Therapists in L9C

Photo of Gerry Lapenta, Registered Psychotherapist, MDiv, MTh, RP
Gerry Lapenta
Registered Psychotherapist, MDiv, MTh, RP
Hamilton, ON L9C
As a psychotherapist, I seek to provide you with a life transforming experience to help you deal with the difficult issues in your life, such as relationship troubles, depression, anxiety, low self esteem, or grief. I offer you an authentic human relational encounter that fosters growth, support and change. Life growth and transformation can be a beautiful experience, and it is my goal to help you experience what others have previously experienced with me. Finding happiness in life does not need to be out of reach, or seem impossible for you.
As a psychotherapist, I seek to provide you with a life transforming experience to help you deal with the difficult issues in your life, such as relationship troubles, depression, anxiety, low self esteem, or grief. I offer you an authentic human relational encounter that fosters growth, support and change. Life growth and transformation can be a beautiful experience, and it is my goal to help you experience what others have previously experienced with me. Finding happiness in life does not need to be out of reach, or seem impossible for you.
(289) 272-8543 View (289) 272-8543
Photo of Andrew Haselbah, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Andrew Haselbah
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9C
We all go through difficulties in our lives, ranging from frustrating, distressing, to traumatic. Mental Health struggles can complicate our interaction with the world, causing problems in many parts of life, including socially, with family, in employment or legally. Getting some advice, coping techniques or in depth treatment can be helpful to provide relief to yourself and improve interactions with those around you.
We all go through difficulties in our lives, ranging from frustrating, distressing, to traumatic. Mental Health struggles can complicate our interaction with the world, causing problems in many parts of life, including socially, with family, in employment or legally. Getting some advice, coping techniques or in depth treatment can be helpful to provide relief to yourself and improve interactions with those around you.
(519) 841-3957 View (519) 841-3957
Photo of Kim vonEuw, Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP
Kim vonEuw
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9C
When it comes to being vulnerable, I know it can be one of the scariest things to do, so my goal is to help foster an environment and trust to help with the process. I work with all individuals; children (ages 7+), teens and adults. Some disorders I help treat include; Anxiety, Depression, Self-Harm, Complex Trauma, ADHD, OCD, and more. My approach to therapy is to find the balance between processing information together and providing my clients with working strategies to help them to continue to meet their goals.
When it comes to being vulnerable, I know it can be one of the scariest things to do, so my goal is to help foster an environment and trust to help with the process. I work with all individuals; children (ages 7+), teens and adults. Some disorders I help treat include; Anxiety, Depression, Self-Harm, Complex Trauma, ADHD, OCD, and more. My approach to therapy is to find the balance between processing information together and providing my clients with working strategies to help them to continue to meet their goals.
(289) 807-1294 View (289) 807-1294
Photo of Juliette Tilbury, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Juliette Tilbury
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Hamilton, ON L9C
I am a Registered Social Worker in private practice with children, adolescents, and adults of all ages. I support clients experiencing challenges with life transitions, mental health, relationships, parenting, trauma, substance and behavioural addictions, suicidality and self-harm behaviours, emotion dysregulation, and neurodiversity.
I am a Registered Social Worker in private practice with children, adolescents, and adults of all ages. I support clients experiencing challenges with life transitions, mental health, relationships, parenting, trauma, substance and behavioural addictions, suicidality and self-harm behaviours, emotion dysregulation, and neurodiversity.
(289) 206-6889 View (289) 206-6889
Photo of Steven Presta, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Steven Presta
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Hamilton, ON L9C
Do you ever feel like your stress, low self-esteem, low confidence, and possibly even anxiety, are getting in the way of you living your best life? Do you ever get told to “suck it up and be a man?” It is hard to manage these feelings on any given day, let alone a pandemic! Are you trying to quit smoking/drinking/drugs and looking for support, or for someone who just gets it? I can help explore these concerns and areas with you while offering different ways to cope and manage these overwhelming and “out of control” feelings.
Do you ever feel like your stress, low self-esteem, low confidence, and possibly even anxiety, are getting in the way of you living your best life? Do you ever get told to “suck it up and be a man?” It is hard to manage these feelings on any given day, let alone a pandemic! Are you trying to quit smoking/drinking/drugs and looking for support, or for someone who just gets it? I can help explore these concerns and areas with you while offering different ways to cope and manage these overwhelming and “out of control” feelings.
(289) 210-5068 View (289) 210-5068
Photo of Chad David Tomlinson, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, MTS, MEd, Rev
Chad David Tomlinson
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, MTS, MEd, Rev
Hamilton, ON L9C
Chad is an award winning therapist who doesn't actually enjoy writing in the third person. My main goal is to help people know how to be emotionally healthy using a combination of tools I've created through life experience and modalities like solution focused therapy, CBT, EFT, and DBT. I tend to be a bit different than traditional therapists as I often have more laughs than tears in my office, but either way, my hope is to help people feel cared about and safe enough to share their lives. Men (or anyone) who are nervous about therapy or people who have had a bad experience with it tend to really like my down to earth style.
Chad is an award winning therapist who doesn't actually enjoy writing in the third person. My main goal is to help people know how to be emotionally healthy using a combination of tools I've created through life experience and modalities like solution focused therapy, CBT, EFT, and DBT. I tend to be a bit different than traditional therapists as I often have more laughs than tears in my office, but either way, my hope is to help people feel cared about and safe enough to share their lives. Men (or anyone) who are nervous about therapy or people who have had a bad experience with it tend to really like my down to earth style.
(289) 210-5263 View (289) 210-5263
Photo of Aisha Malik, Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MA
Aisha Malik
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MA
Hamilton, ON L9C
We all have our own stories and experiences that contribute to who we are and how we face challenges. Sometimes, we get so lost in the difficulties of the outside world that we forget to take care of our inner self. This can lead to us struggling with things such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, identity-based oppression, stress management, relationship concerns, immigrant struggles, and life changes. I understand how challenging these difficulties can be, and I am passionate about helping others move from fighting with their feelings to reaching their own inner peace. I also, provide child and play therapy.
We all have our own stories and experiences that contribute to who we are and how we face challenges. Sometimes, we get so lost in the difficulties of the outside world that we forget to take care of our inner self. This can lead to us struggling with things such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, identity-based oppression, stress management, relationship concerns, immigrant struggles, and life changes. I understand how challenging these difficulties can be, and I am passionate about helping others move from fighting with their feelings to reaching their own inner peace. I also, provide child and play therapy.
(289) 207-7537 View (289) 207-7537
Photo of Cavan Edwards, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MACP
Cavan Edwards
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MACP
Hamilton, ON L9C
In traditional therapy we use the therapeutic relationship and supportive conversation to build empathy for ourselves, while finding new ways of seeing problems. We work at learning to change our thoughts and actions in order to shift challenging emotions. While this "top down" approach can be helpful, many people find thinking based skills alone are not enough. A great therapy conversation can come with a lot of relief and insight, but these benefits may not always stick around outside of the office. My approach provides an alternate way to work with stuck emotions, difficult memories and entrenched patterns of behaviour.
In traditional therapy we use the therapeutic relationship and supportive conversation to build empathy for ourselves, while finding new ways of seeing problems. We work at learning to change our thoughts and actions in order to shift challenging emotions. While this "top down" approach can be helpful, many people find thinking based skills alone are not enough. A great therapy conversation can come with a lot of relief and insight, but these benefits may not always stick around outside of the office. My approach provides an alternate way to work with stuck emotions, difficult memories and entrenched patterns of behaviour.
(226) 503-9412 View (226) 503-9412
Photo of Dayana Romero, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MACP, Q Med
Dayana Romero
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MACP, Q Med
5 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9C
Located in Hamilton, ON and with over 16 years of experience, Dayana offers flexible options for clients, including virtual and in-person sessions. Services encompass individual psychotherapy, couples therapy, family therapy, divorce & separation, addressing a diverse range of concerns such as anxiety, depression, mood disorders, low self-esteem, panic attacks, stress, self-criticism, relationship issues, and sexual difficulties. Additionally, services are provided in both English and Spanish to ensure effective communication and understanding for all clients.
Located in Hamilton, ON and with over 16 years of experience, Dayana offers flexible options for clients, including virtual and in-person sessions. Services encompass individual psychotherapy, couples therapy, family therapy, divorce & separation, addressing a diverse range of concerns such as anxiety, depression, mood disorders, low self-esteem, panic attacks, stress, self-criticism, relationship issues, and sexual difficulties. Additionally, services are provided in both English and Spanish to ensure effective communication and understanding for all clients.
(647) 496-0784 View (647) 496-0784
Photo of Chantal Gray - Acorn Counselling, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CYC-P
Acorn Counselling
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CYC-P
3 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9C
Is your child or teen struggling with anxiety or depression? Feeling worried and overthinking seemingly ordinary situations, or feeling unmotivated and having a hard time getting involved in daily activities? We are here to help! If you’re noticing low self-esteem, poor confidence, trouble focusing, mood swings, or have concern for your or your young person’s mental health, we'd love to connect with you.
Is your child or teen struggling with anxiety or depression? Feeling worried and overthinking seemingly ordinary situations, or feeling unmotivated and having a hard time getting involved in daily activities? We are here to help! If you’re noticing low self-esteem, poor confidence, trouble focusing, mood swings, or have concern for your or your young person’s mental health, we'd love to connect with you.
(365) 400-8284 View (365) 400-8284
Photo of Taye Adeniyi - Renewed Mindset Counselling and Psychotherapy, Registered Social Worker, BA, MIDST, MSW, RSW
Renewed Mindset Counselling and Psychotherapy
Registered Social Worker, BA, MIDST, MSW, RSW
Hamilton, ON L9C
Are you feeling stuck in patterns of self-doubt, anxiety, depression, anger, loneliness, trauma, addiction, or grief? These challenges can feel overwhelming, but they also offer a powerful opportunity for transformation. If you're ready to break free from unhelpful patterns and improve your personal and relational well-being, now is the time to shift your perspective on yourself, your life, and those around you. I am passionate about empowering individuals, couples, and families to develop new ways of thinking, build stronger connections, and overcome life’s obstacles. Let’s work together toward meaningful transformation.
Are you feeling stuck in patterns of self-doubt, anxiety, depression, anger, loneliness, trauma, addiction, or grief? These challenges can feel overwhelming, but they also offer a powerful opportunity for transformation. If you're ready to break free from unhelpful patterns and improve your personal and relational well-being, now is the time to shift your perspective on yourself, your life, and those around you. I am passionate about empowering individuals, couples, and families to develop new ways of thinking, build stronger connections, and overcome life’s obstacles. Let’s work together toward meaningful transformation.
(289) 236-2379 View (289) 236-2379
Photo of Kim Lawrence, Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Kim Lawrence
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Hamilton, ON L9C
I have over 30 years of experience in the field of social work and 20 years of experience as a family mediator. My professional expertise includes a background in psychiatry and management. I counsel individuals, couples and families. I work with clients experiencing stress and trauma, anxiety and depression, relationship and family conflict including neglect, abuse, anger management and gender identity issues. I help couples with relationship conflict, communication, sexuality and parenting challenges, separation and divorce. I have experience in working with individuals struggling with addictions, making career decisions grief and day to day challenges.
I have over 30 years of experience in the field of social work and 20 years of experience as a family mediator. My professional expertise includes a background in psychiatry and management. I counsel individuals, couples and families. I work with clients experiencing stress and trauma, anxiety and depression, relationship and family conflict including neglect, abuse, anger management and gender identity issues. I help couples with relationship conflict, communication, sexuality and parenting challenges, separation and divorce. I have experience in working with individuals struggling with addictions, making career decisions grief and day to day challenges.
(289) 768-7742 View (289) 768-7742
Photo of Lisa Dolson - Dolson Psychotherapy , Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MDiv, MPS
Dolson Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MDiv, MPS
Hamilton, ON L9C
I work with individuals and couples who are struggling with anxiety, depression, personality disorders, caregiver stress and fatigue, trauma, health issues, and inter-personal relationship difficulties.
I work with individuals and couples who are struggling with anxiety, depression, personality disorders, caregiver stress and fatigue, trauma, health issues, and inter-personal relationship difficulties.
(226) 408-4629 View (226) 408-4629
Photo of Annette Poechman, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MEd, CCC, RP
Annette Poechman
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MEd, CCC, RP
Hamilton, ON L9C
Struggling with a personal issue or life challenge? If you are feeling anxious or depressed, dealing with relationship issues or work related stress, you should know Annette Poechman provides a supportive and safe, non-judgmental, and completely confidential environment for clients to explore their concerns. Annette offers qualified psychotherapy and counselling for anxiety, depression, grief, relationships, work-related stress, and trauma/PTSD. If you are interested in therapy, but are unsure if you and Annette will be a good fit, send Annette a message and schedule a free 15-minute consultation. Ask about Annette's Waiting List.
Struggling with a personal issue or life challenge? If you are feeling anxious or depressed, dealing with relationship issues or work related stress, you should know Annette Poechman provides a supportive and safe, non-judgmental, and completely confidential environment for clients to explore their concerns. Annette offers qualified psychotherapy and counselling for anxiety, depression, grief, relationships, work-related stress, and trauma/PTSD. If you are interested in therapy, but are unsure if you and Annette will be a good fit, send Annette a message and schedule a free 15-minute consultation. Ask about Annette's Waiting List.
(855) 463-2621 View (855) 463-2621
Photo of Stephanie Perrotta, Registered Psychotherapist, Hons BA, MA
Stephanie Perrotta
Registered Psychotherapist, Hons BA, MA
8 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9C
Hi, I’m Stephanie, and I am a Registered Psychotherapist. I have a Bachelor’s degree in Health and Gerontology from McMaster University, a post-grad in Brain Injury Disorders and I have completed my Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology. My background in working with Traumatic Brain Injuries has given me the opportunity to work with individuals who have experienced loss, grief, anger, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, changes in personality, and social behaviours. Being in this field fueled my passion to help individuals achieve their mental health and well-being goals.
Hi, I’m Stephanie, and I am a Registered Psychotherapist. I have a Bachelor’s degree in Health and Gerontology from McMaster University, a post-grad in Brain Injury Disorders and I have completed my Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology. My background in working with Traumatic Brain Injuries has given me the opportunity to work with individuals who have experienced loss, grief, anger, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, changes in personality, and social behaviours. Being in this field fueled my passion to help individuals achieve their mental health and well-being goals.
(289) 270-7135 View (289) 270-7135
Photo of Paulette Niles - Paulette Niles RN Psychotherapist, RN, BSc
Paulette Niles RN Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Hamilton, ON L9C
I believe people need to be truly seen, heard, and understood, I see each client as a unique individual, hence therapy is tailored specifically for each individual in reaching their goals.
I believe people need to be truly seen, heard, and understood, I see each client as a unique individual, hence therapy is tailored specifically for each individual in reaching their goals.
(289) 271-0473 View (289) 271-0473
Photo of Richard Piekarczyk-Vacca, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MEd
Richard Piekarczyk-Vacca
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MEd
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9C
Are you a First Responder or a Veteran navigating civvy street? Whether you served in the Military or are a Firefighter, Paramedic, or Police Officer, no one is immune to the stresses of service. For those without this experience, connecting meaningfully can be tough. For me, cultural competency means more than just recognizing your service—it’s about personal experience in uniform.
Are you a First Responder or a Veteran navigating civvy street? Whether you served in the Military or are a Firefighter, Paramedic, or Police Officer, no one is immune to the stresses of service. For those without this experience, connecting meaningfully can be tough. For me, cultural competency means more than just recognizing your service—it’s about personal experience in uniform.
(365) 298-5242 View (365) 298-5242
Photo of Sharlene April MacLennan, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Sharlene April MacLennan
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Hamilton, ON L9C
Facing difficult times with support and help, is easier than facing them alone. Whether you are struggling with symptoms of depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD, or overwhelming emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, you do not have to navigate these alone. My passion is helping individuals, parents and/or families learn how to cope and manage more effectively, using evidenced-based treatments and strategies, in order to achieve meaningful change today and hope for the future.
Facing difficult times with support and help, is easier than facing them alone. Whether you are struggling with symptoms of depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD, or overwhelming emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, you do not have to navigate these alone. My passion is helping individuals, parents and/or families learn how to cope and manage more effectively, using evidenced-based treatments and strategies, in order to achieve meaningful change today and hope for the future.
(289) 274-9425 View (289) 274-9425
Photo of Kristen Alexandra Di Martino, Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MA, BA
Kristen Alexandra Di Martino
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MA, BA
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9C
Evening and weekend, in-person sessions available. Anxiety, depression, life transitions/changes, relationship and interpersonal struggles? I offer free 15 minute consultations to determine if we would be a good fit! Our relationship is the most important tool to therapy - building comfort and trust is key. Having dealt with anxiety myself and going through therapy, I can offer an understanding of knowing what it feels like to be the client, and how important it is to feel heard by your therapist.
Evening and weekend, in-person sessions available. Anxiety, depression, life transitions/changes, relationship and interpersonal struggles? I offer free 15 minute consultations to determine if we would be a good fit! Our relationship is the most important tool to therapy - building comfort and trust is key. Having dealt with anxiety myself and going through therapy, I can offer an understanding of knowing what it feels like to be the client, and how important it is to feel heard by your therapist.
(289) 272-8703 View (289) 272-8703
Photo of Heather Ratych - Bloom Psychotherapy, Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW
Bloom Psychotherapy
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, ON L9C
Accepting NEW clients! My passion for working with clients in the perinatal period was born out of my own struggles with infertility, medically complex pregnancies, birth trauma, and postpartum anxiety. I have a particular interest in working with parents navigating high-risk pregnancies, pregnancy loss, NICU trauma, colicky babies, and parenting spicy or neurodivergent children. My passion also extends to supporting couples during the perinatal period, and helping them to move from barely surviving to thriving together. I hold the belief that people are resilient, and have the power to heal within themselves.
Accepting NEW clients! My passion for working with clients in the perinatal period was born out of my own struggles with infertility, medically complex pregnancies, birth trauma, and postpartum anxiety. I have a particular interest in working with parents navigating high-risk pregnancies, pregnancy loss, NICU trauma, colicky babies, and parenting spicy or neurodivergent children. My passion also extends to supporting couples during the perinatal period, and helping them to move from barely surviving to thriving together. I hold the belief that people are resilient, and have the power to heal within themselves.
(437) 494-9436 View (437) 494-9436

See more therapy options for L9C

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in L9C

70+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in L9C who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
88% Depression
84% Stress
83% Relationship Issues
83% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% SunLife
67% Green Shield Canada
64% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in L9C see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in L9C?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.