Therapists in N7S

Photo of Melissa S.M. Johari, Registered Social Worker, MSW, MTS, RSW
Melissa S.M. Johari
Registered Social Worker, MSW, MTS, RSW
1 Endorsed
Sarnia, ON N7S
Are you holding everything together on the outside while feeling overwhelmed or disconnected on the inside? My ideal client is an individual or couple navigating stress, life transitions, or painful relationship patterns. I have a special heart for single mothers carrying heavy responsibility while striving toward meaningful personal, relational, and faith-based goals. Many are capable and resilient, yet exhausted. Together, we create space for clarity, emotional safety, and healing—honouring both psychological wisdom and faith as you move from surviving to thriving with lasting, sustainable change.
Are you holding everything together on the outside while feeling overwhelmed or disconnected on the inside? My ideal client is an individual or couple navigating stress, life transitions, or painful relationship patterns. I have a special heart for single mothers carrying heavy responsibility while striving toward meaningful personal, relational, and faith-based goals. Many are capable and resilient, yet exhausted. Together, we create space for clarity, emotional safety, and healing—honouring both psychological wisdom and faith as you move from surviving to thriving with lasting, sustainable change.
(548) 918-1458 View (548) 918-1458
Photo of L. Vallée - Vallee Psychology Professional Corp and Associates, Psychologist, PhD, MA, MSW
Dr. Vallée is a registered clinical and rehabilitation psychologist. Dr. Vallée can conduct psychodiagnoistics assessments and therapy services. Clinical psychology focuses on modifying everyday unhealthy thoughts and behaviours to positively influence emotions. - Mylé is a registered social worker. Mylé uses evidence-based approaches to help clients identify and reframe negative thought patterns and develop practical strategies to promote mental wellness.
Dr. Vallée is a registered clinical and rehabilitation psychologist. Dr. Vallée can conduct psychodiagnoistics assessments and therapy services. Clinical psychology focuses on modifying everyday unhealthy thoughts and behaviours to positively influence emotions. - Mylé is a registered social worker. Mylé uses evidence-based approaches to help clients identify and reframe negative thought patterns and develop practical strategies to promote mental wellness.
(855) 618-5303 View (855) 618-5303
Photo of Cynthia Hirt, Registered Psychotherapist, MEd
Cynthia Hirt
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd
1 Endorsed
Sarnia, ON N7S
Accepting new clients: Daytime, Evening and Saturday appointments available. Are you going through changes and need support? Having difficulty coping, concentrating or dealing with things from your past, present or future?
Accepting new clients: Daytime, Evening and Saturday appointments available. Are you going through changes and need support? Having difficulty coping, concentrating or dealing with things from your past, present or future?
(226) 457-6960 View (226) 457-6960
Photo of Kylie Mackenzie, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RMFT, RP
Kylie Mackenzie
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RMFT, RP
1 Endorsed
Sarnia, ON N7S
My ideal client is someone who feels overwhelmed by their emotional world and is finally ready for meaningful change—even if they aren’t sure where to start. They may be dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, or a general sense of being “stuck.” Many have spent years trying to cope on their own, only to realize that their strategies aren’t working anymore and they need a safe space to explore what’s happening beneath the surface. I’m a warm personality, I appreciate humor, and I care about who I treat.
My ideal client is someone who feels overwhelmed by their emotional world and is finally ready for meaningful change—even if they aren’t sure where to start. They may be dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, or a general sense of being “stuck.” Many have spent years trying to cope on their own, only to realize that their strategies aren’t working anymore and they need a safe space to explore what’s happening beneath the surface. I’m a warm personality, I appreciate humor, and I care about who I treat.
(226) 777-8783 View (226) 777-8783
Photo of Samantha Clarke Caregiving Pgd Palliative, Pre-Licensed Professional
Samantha Clarke Caregiving Pgd Palliative
Pre-Licensed Professional
3 Endorsed
Sarnia, ON N7S
You may be living with grief after the loss of a child or pregnancy, caring for someone with serious or life-limiting illness, or carrying anticipatory grief as you face an uncertain future. Life may feel unfamiliar, heavy, and emotionally overwhelming, and you might be struggling to hold both love and loss at the same time. You want support that honours the depth of your experience without rushing or minimizing your pain.
You may be living with grief after the loss of a child or pregnancy, caring for someone with serious or life-limiting illness, or carrying anticipatory grief as you face an uncertain future. Life may feel unfamiliar, heavy, and emotionally overwhelming, and you might be struggling to hold both love and loss at the same time. You want support that honours the depth of your experience without rushing or minimizing your pain.
(705) 504-9526 View (705) 504-9526
Photo of Abigail Swann - Swann’s Self-Love Lounge, RN, Psychotherapist, RN, BScN
Swann’s Self-Love Lounge
RN, Psychotherapist, RN, BScN
Sarnia, ON N7S
My ideal client is someone feeling overwhelmed—by stress, health challenges, or life transitions—who’s ready to seek clarity and support. They may feel stuck, anxious, or exhausted from trying to manage it all alone. They want to feel more in control, connected, and understood. Their goal is to build resilience and move forward with purpose. They’re seeking a space where they can feel safe, seen, and supported as they navigate the next steps in their personal or healing journey. We will work together to complete goal-oriented activities and reshape unhelpful thoughts.
My ideal client is someone feeling overwhelmed—by stress, health challenges, or life transitions—who’s ready to seek clarity and support. They may feel stuck, anxious, or exhausted from trying to manage it all alone. They want to feel more in control, connected, and understood. Their goal is to build resilience and move forward with purpose. They’re seeking a space where they can feel safe, seen, and supported as they navigate the next steps in their personal or healing journey. We will work together to complete goal-oriented activities and reshape unhelpful thoughts.
(548) 490-2169 View (548) 490-2169
Photo of Glenn M Ethridge - Glenn Ethridge Counselling Services, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Glenn Ethridge Counselling Services
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Sarnia, ON N7S
With over 40 years of experience in counseling, I’ve had the privilege of working with individuals from all walks of life, helping them navigate a wide range of challenges. My clinical experience spans mental health, intellectual disabilities, marriage and family therapy, crisis intervention, addictions, corrections, healthcare, and private practice. This diversity has given me a deep understanding of the unique struggles people face, and the opportunity to support them in meaningful ways.
With over 40 years of experience in counseling, I’ve had the privilege of working with individuals from all walks of life, helping them navigate a wide range of challenges. My clinical experience spans mental health, intellectual disabilities, marriage and family therapy, crisis intervention, addictions, corrections, healthcare, and private practice. This diversity has given me a deep understanding of the unique struggles people face, and the opportunity to support them in meaningful ways.
(548) 639-0393 View (548) 639-0393
Photo of Krista Riley - Krista Riley , Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA(CP), HBA
Krista Riley
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA(CP), HBA
9 Endorsed
Sarnia, ON N7S
Are you feeling worn down, stressed, or struggling to cope with everything life is asking of you? When life feels overwhelming, unpredictable, or emotionally heavy, it can be lonely and exhausting. It makes sense if you’re feeling anxious, discouraged, or just trying to get through the day. I offer a warm, calm space where you don’t have to be strong or hide how hard things have been, no matter what you’re facing. Together, we can explore what you’re carrying, find ways to lighten the load, and help you feel more supported, understood, and in control.
Are you feeling worn down, stressed, or struggling to cope with everything life is asking of you? When life feels overwhelming, unpredictable, or emotionally heavy, it can be lonely and exhausting. It makes sense if you’re feeling anxious, discouraged, or just trying to get through the day. I offer a warm, calm space where you don’t have to be strong or hide how hard things have been, no matter what you’re facing. Together, we can explore what you’re carrying, find ways to lighten the load, and help you feel more supported, understood, and in control.
(289) 273-8035 View (289) 273-8035
Photo of Alaina Clarke, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RP
Alaina Clarke
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RP
1 Endorsed
Sarnia, ON N7S
Anxiety-Panic-Overwhelmed-Chronic Stress-Ruminating Thoughts: these experiences can make you feel helpless and alone. I am passionate about helping people to understand how anxiety/mood issues operate and how to begin to heal. Having provided therapy for over 14 years, my priority is to provide a space that is welcoming and safe so that you feel able to explore your concerns and challenges. I have training/experience in CBT, attachment, anxiety and other mood concerns, relationship issues (including narcissism/narcissistic abuse), family issues, and work-related stress. I am also trained in trauma processing.
Anxiety-Panic-Overwhelmed-Chronic Stress-Ruminating Thoughts: these experiences can make you feel helpless and alone. I am passionate about helping people to understand how anxiety/mood issues operate and how to begin to heal. Having provided therapy for over 14 years, my priority is to provide a space that is welcoming and safe so that you feel able to explore your concerns and challenges. I have training/experience in CBT, attachment, anxiety and other mood concerns, relationship issues (including narcissism/narcissistic abuse), family issues, and work-related stress. I am also trained in trauma processing.
(226) 840-9263 View (226) 840-9263
Photo of Melissa Johari - The Couple Wellness Experts, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, RP(Q)
The Couple Wellness Experts
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, RP(Q)
4 Endorsed
Sarnia, ON N7S
Has life gotten so busy that you just feel like roommates? Do you feel unheard or not prioritized? Now more than ever couples are feeling lost and lonely. Not addressing this can lead to further disconnection. There is hope! We specialize in couples! We offer couples therapy, couples intensives, couples webinars and couples retreats! We are all trained in empirically-based couples therapy, including the Gottman Method and Emotionally Focused Therapy.
Has life gotten so busy that you just feel like roommates? Do you feel unheard or not prioritized? Now more than ever couples are feeling lost and lonely. Not addressing this can lead to further disconnection. There is hope! We specialize in couples! We offer couples therapy, couples intensives, couples webinars and couples retreats! We are all trained in empirically-based couples therapy, including the Gottman Method and Emotionally Focused Therapy.
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Photo of Terri De Borger - Root Counselling, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Root Counselling
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Serves Area
Hi There! My name is Terri De Borger, and I am a Registered Social Worker (MSW). I have over a decade of experience. I specialize in supporting children, youth and adults through various challenges including anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, relationship issues, and life transitions.
Hi There! My name is Terri De Borger, and I am a Registered Social Worker (MSW). I have over a decade of experience. I specialize in supporting children, youth and adults through various challenges including anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, relationship issues, and life transitions.
(226) 796-9734 View (226) 796-9734
Photo of Martha Unger, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Martha Unger
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Serves Area
Now accepting new clients! It's really more about you than about me. If you are experiencing stress, anxiety or depression that is difficult to manage you may find yourself struggling to function well on a daily basis, much less thrive and achieve your goals. Perhaps you witness your child frozen with fear or anxiety and you are unsure of how to help them. Or ADHD symptoms experienced by you or your child get in the way of doing life well and you feel stuck, not knowing how to move past what is holding you or your child back.
Now accepting new clients! It's really more about you than about me. If you are experiencing stress, anxiety or depression that is difficult to manage you may find yourself struggling to function well on a daily basis, much less thrive and achieve your goals. Perhaps you witness your child frozen with fear or anxiety and you are unsure of how to help them. Or ADHD symptoms experienced by you or your child get in the way of doing life well and you feel stuck, not knowing how to move past what is holding you or your child back.
(548) 906-5081 View (548) 906-5081
Photo of Katie Joosten, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW, PMH-C
Katie Joosten
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW, PMH-C
Serves Area
Becoming a parent can be deeply meaningful and unexpectedly hard. Many people feel anxious, disconnected, overwhelmed, or unsure of themselves during this transition. I’m a Registered Social Worker with a Master’s degree in Social Work, specializing in perinatal mental health, early parenthood, and relationship changes. My approach is practical, compassionate, and collaborative, drawing from evidence-based, skills-focused therapies. I aim to create a space that feels safe, non-judgmental, and real—where you can make sense of what’s happening and build tools that fit your life.
Becoming a parent can be deeply meaningful and unexpectedly hard. Many people feel anxious, disconnected, overwhelmed, or unsure of themselves during this transition. I’m a Registered Social Worker with a Master’s degree in Social Work, specializing in perinatal mental health, early parenthood, and relationship changes. My approach is practical, compassionate, and collaborative, drawing from evidence-based, skills-focused therapies. I aim to create a space that feels safe, non-judgmental, and real—where you can make sense of what’s happening and build tools that fit your life.
(226) 407-7190 View (226) 407-7190
Photo of Southwest Counselling Services - Southwest Counselling Services, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Southwest Counselling Services
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Serves Area
With an upbeat, cheerful, warm demeanor, Rachael intends to make counselling feel like a safe space for all! With a specialization in Trauma, Rachael works to support youth and adults of all backgrounds, faiths, and sexual orientations. Rachael recognizes that everyone's story is unique and believes all experiences and emotions deserve to be seen, heard, and validated in a safe, nonjudgmental space. Understanding that wellness looks different for everyone, Rachael is committed to creating personalized care plans tailored to each individual's needs.
With an upbeat, cheerful, warm demeanor, Rachael intends to make counselling feel like a safe space for all! With a specialization in Trauma, Rachael works to support youth and adults of all backgrounds, faiths, and sexual orientations. Rachael recognizes that everyone's story is unique and believes all experiences and emotions deserve to be seen, heard, and validated in a safe, nonjudgmental space. Understanding that wellness looks different for everyone, Rachael is committed to creating personalized care plans tailored to each individual's needs.
(548) 290-8500 View (548) 290-8500
Photo of Karen Gilbert, Registered Social Worker, BA, RSW
Karen Gilbert
Registered Social Worker, BA, RSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Sometimes in life we can feel vulnerable and alone; have symptoms of depression and anxiety; times of grief and changes in our life. These are opportunities for counselling and therapy, support and growth. Taking the chance to trust in a professional and discuss these matters privately has been a best practise for many individuals. I have been honoured to participate in many life changes for clients throughout my 20 + year career as a Social Worker in Lambton, Middlesex and Elgin Counties, London, Strathroy and St.Thomas.
Sometimes in life we can feel vulnerable and alone; have symptoms of depression and anxiety; times of grief and changes in our life. These are opportunities for counselling and therapy, support and growth. Taking the chance to trust in a professional and discuss these matters privately has been a best practise for many individuals. I have been honoured to participate in many life changes for clients throughout my 20 + year career as a Social Worker in Lambton, Middlesex and Elgin Counties, London, Strathroy and St.Thomas.
(226) 778-4725 View (226) 778-4725
Photo of Stephanie deVries - Postpartum Therapy Stephanie deVries, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP(Q), MA
Postpartum Therapy Stephanie deVries
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP(Q), MA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
You thought motherhood would be different. You pictured yourself delighting in your new baby. However, you might be feeling just the opposite. Perhaps you feel like you're a bad parent and even question if you made the right decision to have a child. Maybe you're terrified of doing something wrong in raising your baby or overwhelmed with scary intrusive thoughts. I understand you don't feel like yourself right now, but I can help you find joy and contentment in motherhood. Let me walk beside you while we find your new normal, build a strong attachment to your baby, support your relationships, and experience joy in living.
You thought motherhood would be different. You pictured yourself delighting in your new baby. However, you might be feeling just the opposite. Perhaps you feel like you're a bad parent and even question if you made the right decision to have a child. Maybe you're terrified of doing something wrong in raising your baby or overwhelmed with scary intrusive thoughts. I understand you don't feel like yourself right now, but I can help you find joy and contentment in motherhood. Let me walk beside you while we find your new normal, build a strong attachment to your baby, support your relationships, and experience joy in living.
(365) 800-6245 View (365) 800-6245
Photo of Dr. Fiona Meek, Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Dr. Fiona Meek
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Serves Area
Our early relationships and experiences play a significant role in shaping who we are, and how we perceive the world, which can sometimes result in problematic ways of thinking and dealing with emotions. Consequently, this can lead to emotional turmoil, unfulfillment and dissatisfaction in life, as well as challenges in relationships, work or school, and unhealthy ways of coping. I strive to guide my patients through exploring and processing their experiences so that they can learn better ways to manage, and ultimately feel more present and fulfilled in their lives.
Our early relationships and experiences play a significant role in shaping who we are, and how we perceive the world, which can sometimes result in problematic ways of thinking and dealing with emotions. Consequently, this can lead to emotional turmoil, unfulfillment and dissatisfaction in life, as well as challenges in relationships, work or school, and unhealthy ways of coping. I strive to guide my patients through exploring and processing their experiences so that they can learn better ways to manage, and ultimately feel more present and fulfilled in their lives.
(226) 640-0895 View (226) 640-0895
Photo of Michelle Kelln, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Michelle Kelln
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Serves Area
As a therapist, I believe in the transformative power of human connection and resilience of the people that I work with. I will collaborate with you to create lasting change in a welcoming environment where the people that I work with feel comfortable being themselves.
As a therapist, I believe in the transformative power of human connection and resilience of the people that I work with. I will collaborate with you to create lasting change in a welcoming environment where the people that I work with feel comfortable being themselves.
(226) 926-2127 View (226) 926-2127
Photo of Dawn Whalls, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Dawn Whalls
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Serves Area
Are you being affected by excessive worry, low mood, restless sleep, problems in your relationships, irregular emotions, and/or stress? Are you concerned about your child's emotional wellbeing? Call me today for a telephone consultation and begin your journey towards personal health. I have extensive experience counselling children, youth, adults & families to address issues such as depression, anxiety, emotional regulation, grief/loss, addictions, PTSD, intimate partner violence, physical/sexual abuse & neglect, physical and developmental challenges.
Are you being affected by excessive worry, low mood, restless sleep, problems in your relationships, irregular emotions, and/or stress? Are you concerned about your child's emotional wellbeing? Call me today for a telephone consultation and begin your journey towards personal health. I have extensive experience counselling children, youth, adults & families to address issues such as depression, anxiety, emotional regulation, grief/loss, addictions, PTSD, intimate partner violence, physical/sexual abuse & neglect, physical and developmental challenges.
(855) 215-7929 View (855) 215-7929
Photo of Teresa Futers, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Teresa Futers
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome! I have years of experience specializing in eating disorders, anxiety, trauma, and depression. I enjoy working with teens, young adults and adults, and I support women during pregnancy, postpartum and motherhood. I also work with individuals who are overwhelmed or experiencing burnout in their lives. Perhaps changes in your life circumstances have made it nearly impossible to navigate, or the mental load has become overwhelming. Whether you are struggling to mange difficult emotions or finding life hard to cope with at times, I am here to support you.
Welcome! I have years of experience specializing in eating disorders, anxiety, trauma, and depression. I enjoy working with teens, young adults and adults, and I support women during pregnancy, postpartum and motherhood. I also work with individuals who are overwhelmed or experiencing burnout in their lives. Perhaps changes in your life circumstances have made it nearly impossible to navigate, or the mental load has become overwhelming. Whether you are struggling to mange difficult emotions or finding life hard to cope with at times, I am here to support you.
(587) 818-6801 View (587) 818-6801

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in N7S

50+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in N7S who prioritize treating:

94% Depression
90% Anxiety
85% Stress
79% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
63% Grief

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% First Nations Health Authority
56% Green Shield Canada
48% SunLife

How Counsellors in N7S see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in N7S?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.