Therapists in Winnipeg, MB

Photo of Shelley Levit, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Shelley Levit
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R2M
Do you often feel anxious without reason? Do you sometimes wish your mind could just stop thinking for awhile and let you enjoy inner peace? We often become victims of our own minds and emotions, struggling with the same inner and outer turmoil over and over and don’t know why. Anxiety, worry, self doubt, fear and incessant thinking aren’t caused by a single factor but a combination of things such as trauma, difficult life experiences, loss, troubled relationships and stress. Dealing with these issues, processing your feelings and learning strategies to quiet your mind will help you attain inner peace and emotional resilience
Do you often feel anxious without reason? Do you sometimes wish your mind could just stop thinking for awhile and let you enjoy inner peace? We often become victims of our own minds and emotions, struggling with the same inner and outer turmoil over and over and don’t know why. Anxiety, worry, self doubt, fear and incessant thinking aren’t caused by a single factor but a combination of things such as trauma, difficult life experiences, loss, troubled relationships and stress. Dealing with these issues, processing your feelings and learning strategies to quiet your mind will help you attain inner peace and emotional resilience
(204) 813-9432 View (204) 813-9432
Photo of Christine (Chris) J Thompson, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Christine (Chris) J Thompson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R2H
Waitlist for new clients
Communication and trust are common marital issues. Do you want to stay in your relationship? Do you wonder how you would work on it, if you want to, or if you should? We all struggle at times with something challenging. I am committed to helping you resolve questions like: am I good enough? How has my childhood/ family history affected my choices and behaviour today? How can I move forward after traumatic experiences? Why do I feel anxious/depressed? How can I cope with all of my responsibilities? I feel stuck/angry/tired/overwhelmed- what should I do? What changes do I need to make in my life?
Communication and trust are common marital issues. Do you want to stay in your relationship? Do you wonder how you would work on it, if you want to, or if you should? We all struggle at times with something challenging. I am committed to helping you resolve questions like: am I good enough? How has my childhood/ family history affected my choices and behaviour today? How can I move forward after traumatic experiences? Why do I feel anxious/depressed? How can I cope with all of my responsibilities? I feel stuck/angry/tired/overwhelmed- what should I do? What changes do I need to make in my life?
(431) 531-7204 View (431) 531-7204
Photo of Scott Erickson, MEd, CCC, Counsellor
Scott Erickson
Counsellor, MEd, CCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3L
Sometimes problems feel so big it seems almost like that's all there is in your life. My job is to help you reclaim your life from those problems, to be able to make the choices YOU want to make about your life, rather than feeling like you have to accept the choices it feels like your problems are making for you. I want to help you live the life YOU want to see for yourself - to live according to what matters to YOU. YOUR values and beliefs, YOUR chosen purposes in life, YOUR dreams.
Sometimes problems feel so big it seems almost like that's all there is in your life. My job is to help you reclaim your life from those problems, to be able to make the choices YOU want to make about your life, rather than feeling like you have to accept the choices it feels like your problems are making for you. I want to help you live the life YOU want to see for yourself - to live according to what matters to YOU. YOUR values and beliefs, YOUR chosen purposes in life, YOUR dreams.
(204) 783-6820 View (204) 783-6820
Photo of Kelly Penner Hutton - Peace of Mind Therapy and Consultation, PhD, CPsych, Counsellor
Peace of Mind Therapy and Consultation
Counsellor, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3P
Please note: We are not currently accepting new clients at this time. Peace of Mind Therapy and Consultation offers a variety of psychological services for children, adolescents, and adults as well as Psycho-Educational and Psycho-Diagnostic Assessments. Our goal is to provide clients with the right services that allow them to reach their goals. Our clients' peace of mind is important to us!
Please note: We are not currently accepting new clients at this time. Peace of Mind Therapy and Consultation offers a variety of psychological services for children, adolescents, and adults as well as Psycho-Educational and Psycho-Diagnostic Assessments. Our goal is to provide clients with the right services that allow them to reach their goals. Our clients' peace of mind is important to us!
(204) 813-2125 View (204) 813-2125
Photo of Scott Turner, MSW, BSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Scott Turner
Registered Social Worker, MSW, BSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3N
Waitlist for new clients
Beginning therapy can be challenging! It takes courage to put yourself out there and begin to talk about "you". Many of us have received the message growing up that we shouldn't share with others what is bothering us but that is simply not true. Experiencing struggles within life is part of the human experience and we all deserve non-judgmental support. Whatever you may be experiencing, there has never been a better time to receive the support you deserve to feel better within your life.
Beginning therapy can be challenging! It takes courage to put yourself out there and begin to talk about "you". Many of us have received the message growing up that we shouldn't share with others what is bothering us but that is simply not true. Experiencing struggles within life is part of the human experience and we all deserve non-judgmental support. Whatever you may be experiencing, there has never been a better time to receive the support you deserve to feel better within your life.
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Photo of Brianne Rivard - Growing Hope Therapy, MA, BA, CCC, Counsellor
Growing Hope Therapy
Counsellor, MA, BA, CCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R2H
Are you struggling with Anxiety, Stress or Burnout? Are your relationships suffering or you find yourself being triggered as you go about your daily life? Often it feels like we have to have it all together, and not having this can illicit feelings of fear, anger, guilt and shame. We can work together to address these uncomfortable emotions and the root issue behind them to move you towards a life that is rich, full and meaningful to you.
Are you struggling with Anxiety, Stress or Burnout? Are your relationships suffering or you find yourself being triggered as you go about your daily life? Often it feels like we have to have it all together, and not having this can illicit feelings of fear, anger, guilt and shame. We can work together to address these uncomfortable emotions and the root issue behind them to move you towards a life that is rich, full and meaningful to you.
(204) 800-4021 View (204) 800-4021
Photo of Brodin Anderson, MA, APC, Counsellor
Brodin Anderson
Counsellor, MA, APC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3C
Thank you for taking the time to visit my profile and consider me as your therapist. I approach therapy with the belief that my clients' lives contain the necessary ingredients to change, grow and heal themselves and their relationships. My role as your counsellor is to create an environment where you will feel heard and accepted. From here, you will be in a good position to gain insight into yourself, your behavior and your relationships. Once we have this type of insight, we can get to work and create lasting change. I will be there to support you every step of the way.
Thank you for taking the time to visit my profile and consider me as your therapist. I approach therapy with the belief that my clients' lives contain the necessary ingredients to change, grow and heal themselves and their relationships. My role as your counsellor is to create an environment where you will feel heard and accepted. From here, you will be in a good position to gain insight into yourself, your behavior and your relationships. Once we have this type of insight, we can get to work and create lasting change. I will be there to support you every step of the way.
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Photo of Douglas Koffitse Amouzouvi - UDynamics Doug Amouzouvi, Bsc, BN, RN
UDynamics Doug Amouzouvi
Bsc, BN, RN
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R2M
Life can be difficult and overwhelming even at the best of times. Reaching out for support can help bring clarity and meaning to your situation and provide you with the support you need during these times. I want you to live the satisfying and meaningful life you deserve free from guilt, shame, anxiety and depression. I view treatment holistically and through a trauma-informed lens. I use a strength based approach so that you understand you are valuable and have unique gifts and abilities to share with the world.
Life can be difficult and overwhelming even at the best of times. Reaching out for support can help bring clarity and meaning to your situation and provide you with the support you need during these times. I want you to live the satisfying and meaningful life you deserve free from guilt, shame, anxiety and depression. I view treatment holistically and through a trauma-informed lens. I use a strength based approach so that you understand you are valuable and have unique gifts and abilities to share with the world.
(431) 800-0773 View (431) 800-0773
Photo of Chris Haney, MSW, TCTSY, Registered Social Worker
Chris Haney
Registered Social Worker, MSW, TCTSY
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3R
One devasting effect of trauma is that it robs us of connection with others and ourselves. Instead, we isolate and distance ourselves out of survival. However, when we reach out to others, we are repairing that lost connection and begin to heal. Trauma usually happens in relation and so does recovery! If interested please book a free consultation here: chrishaney.janeapp.com, email or call. Thank you!
One devasting effect of trauma is that it robs us of connection with others and ourselves. Instead, we isolate and distance ourselves out of survival. However, when we reach out to others, we are repairing that lost connection and begin to heal. Trauma usually happens in relation and so does recovery! If interested please book a free consultation here: chrishaney.janeapp.com, email or call. Thank you!
(204) 400-4081 View (204) 400-4081
Photo of Myrna Friedenberg, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Myrna Friedenberg
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3B
When I began my Practice in 1990, I knew that I was blessed to have landed in a role that captured my brain and my heart but I never could have imagined that it would bring me to the place I am today. Life is full of challenges. It is also potentially full of joys and celebrations. If you find yourself in a difficult or confusing time in your life, give me a call. I can promise a warm and attentive environment as we work together. Please note that I will see you individually, in your relationship, or, within your family unit.
When I began my Practice in 1990, I knew that I was blessed to have landed in a role that captured my brain and my heart but I never could have imagined that it would bring me to the place I am today. Life is full of challenges. It is also potentially full of joys and celebrations. If you find yourself in a difficult or confusing time in your life, give me a call. I can promise a warm and attentive environment as we work together. Please note that I will see you individually, in your relationship, or, within your family unit.
(204) 400-8041 View (204) 400-8041
Photo of Ron Sigurdson, MMFT, Counsellor
Ron Sigurdson
Counsellor, MMFT
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R2M
“Your first choice for the last people who would ever go to therapy.” In my 20+ years of being a Marriage & Family Therapist, I have enjoyed great success with clients who either had unsuccessful experiences with other counsellors or were reluctant to seek help. My clients report that they find me very easy to talk with and say that I excel at making difficult subjects easy to understand.
“Your first choice for the last people who would ever go to therapy.” In my 20+ years of being a Marriage & Family Therapist, I have enjoyed great success with clients who either had unsuccessful experiences with other counsellors or were reluctant to seek help. My clients report that they find me very easy to talk with and say that I excel at making difficult subjects easy to understand.
(204) 400-0984 View (204) 400-0984
Photo of Scott Johannson, MA, Counsellor
Scott Johannson
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3K
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or uncertain about your path forward? As someone who has spent over 20 years in the business world, leading teams and setting goals, I understand the challenges of feeling unfulfilled and lost. But my passion for helping people get unstuck led me to pursue my MA in Counselling Psychology, and I've been working with clients ranging from age 13 to 75 ever since.
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or uncertain about your path forward? As someone who has spent over 20 years in the business world, leading teams and setting goals, I understand the challenges of feeling unfulfilled and lost. But my passion for helping people get unstuck led me to pursue my MA in Counselling Psychology, and I've been working with clients ranging from age 13 to 75 ever since.
(431) 441-4822 View (431) 441-4822
Photo of Finn McMahon, MSW, BA Intl, RSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Finn McMahon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, BA Intl, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3C
Finding a therapist can be a daunting task, especially if you are new to therapy and not sure how to find the right fit. My goal is to offer you a safe space to determine what you hope to gain from therapy and how we can best meet your needs. Originally from Dublin, I am a white settler living on Treaty 1 territory. I am a cisgender lesbian and I specialize in working with members of the LGBTQ+ community, particularly gender-questioning and transgender young people. As a queer mother, I also support other parents and would-be parents in navigating the unique challenges of making our families.
Finding a therapist can be a daunting task, especially if you are new to therapy and not sure how to find the right fit. My goal is to offer you a safe space to determine what you hope to gain from therapy and how we can best meet your needs. Originally from Dublin, I am a white settler living on Treaty 1 territory. I am a cisgender lesbian and I specialize in working with members of the LGBTQ+ community, particularly gender-questioning and transgender young people. As a queer mother, I also support other parents and would-be parents in navigating the unique challenges of making our families.
(204) 818-9283 View (204) 818-9283
Photo of Jacqueline Hogue, PhD, Psychologist
Jacqueline Hogue
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3C
Many adults have experienced various forms of childhood trauma and/or neglect, self-criticism, or the feeling that significant relationships have been left unresolved. People often carry old solutions from childhood into their adult lives that are no longer serving them. If you are hoping to get to the root of deep issues and feel better, Jacqueline is passionate about helping people to better understand, accept, express, and positively transform their emotions. Jacqueline believes that a safe, genuine, non-judgmental, and warm relationship with clients is central to the work of therapy.
Many adults have experienced various forms of childhood trauma and/or neglect, self-criticism, or the feeling that significant relationships have been left unresolved. People often carry old solutions from childhood into their adult lives that are no longer serving them. If you are hoping to get to the root of deep issues and feel better, Jacqueline is passionate about helping people to better understand, accept, express, and positively transform their emotions. Jacqueline believes that a safe, genuine, non-judgmental, and warm relationship with clients is central to the work of therapy.
(204) 813-9175 x100 View (204) 813-9175 x100
Photo of Lana Hastings, BA, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Lana Hastings
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3C
Waitlist for new clients
Being human can be really hard. In therapy, we can co-create an atmosphere that is safe for you to share and facilitates growth. Areas of exploration may include: tools for nervous system safety, stabilization and recovery. How unmet expectations you have of yourself, of others, or from others may be impacting you. How to effectively work with guilt, grief, trauma and shame. How to manage personal and/or work stress and how to maintain healthy relationships through connection to self and community care. Currently I have a waitlist however, low rates may be available through the student therapist who works under my supervision.
Being human can be really hard. In therapy, we can co-create an atmosphere that is safe for you to share and facilitates growth. Areas of exploration may include: tools for nervous system safety, stabilization and recovery. How unmet expectations you have of yourself, of others, or from others may be impacting you. How to effectively work with guilt, grief, trauma and shame. How to manage personal and/or work stress and how to maintain healthy relationships through connection to self and community care. Currently I have a waitlist however, low rates may be available through the student therapist who works under my supervision.
(431) 804-8910 View (431) 804-8910
Photo of Jaicee Chartrand, RPC, CIAS-II, Counsellor
Jaicee Chartrand
Counsellor, RPC, CIAS-II
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3B
Now accepting new clients. The storm of life can be challenging. Our work together will be a collaborative process rooted in authenticity, understanding and acceptance. I am humbled to build genuine relationships with the people I work with and walk together into places of courage and healing. I welcome everyone with mental health goals to reach out.
Now accepting new clients. The storm of life can be challenging. Our work together will be a collaborative process rooted in authenticity, understanding and acceptance. I am humbled to build genuine relationships with the people I work with and walk together into places of courage and healing. I welcome everyone with mental health goals to reach out.
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Photo of Aveeve McLaughlin, BA, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Aveeve McLaughlin
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3M
Waitlist for new clients
When we feel overwhelmed, disconnected or stuck in survival mode we need a soft place to land; a place to regroup feeling stronger and better able to cope. Whether your story includes anxiety, trauma, chronic illness or loss let’s work together to shift unhelpful thoughts and patterns, add to your skills and let go of old pain. Within a warm, compassionate therapy relationship you can leave behind thoughts like: “I can’t cope.” “It’s my fault.” “I’m not good enough.” Hi, I'm Aveeve and I love to help people make lasting change using extensive training in effective, evidence-based therapy, a little humour and a lot of connection.
When we feel overwhelmed, disconnected or stuck in survival mode we need a soft place to land; a place to regroup feeling stronger and better able to cope. Whether your story includes anxiety, trauma, chronic illness or loss let’s work together to shift unhelpful thoughts and patterns, add to your skills and let go of old pain. Within a warm, compassionate therapy relationship you can leave behind thoughts like: “I can’t cope.” “It’s my fault.” “I’m not good enough.” Hi, I'm Aveeve and I love to help people make lasting change using extensive training in effective, evidence-based therapy, a little humour and a lot of connection.
(431) 301-4655 View (431) 301-4655
Photo of Sara Philobbos, BA, MA, CCC, Counsellor
Sara Philobbos
Counsellor, BA, MA, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3Y
Does stress, confusion or painful experiences hold you back? Are there big decisions you want help processing? We should talk. I am passionate about coming alongside people in their unique circumstances to help them gain new levels of healing and wholeness. with an invested interest in holistic approaches to personal development, healing and relational challenges.
Does stress, confusion or painful experiences hold you back? Are there big decisions you want help processing? We should talk. I am passionate about coming alongside people in their unique circumstances to help them gain new levels of healing and wholeness. with an invested interest in holistic approaches to personal development, healing and relational challenges.
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Photo of Kristy Carroll - Kristy Carroll Therapy, BA, MMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kristy Carroll Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, BA, MMFT
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3T
We all want to live with meaning and purpose—to be authentic, compassionate, accepting, patient, and forgiving with ourselves and the people in our lives. Sometimes difficult life experiences can cause us to lose sight of this genuine way of being, so we become closed off from ourselves and others. In other words, we feel stuck… As a therapist, I offer helpful options to getting unstuck. Together we will begin to explore and understand what has contributed to these blocks, as well as uncovering and applying strengths, resources, and skills towards a solution.
We all want to live with meaning and purpose—to be authentic, compassionate, accepting, patient, and forgiving with ourselves and the people in our lives. Sometimes difficult life experiences can cause us to lose sight of this genuine way of being, so we become closed off from ourselves and others. In other words, we feel stuck… As a therapist, I offer helpful options to getting unstuck. Together we will begin to explore and understand what has contributed to these blocks, as well as uncovering and applying strengths, resources, and skills towards a solution.
(431) 531-7163 View (431) 531-7163
Photo of Abby Kay Gauthier, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Abby Kay Gauthier
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3T
Not accepting new clients
Welcome, I am so happy you're here. It takes courage to step into healing. I am currently accepting new, adult clients in-person, online, and over the phone with both weekend and evening appointments available. I strongly believe that every human has the innate capacity to heal. My clinical style is grounded in warmth, empathy and curiosity. I aim to create collaborative, supportive relationships to move toward the process of healing together. My hope is to assist you to discover your inner strengths, and reconnect you with your authentic self in order to uncover a meaningful life and overall sense of wellbeing.
Welcome, I am so happy you're here. It takes courage to step into healing. I am currently accepting new, adult clients in-person, online, and over the phone with both weekend and evening appointments available. I strongly believe that every human has the innate capacity to heal. My clinical style is grounded in warmth, empathy and curiosity. I aim to create collaborative, supportive relationships to move toward the process of healing together. My hope is to assist you to discover your inner strengths, and reconnect you with your authentic self in order to uncover a meaningful life and overall sense of wellbeing.
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See more therapy options for Winnipeg

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Winnipeg, MB

600+

Average cost per session

$130

Counsellors in Winnipeg, MB who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
80% Self Esteem
77% Stress
76% Coping Skills
72% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Blue Cross
52% Canada Life | Great-West Life
50% SunLife

How Counsellors in Winnipeg, MB see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Winnipeg?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.