Therapists in Torbay, NL

Photo of Amanda Dewar - Strength Counselling Services, Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Online Only
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(709) 757-0153 View (709) 757-0153
Photo of Heidi Luby, Counsellor, MA, CCC, ND
Heidi Luby
Counsellor, MA, CCC, ND
2 Endorsed
Torbay, NL A1K
Hi there! My name is Heidi and my passion is working to create a safe, comfortable, and welcoming space within the counselling relationship. I work to provide individuals with a non-blaming, and respectful perspective where you are the expert of your life. Having the opportunity to support and witness you through this experience is truly a privilege. It can be difficult to reach out for new support and I appreciate you taking the time to explore my profile and determine if this is a good fit for you!
Hi there! My name is Heidi and my passion is working to create a safe, comfortable, and welcoming space within the counselling relationship. I work to provide individuals with a non-blaming, and respectful perspective where you are the expert of your life. Having the opportunity to support and witness you through this experience is truly a privilege. It can be difficult to reach out for new support and I appreciate you taking the time to explore my profile and determine if this is a good fit for you!
(709) 703-4475 View (709) 703-4475
Photo of Jessica Ivey, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MACP
Jessica Ivey
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MACP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome! My name is Jessica, I am a Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) based in Newfoundland, offering virtual therapy services in Ontario and Newfoundland. It can be challenging to take the step towards starting your therapy journey, and I recognize the importance of finding a therapist who is the right fit for you. With over 5 years experience in a supportive role working with diverse members of my community, to completing my Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology through Yorkville University in 2025, my skills and values allow me the privilege to support individuals, couples, and families through challenging times.
Welcome! My name is Jessica, I am a Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) based in Newfoundland, offering virtual therapy services in Ontario and Newfoundland. It can be challenging to take the step towards starting your therapy journey, and I recognize the importance of finding a therapist who is the right fit for you. With over 5 years experience in a supportive role working with diverse members of my community, to completing my Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology through Yorkville University in 2025, my skills and values allow me the privilege to support individuals, couples, and families through challenging times.
(705) 330-9855 View (705) 330-9855
Photo of Megan Smith - Megan Smith, Registered Social Worker, BA, BSW, MSW, RSW
Megan Smith
Registered Social Worker, BA, BSW, MSW, RSW
Serves Area
I help individuals and couples struggling with anxiety, stress, PTSD, relationship conflict, and ADHD overwhelm.
I help individuals and couples struggling with anxiety, stress, PTSD, relationship conflict, and ADHD overwhelm.
(709) 703-0061 View (709) 703-0061
Photo of Danielle Bird, Counsellor, MACP, CCC
Danielle Bird
Counsellor, MACP, CCC
Online Only
I help adults who feel weighed down by trauma, attachment wounds, or the challenges of being neurodiverse (AuDHD). Many of my clients struggle with flashbacks, shame, shutdown, or feeling unseen in traditional therapy. Together we explore themes like betrayal, boundaries, nervous system repair, and relationships. While my professional background is in counselling psychology, EMDR, and attachment work, I also know firsthand the pain of complex trauma, disconnection from my body, and insecure attachment. This lived and professional experience guides how I help clients feel safe, rebuild trust, and create secure, authentic connection.
I help adults who feel weighed down by trauma, attachment wounds, or the challenges of being neurodiverse (AuDHD). Many of my clients struggle with flashbacks, shame, shutdown, or feeling unseen in traditional therapy. Together we explore themes like betrayal, boundaries, nervous system repair, and relationships. While my professional background is in counselling psychology, EMDR, and attachment work, I also know firsthand the pain of complex trauma, disconnection from my body, and insecure attachment. This lived and professional experience guides how I help clients feel safe, rebuild trust, and create secure, authentic connection.
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Photo of Sabrina Batt, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MC, RSW, CCC
Sabrina Batt
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MC, RSW, CCC
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
You’re recovering from a concussion or living with chronic pain, and you feel stuck. You look fine on the outside, but inside, you’re exhausted, foggy, overwhelmed, and not yourself. Others may not understand, but you know something has changed. You want relief. You want your life back. I specialize in persistent concussion symptoms and chronic pain, helping you calm your nervous system, reduce symptoms, and rebuild confidence. Recovery is possible. My goal is to help you feel understood, empowered, and moving forward again.
You’re recovering from a concussion or living with chronic pain, and you feel stuck. You look fine on the outside, but inside, you’re exhausted, foggy, overwhelmed, and not yourself. Others may not understand, but you know something has changed. You want relief. You want your life back. I specialize in persistent concussion symptoms and chronic pain, helping you calm your nervous system, reduce symptoms, and rebuild confidence. Recovery is possible. My goal is to help you feel understood, empowered, and moving forward again.
(709) 700-4445 View (709) 700-4445
Photo of Samantha Corcoran, Counsellor, MA, CCC, ND
Samantha Corcoran
Counsellor, MA, CCC, ND
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi! I’m a certified counsellor in private practice, offering individual therapy for adults. I bring a down-to-earth, compassionate approach to therapy. I believe therapy works best when it feels like a genuine, human connection. My goal is to help people feel safer in their bodies, more present in their lives, and more confident in their capacity to cope and grow. My practice focuses on trauma work, particularly with adults who have experienced childhood neglect or abuse.
Hi! I’m a certified counsellor in private practice, offering individual therapy for adults. I bring a down-to-earth, compassionate approach to therapy. I believe therapy works best when it feels like a genuine, human connection. My goal is to help people feel safer in their bodies, more present in their lives, and more confident in their capacity to cope and grow. My practice focuses on trauma work, particularly with adults who have experienced childhood neglect or abuse.
(709) 501-0467 View (709) 501-0467
Photo of Tiffany Fraize, Counsellor, MA, CCC
Tiffany Fraize
Counsellor, MA, CCC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Reduced rates available- please connect with me for more details! Reaching out for support takes courage, and whether you're just starting to explore therapy or returning to it, I want you to feel seen, safe, and supported right from the start! I’ve spent the past few years working in community mental health, supporting people through all kinds of challenges. This work has really shaped how I show up as a clinician and taught me a lot about the strength people carry, even in the toughest situations. Our lived experiences shape us in profound ways. Your story matters- and together, we can honour it as you grow forward.
Reduced rates available- please connect with me for more details! Reaching out for support takes courage, and whether you're just starting to explore therapy or returning to it, I want you to feel seen, safe, and supported right from the start! I’ve spent the past few years working in community mental health, supporting people through all kinds of challenges. This work has really shaped how I show up as a clinician and taught me a lot about the strength people carry, even in the toughest situations. Our lived experiences shape us in profound ways. Your story matters- and together, we can honour it as you grow forward.
(709) 301-3849 View (709) 301-3849
Photo of Nikki Hammond, Registered Social Worker, BSW MSW
Nikki Hammond
Registered Social Worker, BSW MSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I’m Nikki (she/her), a Social Worker and Clinical Counsellor offering in-person, virtual, and phone counselling for individuals. I provide ADHD assessments for children, adolescents, and adults through Flourish Health and Wellness. I’m a registered social worker with the Newfoundland and Labrador College of Social Workers and hold an MSW and BSW from Memorial University. With over 14 years of experience, I support individuals and families through life’s challenges and transitions, helping them navigate complex systems and access community resources.
I’m Nikki (she/her), a Social Worker and Clinical Counsellor offering in-person, virtual, and phone counselling for individuals. I provide ADHD assessments for children, adolescents, and adults through Flourish Health and Wellness. I’m a registered social worker with the Newfoundland and Labrador College of Social Workers and hold an MSW and BSW from Memorial University. With over 14 years of experience, I support individuals and families through life’s challenges and transitions, helping them navigate complex systems and access community resources.
(709) 703-0225 View (709) 703-0225
Photo of Alison Feehan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW, BSc, PMH-C
Alison Feehan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW, BSc, PMH-C
Serves Area
Welcome! My name is Alison and I am a Clinical Social Worker offering counselling services for children and adults in the St. John's area, in-person and virtually (NL). My work includes offering support during challenges related to life transitions such as with parenting and family dynamics, in addition to emotional regulation, anxiety, depression, and compassion fatigue. I also offer specialized training in play therapy and perinatal/postpartum mental health, remaining attuned to the impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), trauma, social determinants of health, and the broader systems that shape individual well-being.
Welcome! My name is Alison and I am a Clinical Social Worker offering counselling services for children and adults in the St. John's area, in-person and virtually (NL). My work includes offering support during challenges related to life transitions such as with parenting and family dynamics, in addition to emotional regulation, anxiety, depression, and compassion fatigue. I also offer specialized training in play therapy and perinatal/postpartum mental health, remaining attuned to the impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), trauma, social determinants of health, and the broader systems that shape individual well-being.
(709) 907-5030 View (709) 907-5030

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Gillian Norris, Counsellor, BSc MEd, CCC, ND
Gillian Norris
Counsellor, BSc MEd, CCC, ND
St John's, NL A1B
As a Child Therapist, I appreciate the resiliency within each child, teen, and young adult I work with. They have many of the qualities to cope with day-to-day life and stressors.. it's my role to help identify, celebrate, and strengthen the ones they have and introduce new ones that could help. Whether the goal is to help youth with ADHD (or ADHD characteristics), anxiety, emotional regulation, or trauma, I can help both young people and their families navigate their unique pathways to wellbeing and good mental health. Step by step along your own path, I'll walk with you while you need some extra support.
As a Child Therapist, I appreciate the resiliency within each child, teen, and young adult I work with. They have many of the qualities to cope with day-to-day life and stressors.. it's my role to help identify, celebrate, and strengthen the ones they have and introduce new ones that could help. Whether the goal is to help youth with ADHD (or ADHD characteristics), anxiety, emotional regulation, or trauma, I can help both young people and their families navigate their unique pathways to wellbeing and good mental health. Step by step along your own path, I'll walk with you while you need some extra support.
(709) 401-1008 View (709) 401-1008
Photo of Kaydi Hayden, Counsellor, MA, CCC, LCT
Kaydi Hayden
Counsellor, MA, CCC, LCT
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
I work primarily with women in their 20s-30s navigating anxiety, relationship challenges, life transitions, and big decisions. On the outside, you may seem capable and composed, but inside you might feel anxious, unsure, or stuck. You could be going through a breakup, struggling in relationships, or questioning your identity and direction in life. I also support clients dealing with self-doubt, overthinking, and low self-esteem. Together, we’ll explore patterns keeping you stuck, work through anxiety and self-doubt, and clarify what matters most so you can move forward in a way that feels grounded, authentic, and manageable.
I work primarily with women in their 20s-30s navigating anxiety, relationship challenges, life transitions, and big decisions. On the outside, you may seem capable and composed, but inside you might feel anxious, unsure, or stuck. You could be going through a breakup, struggling in relationships, or questioning your identity and direction in life. I also support clients dealing with self-doubt, overthinking, and low self-esteem. Together, we’ll explore patterns keeping you stuck, work through anxiety and self-doubt, and clarify what matters most so you can move forward in a way that feels grounded, authentic, and manageable.
(506) 710-0399 View (506) 710-0399
Photo of Fizza Khan, Registered Provisional Psychologist, MS
Fizza Khan
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MS
1 Endorsed
St John's, NL A1B
I believe that one can improve their quality of life by improving their mental health and so I offer a safe space where clients can share and learn healthy ways to cope with various stressors. I have experience working with neurodiverse population as well as clients facing depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, adjustment & anger issues, OCD, relational problems and other stressors
I believe that one can improve their quality of life by improving their mental health and so I offer a safe space where clients can share and learn healthy ways to cope with various stressors. I have experience working with neurodiverse population as well as clients facing depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, adjustment & anger issues, OCD, relational problems and other stressors
(709) 703-8564 View (709) 703-8564
Photo of Matthew Glynn, Registered Social Worker, RSW, BSW, BKin
Matthew Glynn
Registered Social Worker, RSW, BSW, BKin
Online Only
I specialize in supporting adults with ADHD who feel stuck, scattered, or frustrated trying to stay focused and follow through. Many of the people I work with describe starting strong, then losing momentum, surrounded by unfinished tasks and self-criticism. They’re capable and driven, yet worn out from trying to keep up. Like many of them, you might be searching for more structure, calm, and confidence in daily life, and a clearer understanding of your brain so you can build consistency that lasts.
I specialize in supporting adults with ADHD who feel stuck, scattered, or frustrated trying to stay focused and follow through. Many of the people I work with describe starting strong, then losing momentum, surrounded by unfinished tasks and self-criticism. They’re capable and driven, yet worn out from trying to keep up. Like many of them, you might be searching for more structure, calm, and confidence in daily life, and a clearer understanding of your brain so you can build consistency that lasts.
(709) 705-5847 View (709) 705-5847
Photo of Irnes Zeljkovic, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Irnes Zeljkovic
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have a deep belief in the power of healing, connection, and resilience. My path into this work is grounded in both lived experience and professional dedication, allowing me to meet clients with authenticity, empathy, and care. With over a decade of experience across hospitals, communities, and private practice, I support teens, adults, couples, families, and seniors navigating trauma, mental health challenges, addiction, chronic pain, burnout, and emotional overwhelm. Whether you’re rebuilding after a crisis, managing day-to-day stress, or seeking deeper self-understanding, I'm here to walk with you.
I have a deep belief in the power of healing, connection, and resilience. My path into this work is grounded in both lived experience and professional dedication, allowing me to meet clients with authenticity, empathy, and care. With over a decade of experience across hospitals, communities, and private practice, I support teens, adults, couples, families, and seniors navigating trauma, mental health challenges, addiction, chronic pain, burnout, and emotional overwhelm. Whether you’re rebuilding after a crisis, managing day-to-day stress, or seeking deeper self-understanding, I'm here to walk with you.
(548) 483-5605 View (548) 483-5605
Photo of Amy McAuley, Registered Psychotherapist, MDiv, RP, CCC
Amy McAuley
Registered Psychotherapist, MDiv, RP, CCC
Online Only
Welcome — I’m glad you’re here. Taking the step to begin therapy is an act of courage, and I want to honor that. My approach is client-centered, meaning our work together will focus on you — what matters most to you, what you hope to understand, and what you want to change or heal.
Welcome — I’m glad you’re here. Taking the step to begin therapy is an act of courage, and I want to honor that. My approach is client-centered, meaning our work together will focus on you — what matters most to you, what you hope to understand, and what you want to change or heal.
(709) 200-1845 View (709) 200-1845
Photo of Natelle Murphy, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, B. ENG, RP(Q)
Natelle Murphy
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, B. ENG, RP(Q)
1 Endorsed
St John's, NL A1B
You may be coming to therapy because you’re ready for something in your life to change. Maybe you feel emotionally overextended, caught in painful relationship dynamics, struggling with meaning, or carrying more responsibility for others’ feelings than your own. You might look functional on the outside while feeling exhausted, resentful, or unseen on the inside. If any of that resonates, you are not alone and you don’t have to keep holding it by yourself. My approach to therapy is grounded, relational, and deeply respectful of your lived experience.
You may be coming to therapy because you’re ready for something in your life to change. Maybe you feel emotionally overextended, caught in painful relationship dynamics, struggling with meaning, or carrying more responsibility for others’ feelings than your own. You might look functional on the outside while feeling exhausted, resentful, or unseen on the inside. If any of that resonates, you are not alone and you don’t have to keep holding it by yourself. My approach to therapy is grounded, relational, and deeply respectful of your lived experience.
(709) 301-3078 View (709) 301-3078
Photo of Jillian Gould, Counsellor, BA, BSW, MACP, CCC
Jillian Gould
Counsellor, BA, BSW, MACP, CCC
Online Only
Life can feel heavy, stressful, or exhausting. You may be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of your next steps. Deep down, you want space to pause, breathe, and reconnect with yourself, while finding clarity, resilience, and new ways forward. You want support from someone who feels grounded and real; not a “quick fix” or expert telling you what to do. You’re looking for a safe place to be yourself, to feel understood, and to explore what healing and growth could look like for you.
Life can feel heavy, stressful, or exhausting. You may be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of your next steps. Deep down, you want space to pause, breathe, and reconnect with yourself, while finding clarity, resilience, and new ways forward. You want support from someone who feels grounded and real; not a “quick fix” or expert telling you what to do. You’re looking for a safe place to be yourself, to feel understood, and to explore what healing and growth could look like for you.
(709) 600-6259 View (709) 600-6259
Photo of Jordanna Comeau, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Jordanna Comeau
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
St John's, NL A1A
Becoming a parent is life-changing, and it’s natural to feel overwhelmed at times. Whether you're navigating preconception, pregnancy, postpartum, or adjusting to life with a new baby, you may be facing challenges like anxiety, low mood, perfectionism, relationship stress, postpartum rage, intrusive thoughts, identity loss, body image concerns, or the impact of a difficult birth. Perinatal counselling offers a supportive space to help you feel empowered, understood, and emotionally resilient throughout your perinatal journey.
Becoming a parent is life-changing, and it’s natural to feel overwhelmed at times. Whether you're navigating preconception, pregnancy, postpartum, or adjusting to life with a new baby, you may be facing challenges like anxiety, low mood, perfectionism, relationship stress, postpartum rage, intrusive thoughts, identity loss, body image concerns, or the impact of a difficult birth. Perinatal counselling offers a supportive space to help you feel empowered, understood, and emotionally resilient throughout your perinatal journey.
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Photo of Michelle Quinlan, Counsellor, MA, MSc, CCC, CST
Michelle Quinlan
Counsellor, MA, MSc, CCC, CST
St John's, NL A1A
Supporting people to thrive in their intimate lives is one of my passions. I am an AASECT-Certified Sex Therapist, and offer counselling services to people struggling with concerns related to sexuality and relationships, as well as those seeking to overcome the impact of past traumatic experiences.
Supporting people to thrive in their intimate lives is one of my passions. I am an AASECT-Certified Sex Therapist, and offer counselling services to people struggling with concerns related to sexuality and relationships, as well as those seeking to overcome the impact of past traumatic experiences.
(709) 703-4408 View (709) 703-4408

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Torbay, NL

10+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in Torbay, NL who prioritize treating:

90% Relationship Issues
90% Anxiety
90% Grief
90% Trauma and PTSD
80% Depression
80% Self Esteem
80% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Green Shield Canada
100% Manulife
100% SunLife

How Counsellors in Torbay, NL see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Torbay?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.