Therapists in Elmsdale, NS

Photo of Nicole Williams, MACP, RCT-C, CCC-Q, Counsellor
Nicole Williams
Counsellor, MACP, RCT-C, CCC-Q
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Currently have immediate availability. I have worked with adults on a variety of complex issues, including relationship conflict, domestic abuse, anger management, trauma, sexual assault, and anxiety. I can work with you to align your life with your specific goals, values, and preferences.
Currently have immediate availability. I have worked with adults on a variety of complex issues, including relationship conflict, domestic abuse, anger management, trauma, sexual assault, and anxiety. I can work with you to align your life with your specific goals, values, and preferences.
(902) 906-5165 View (902) 906-5165
Photo of Jessica Heidebrecht, MSW, MDiv, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Jessica Heidebrecht
Registered Social Worker, MSW, MDiv, RSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I’m Jessica. To me, therapy is a space for you to experience a strong caring relationship, explore your history with the intent of potentially linking it to current day struggles, learn practical coping strategies, and ultimately be supported to thrive in a world that is so often wrought with difficulty. I use evidence-based methods from a structured and holistic approach, sometimes assigning homework. I work hard to tailor your treatment experience based on comprehensive assessment and treating you as a human being, not just a client.
Hi! I’m Jessica. To me, therapy is a space for you to experience a strong caring relationship, explore your history with the intent of potentially linking it to current day struggles, learn practical coping strategies, and ultimately be supported to thrive in a world that is so often wrought with difficulty. I use evidence-based methods from a structured and holistic approach, sometimes assigning homework. I work hard to tailor your treatment experience based on comprehensive assessment and treating you as a human being, not just a client.
(782) 800-0895 View (782) 800-0895
Photo of Leanne Cameron, MEd, RCT, CCC, Counsellor
Leanne Cameron
Counsellor, MEd, RCT, CCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Life can be challenging. Sometimes we need help to improve the quality of daily experiences & relationships. Anxiety, depression, PTSD, addiction (sex, gambling & substances), anger, grief, complicated relationships, personality disorders and self-esteem all influence our lives. As a clinical supervisor for two addiction facilities, I have experience with complex mental health issues. I assist clients in identifying codependency traits, narcissists in their relationships and how emotional dis-regulation contributes to complications. Having overcome my own challenges aids in an authentic connection with my clients. Compassion and humour are tools I use while I assist clients in reclaiming identity
Life can be challenging. Sometimes we need help to improve the quality of daily experiences & relationships. Anxiety, depression, PTSD, addiction (sex, gambling & substances), anger, grief, complicated relationships, personality disorders and self-esteem all influence our lives. As a clinical supervisor for two addiction facilities, I have experience with complex mental health issues. I assist clients in identifying codependency traits, narcissists in their relationships and how emotional dis-regulation contributes to complications. Having overcome my own challenges aids in an authentic connection with my clients. Compassion and humour are tools I use while I assist clients in reclaiming identity
(902) 701-9448 View (902) 701-9448
Photo of Stephanie Dean-Moore, CCC, RCT, MEd , MAEd, Counsellor
Stephanie Dean-Moore
Counsellor, CCC, RCT, MEd , MAEd
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am a certified Registered Counselling Therapist working with individual clients, couples and families of all ages, from five years of age onward. I work with people struggling with a range of issues, recognizing that each stage of life presents with it unique obstacles and joys. I employ play, creativity and the client's interests to create a non-threatening, respectful counselling environment. My mandate is to support each client as they take stock of their capabilities, face their challenges, and courageously step toward the changes they want to make happen in their lives.
I am a certified Registered Counselling Therapist working with individual clients, couples and families of all ages, from five years of age onward. I work with people struggling with a range of issues, recognizing that each stage of life presents with it unique obstacles and joys. I employ play, creativity and the client's interests to create a non-threatening, respectful counselling environment. My mandate is to support each client as they take stock of their capabilities, face their challenges, and courageously step toward the changes they want to make happen in their lives.
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More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Rebecca Simms, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Rebecca Simms
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Dartmouth, NS B2W
We are all thrown into this journey of life without our consent. While life can be astonishingly beautiful, it has a way of testing our limits and pushing us to our breaking point at times. I am here to offer you a guiding hand along the way and to provide you with additional support to navigate the rough waves of life. I offer sessions to adolescents, adults and couples, helping them with diverse concerns. I have an easy-going, non-judgemental attitude fostered on meeting the client with unconditional positive regard. I use a strength-based, person-centred approach, being mindful that the client is the expert of their own care.
We are all thrown into this journey of life without our consent. While life can be astonishingly beautiful, it has a way of testing our limits and pushing us to our breaking point at times. I am here to offer you a guiding hand along the way and to provide you with additional support to navigate the rough waves of life. I offer sessions to adolescents, adults and couples, helping them with diverse concerns. I have an easy-going, non-judgemental attitude fostered on meeting the client with unconditional positive regard. I use a strength-based, person-centred approach, being mindful that the client is the expert of their own care.
(782) 222-4829 View (782) 222-4829
Photo of Rebecca MacLean, BA, MACP, RCT-C, Counsellor
Rebecca MacLean
Counsellor, BA, MACP, RCT-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Working in New Glasgow and Halifax; I specialize in helping younger clients ages 5 and up. I also have a history of working with seniors and have always connected well with this population. I have also served many adult clients during my practicum period. Because I am a young person myself, I come into sessions with an informed understanding of today's climate for young people and my own lived experiences. There are unique pressures that many young people find themselves navigating. Whether it is grade school, university, relationships, body image, self-esteem. anxiety, depression or concerns over financial stability and housing.
Working in New Glasgow and Halifax; I specialize in helping younger clients ages 5 and up. I also have a history of working with seniors and have always connected well with this population. I have also served many adult clients during my practicum period. Because I am a young person myself, I come into sessions with an informed understanding of today's climate for young people and my own lived experiences. There are unique pressures that many young people find themselves navigating. Whether it is grade school, university, relationships, body image, self-esteem. anxiety, depression or concerns over financial stability and housing.
(782) 824-3831 View (782) 824-3831
Photo of Lindsay Victor, MA, Psychologist
Lindsay Victor
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dartmouth, NS B3A
I am a Registered Psychologist and value the innate healing ability we carry inside. I believe my responsibility is to listen deeply and honour the resources and strengths of each person while creating an environment that feels open, warm and non-judgemental. Reaching out for help can be challenging. I have great respect for your journey as you take steps towards making changes in your life.
I am a Registered Psychologist and value the innate healing ability we carry inside. I believe my responsibility is to listen deeply and honour the resources and strengths of each person while creating an environment that feels open, warm and non-judgemental. Reaching out for help can be challenging. I have great respect for your journey as you take steps towards making changes in your life.
(782) 222-0565 View (782) 222-0565
Photo of Brett Richardson, PhD, CCC, ACNN, RCT, RCC, Counsellor
Brett Richardson
Counsellor, PhD, CCC, ACNN, RCT, RCC
Verified Verified
Musquodoboit Harbour, NS B0J
I draw on the commonalities that exist between counselling approaches, and am aligned with anti-oppression perspectives. Through a combination of deeply introspective, pragmatic, and somatic practices, I help clients find greater self-compassion, security in their relationships, and grow towards deeper purpose and fulfillment in their lives. I'm a good fit for working through issues related to queerness, addiction, loss, shame, or physical health. If you have little or no coverage, I am confident that we can make something work.
I draw on the commonalities that exist between counselling approaches, and am aligned with anti-oppression perspectives. Through a combination of deeply introspective, pragmatic, and somatic practices, I help clients find greater self-compassion, security in their relationships, and grow towards deeper purpose and fulfillment in their lives. I'm a good fit for working through issues related to queerness, addiction, loss, shame, or physical health. If you have little or no coverage, I am confident that we can make something work.
(855) 745-7474 View (855) 745-7474
Photo of Lynette Gillis, RP, RCT, MFA, Registered Psychotherapist
Lynette Gillis
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, RCT, MFA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3K
Waitlist for new clients
I offer therapy to people who are struggling to move forward and feeling stuck in some way. You may be feeling disconnected, carrying negative perceptions of yourself, or feeling a general sense of not living the life you want to live and wanting change. I provide a space for you to be seen and known. I want to find what is holding you back. I often work with people through challenges in relationships, in living more authentically, and in building a more secure sense of self. Together we look at the ways you protect yourself and whether these ways are still serving you.
I offer therapy to people who are struggling to move forward and feeling stuck in some way. You may be feeling disconnected, carrying negative perceptions of yourself, or feeling a general sense of not living the life you want to live and wanting change. I provide a space for you to be seen and known. I want to find what is holding you back. I often work with people through challenges in relationships, in living more authentically, and in building a more secure sense of self. Together we look at the ways you protect yourself and whether these ways are still serving you.
(902) 517-0283 View (902) 517-0283
Photo of Maki Sakata, MSW, RCSW, Registered Social Worker
Maki Sakata
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you irritable? Moody? Crying with no reasons? Easily overwhelmed and stressed out? Not confident on making decisions? unmotivated? And highly critical to yourself? You may be suffering from depression and anxiety stems from unresolved issues or trauma in the past. I strongly values collaborating with clients to support them in their growth, journey and healing process to achieve fulfillment, happiness, and harmony within yourself or with others incorporating CBT/DBT/ACT based therapy. I can support you better cope with many stressors and decisions that can easily overwhelm your life.
Are you irritable? Moody? Crying with no reasons? Easily overwhelmed and stressed out? Not confident on making decisions? unmotivated? And highly critical to yourself? You may be suffering from depression and anxiety stems from unresolved issues or trauma in the past. I strongly values collaborating with clients to support them in their growth, journey and healing process to achieve fulfillment, happiness, and harmony within yourself or with others incorporating CBT/DBT/ACT based therapy. I can support you better cope with many stressors and decisions that can easily overwhelm your life.
(877) 569-2905 x5 View (877) 569-2905 x5
Photo of Alim Awadia - Scotia Psychological Services, PhD, Psychologist
Scotia Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Online Only
The team at Scotia Psychological Services understands that life throws unexpected challenges your way. We are passionate about helping our clients develop the skills, insights and confidence they need to overcome challenges and live fulfilling, satisfying lives.
The team at Scotia Psychological Services understands that life throws unexpected challenges your way. We are passionate about helping our clients develop the skills, insights and confidence they need to overcome challenges and live fulfilling, satisfying lives.
(782) 822-2307 View (782) 822-2307
Photo of Christina Rodrigue, MA, RCT, CCC
Christina Rodrigue
MA, RCT, CCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Bedford, NS B4B
I provide client-centred counselling services across the life span. However, my ideal clients are children, youth and neurodivergent folks.
I provide client-centred counselling services across the life span. However, my ideal clients are children, youth and neurodivergent folks.
(782) 482-0018 View (782) 482-0018
Photo of Sarah Liberty, BA, BSW, RSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sarah Liberty
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA, BSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Dartmouth, NS B2Y
I am a MSW student currently providing low-cost counseling services. I am currently available to take clients until April 2025. I work with adults 18+ experiencing a range of issues, including emotional challenges and difficulty managing stress. Practicing from a non-judgmental and person-centered approach, I strive to foster an environment where you can feel comfortable to express your thoughts and experiences. Drawing from my experience in supporting individuals with anxiety, panic, and emotional dysregulation, my aim is to offer tailored guidance that meets your specific needs.
I am a MSW student currently providing low-cost counseling services. I am currently available to take clients until April 2025. I work with adults 18+ experiencing a range of issues, including emotional challenges and difficulty managing stress. Practicing from a non-judgmental and person-centered approach, I strive to foster an environment where you can feel comfortable to express your thoughts and experiences. Drawing from my experience in supporting individuals with anxiety, panic, and emotional dysregulation, my aim is to offer tailored guidance that meets your specific needs.
(782) 222-0923 View (782) 222-0923
Photo of Jason Tucker, MSW, RSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jason Tucker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Truro, NS B2N
Accepting New Clients- I have a Masters in Social Work and have worked in Mental Health and Addictions for the past 8 years as a clinical therapist. Based in Truro, Nova Scotia, I meet clients in my office, over secure online video, or phone depending on needs and preferences. Are you suffering with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties or another mental health disorder or challenge and are seeking a life without this distress? Maybe you need help navigating available services? I offer a supportive client centered environment and utilize evidence-based treatment practices to help you in achieving your goals.
Accepting New Clients- I have a Masters in Social Work and have worked in Mental Health and Addictions for the past 8 years as a clinical therapist. Based in Truro, Nova Scotia, I meet clients in my office, over secure online video, or phone depending on needs and preferences. Are you suffering with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties or another mental health disorder or challenge and are seeking a life without this distress? Maybe you need help navigating available services? I offer a supportive client centered environment and utilize evidence-based treatment practices to help you in achieving your goals.
(902) 905-2622 View (902) 905-2622
Photo of Sukanya Mukherjee - Mental Health Colour Clinic, MSc, CCC, RCT, Counsellor
Mental Health Colour Clinic
Counsellor, MSc, CCC, RCT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Starting therapy and counselling takes courage and can be a significant moment in one’s life. At Mental Health Colour, we provide therapeutic environment that is safe, supportive, and non-judgmental, grounded in compassion and empathy, which allows you to uncover new insights and move at your own pace towards the changes you hope to create. Our approach is collaborative and relational, where clients develop a long-lasting and secure connection in a safe space.
Starting therapy and counselling takes courage and can be a significant moment in one’s life. At Mental Health Colour, we provide therapeutic environment that is safe, supportive, and non-judgmental, grounded in compassion and empathy, which allows you to uncover new insights and move at your own pace towards the changes you hope to create. Our approach is collaborative and relational, where clients develop a long-lasting and secure connection in a safe space.
(343) 453-8885 View (343) 453-8885
Photo of Veronica Felizardo, BA, MSW, RSW, DCP, (Cand), Registered Social Worker
Veronica Felizardo
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW, DCP, (Cand)
Verified Verified
Halifax, NS B3H
Veronica Felizardo M.S.W., R.S.W. Doctor in Counselling & Psychotherapy (Cand.) is a Psychotherapist with experience in assessment, individual counselling and couples counselling for those who have a desire to change their current circumstances to lead a fulfilled life. She's a firm believer in the innate ability to overcome challenges by working with clients at the current place they find themselves in. Using a strengths-based approach, she inspires each person to realize their full potential. She is certified in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Solution-Focused Therapy. She provides in-between session support via text and email.
Veronica Felizardo M.S.W., R.S.W. Doctor in Counselling & Psychotherapy (Cand.) is a Psychotherapist with experience in assessment, individual counselling and couples counselling for those who have a desire to change their current circumstances to lead a fulfilled life. She's a firm believer in the innate ability to overcome challenges by working with clients at the current place they find themselves in. Using a strengths-based approach, she inspires each person to realize their full potential. She is certified in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Solution-Focused Therapy. She provides in-between session support via text and email.
(343) 800-5987 View (343) 800-5987
Photo of Theressa Diane Govindsamy - Insight Wellness and Research Consulting, MA, RCT-C, CCC
Insight Wellness and Research Consulting
Registered Counselling Therapist Candidate, MA, RCT-C, CCC
Verified Verified
Dartmouth, NS B2W
Are you someone who's looking for a supportive hand in managing stress, coping with life changes, and boosting your overall well-being? Maybe you're seeking a place where you can freely explore your emotions without fear of judgment, where you can develop strategies to handle things better and grow personally. I would love to connect with you.
Are you someone who's looking for a supportive hand in managing stress, coping with life changes, and boosting your overall well-being? Maybe you're seeking a place where you can freely explore your emotions without fear of judgment, where you can develop strategies to handle things better and grow personally. I would love to connect with you.
(782) 820-4257 View (782) 820-4257
Photo of Michelle Slade, MACP, RCT-C, Registered Psychotherapist
Michelle Slade
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, RCT-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3S
Sometimes life feels like a lot. It could be a past experience that keeps running through your head, a transition that was more challenging than you expected or an ongoing issue in a personal or work relationship that is keeping you from fully living. The longer you push away, dismiss or ignore the painful feelings, the harder it becomes to live the life you imagined for yourself. The effects of trauma, anxiety and depression will take their toll on you and those around you. I work with people who are ready to take the first step towards healing.
Sometimes life feels like a lot. It could be a past experience that keeps running through your head, a transition that was more challenging than you expected or an ongoing issue in a personal or work relationship that is keeping you from fully living. The longer you push away, dismiss or ignore the painful feelings, the harder it becomes to live the life you imagined for yourself. The effects of trauma, anxiety and depression will take their toll on you and those around you. I work with people who are ready to take the first step towards healing.
(782) 201-3836 View (782) 201-3836
Photo of Meghan MacPherson, RMT, MEd, RCT-C, Counsellor
Meghan MacPherson
Counsellor, RMT, MEd, RCT-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Halifax, NS B3J
Hi, I'm Meghan. I am an experienced paramedical professional who is passionate about holistic wellness and understanding the connections between our mental and physical health. For the past 7 years, I have provided client-centered care in my massage therapy practice. As a humanist, my ideal client seeks personal growth to understand their emotions, navigate challenges, and cultivate positive change. Motivated by a desire for fulfillment, they value a supportive therapeutic alliance to explore their strengths, enhance coping skills, and embark on a transformative journey toward greater well-being.
Hi, I'm Meghan. I am an experienced paramedical professional who is passionate about holistic wellness and understanding the connections between our mental and physical health. For the past 7 years, I have provided client-centered care in my massage therapy practice. As a humanist, my ideal client seeks personal growth to understand their emotions, navigate challenges, and cultivate positive change. Motivated by a desire for fulfillment, they value a supportive therapeutic alliance to explore their strengths, enhance coping skills, and embark on a transformative journey toward greater well-being.
(902) 932-8428 View (902) 932-8428
Photo of Hal Slaunwhite - Hal Slaunwhite Counselling & Support Services, MSW, RSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hal Slaunwhite Counselling & Support Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Halifax, NS B3H
I approach counselling from a lens that is grounded in the continued practice of anti-racism, disability justice, queer theory, sex positivity, and that recognizes the systemic violence that has, and continues to, harm us and impact our experiences in the world, and inside ourselves. The main niche of folks that I have had the honour of working with over the years have been queer and trans folks, sex workers, disabled folks, non-traditional relationship networks, kink and bdsm communities, BIPOC folks, folks navigating complex trauma, and those living at the intersections of many of these identities.
I approach counselling from a lens that is grounded in the continued practice of anti-racism, disability justice, queer theory, sex positivity, and that recognizes the systemic violence that has, and continues to, harm us and impact our experiences in the world, and inside ourselves. The main niche of folks that I have had the honour of working with over the years have been queer and trans folks, sex workers, disabled folks, non-traditional relationship networks, kink and bdsm communities, BIPOC folks, folks navigating complex trauma, and those living at the intersections of many of these identities.
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See more therapy options for Elmsdale

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Elmsdale, NS

< 10

Counsellors in Elmsdale, NS who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Anxiety
100% Anger Management
100% Stress
75% Depression
75% Spirituality
75% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Medavie Blue Cross
67% Other
67% Blue Cross

How Counsellors in Elmsdale, NS see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Elmsdale?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.