family and relationship dynamics, personal growth and resilience, trauma recovery, and neurodivergence.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist (Q) specializing in supporting women through relationship issues, trauma, neurodivergence, self-esteem, life transitions, abuse, and attachment-based challenges. My warm, collaborative approach is grounded in evidence-based practices. Many of my clients have experienced therapy before but are now ready for a deeper layer of healing. I provide a comforting space to heal while growing. I work with women striving for personal, family, and career growth, pursuing meaningful goals, motivated yet seeking support, and open to being gently challenged.
(581) 803-4693 View (581) 803-4693

See more therapy options for Halifax

Trauma and PTSD Counsellors
When should I seek treatment for trauma?
Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?
Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?
Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?
It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.