Therapists in Winnipeg, MB

Photo of Kennedy Bell, Counsellor in Winnipeg, MB
Kennedy Bell
Counsellor, BA, MA, CCC
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3P
Waitlist for new clients
I provide individual therapy services to youth, teens, and adults between the ages of 10 and 65 who are struggling with issues relating but not limited to stress, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, grief, anger, substance use, relationship problems, family conflict, and life transitions.
I provide individual therapy services to youth, teens, and adults between the ages of 10 and 65 who are struggling with issues relating but not limited to stress, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, grief, anger, substance use, relationship problems, family conflict, and life transitions.
(204) 615-9001 View (204) 615-9001
Photo of Amanda McQuarrie, Pre-Licensed Professional in Winnipeg, MB
Amanda McQuarrie
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, BSc
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3M  (Online Only)
I am currently completing my PhD in Clinical Psychology at the University of Manitoba, and working as a Clinical Associate under the supervision of Dr. Darek Dawda (Ph.D., C.Psych.) at Prairie Psychology. I have experience with a variety of concerns, including depression, anxiety, and trauma, as well as difficulties in interpersonal relationships, gender issues, and major life changes.
I am currently completing my PhD in Clinical Psychology at the University of Manitoba, and working as a Clinical Associate under the supervision of Dr. Darek Dawda (Ph.D., C.Psych.) at Prairie Psychology. I have experience with a variety of concerns, including depression, anxiety, and trauma, as well as difficulties in interpersonal relationships, gender issues, and major life changes.
(204) 900-8620 View (204) 900-8620
Photo of Mariana Sussi - Winnipeg Narrative Therapy, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Mariana Sussi - Winnipeg Narrative Therapy
Registered Social Worker, MFT, CCC, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3C
***IN PERSON AND ONLINE SESSIONS AVAILABLE. Our work has been informed by a number of different therapeutic models. In the last sixteen years we have been dedicated to integrate Narrative Ideas and Social Justice models into our practice. In those conversations that happen in our offices, people can reclaim their own preferred stories and re-define themselves by centering on stories that don't restrict their lives to the definition that the problem imposes on them. It's in the core of our work to believe that people that seeks for counselling come to it with a number of skills, beliefs, values, commitments and abilities.
***IN PERSON AND ONLINE SESSIONS AVAILABLE. Our work has been informed by a number of different therapeutic models. In the last sixteen years we have been dedicated to integrate Narrative Ideas and Social Justice models into our practice. In those conversations that happen in our offices, people can reclaim their own preferred stories and re-define themselves by centering on stories that don't restrict their lives to the definition that the problem imposes on them. It's in the core of our work to believe that people that seeks for counselling come to it with a number of skills, beliefs, values, commitments and abilities.
(204) 229-7720 View (204) 229-7720
Photo of Heather Kerr-Vermeulen, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Heather Kerr-Vermeulen
Registered Social Worker, BA, HBSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3G  (Online Only)
I work with adults, children, teens and families. I believe that a therapeutic relationship is a partnership where both you and I bring strengths to the table to overcome challenges that are getting in the way of living the life you want to live. All people have the capacity to heal, and the problems that bring you to therapy do not have to define who you are. I will support you in becoming the person you want to be, whether that be by healing from past trauma or by dealing with current issues that may be getting in your way.
I work with adults, children, teens and families. I believe that a therapeutic relationship is a partnership where both you and I bring strengths to the table to overcome challenges that are getting in the way of living the life you want to live. All people have the capacity to heal, and the problems that bring you to therapy do not have to define who you are. I will support you in becoming the person you want to be, whether that be by healing from past trauma or by dealing with current issues that may be getting in your way.
(204) 813-5867 View (204) 813-5867
Photo of Alex Bueckert, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Alex Bueckert
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3G
Life is hard! We all experience things that exceed our ability to cope, and sometimes things feel like too much to carry on our own. When times get challenging, having a safe person and safe space to explore what's impacting you can make a world of difference. If you're looking for someone who will support you as you work through life's yuckiness, I am here to join you on that journey. Whether your goal is to work on coping skills and strategies to manage stressors or to develop insight and understanding of the impact of past experiences, I can provide empathic support and tailored interventions that assist you along the way.
Life is hard! We all experience things that exceed our ability to cope, and sometimes things feel like too much to carry on our own. When times get challenging, having a safe person and safe space to explore what's impacting you can make a world of difference. If you're looking for someone who will support you as you work through life's yuckiness, I am here to join you on that journey. Whether your goal is to work on coping skills and strategies to manage stressors or to develop insight and understanding of the impact of past experiences, I can provide empathic support and tailored interventions that assist you along the way.
(204) 813-8102 View (204) 813-8102
Photo of Jennifer Stewart (She Her), Pre-Licensed Professional in Winnipeg, MB
Jennifer Stewart (She Her)
Pre-Licensed Professional, MACP-Q, B Ed, BHEcol
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R2H
Jennifer specializes in the treatment of anxiety disorders with a focus on CBT and DBT. She offers behaviour therapy for ADHD, including parent management support. She has an interest in treating anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, and trauma. Jennifer has a passion in providing therapy services to people who work in education as there are many stressors and complex variables in that career that can be supported in therapy. Jennifer values working with people of all ages who have experienced challenging life transitions and trauma and are looking to regain their voice and inner strength.
Jennifer specializes in the treatment of anxiety disorders with a focus on CBT and DBT. She offers behaviour therapy for ADHD, including parent management support. She has an interest in treating anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, and trauma. Jennifer has a passion in providing therapy services to people who work in education as there are many stressors and complex variables in that career that can be supported in therapy. Jennifer values working with people of all ages who have experienced challenging life transitions and trauma and are looking to regain their voice and inner strength.
(204) 900-8276 View (204) 900-8276
Photo of Melissa Muir, Marriage & Family Therapist in Winnipeg, MB
Melissa Muir
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, RMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R2Y
I am currently accepting new clients and welcome a brief phone call to discuss treatment options. In this uniquely challenging time, it is normal to experience stress and feel a wide range of thoughts and feelings. Even as the world around us is constantly changing we are capable of finding healthy ways to cope and strengthen our resilience. It takes courage to seek support and I believe in creating a safe and affirming environment where we can work together to better understand and improve your life circumstances.
I am currently accepting new clients and welcome a brief phone call to discuss treatment options. In this uniquely challenging time, it is normal to experience stress and feel a wide range of thoughts and feelings. Even as the world around us is constantly changing we are capable of finding healthy ways to cope and strengthen our resilience. It takes courage to seek support and I believe in creating a safe and affirming environment where we can work together to better understand and improve your life circumstances.
(204) 819-0387 View (204) 819-0387
Photo of Amanda Snell, Counsellor in Winnipeg, MB
Amanda Snell
Counsellor, RTC, RCRT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R2J
I'm Amanda, the founder and the face behind Sacred Rose Therapy. I am incredibly happy you are here! This space is for you, to explore and express yourself freely. I have been in the holistic healing industry since 2015. I embrace the ebb and flow when it comes to the idea of healing. I truly believe that we are a whole package deal - mind, body, emotional self & soul - and with this in mind, all must be addressed, as one compliments and supports the others. I am a Registered Therapeutic Counsellor, Reflexologist and Energy Healer. I look forward to holding space for you in your life journey with honor, compassion, love & curiosity.
I'm Amanda, the founder and the face behind Sacred Rose Therapy. I am incredibly happy you are here! This space is for you, to explore and express yourself freely. I have been in the holistic healing industry since 2015. I embrace the ebb and flow when it comes to the idea of healing. I truly believe that we are a whole package deal - mind, body, emotional self & soul - and with this in mind, all must be addressed, as one compliments and supports the others. I am a Registered Therapeutic Counsellor, Reflexologist and Energy Healer. I look forward to holding space for you in your life journey with honor, compassion, love & curiosity.
(204) 808-2639 View (204) 808-2639
Photo of Kristen Klassen, Counsellor in Winnipeg, MB
Kristen Klassen
Counsellor, PhD, MACP, MSc, BSc
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R2H
The goals of play therapy are the same as traditional mediums of psychotherapy - to help clients resolve and heal from past stressful or traumatic experiences, express emotions related to challenging experiences, and support the learning of new ways of thinking and behaving. The medium is the only difference - clients use toys, games, dramatic and expressive arts to meet these goals, with play as the language of expression.
The goals of play therapy are the same as traditional mediums of psychotherapy - to help clients resolve and heal from past stressful or traumatic experiences, express emotions related to challenging experiences, and support the learning of new ways of thinking and behaving. The medium is the only difference - clients use toys, games, dramatic and expressive arts to meet these goals, with play as the language of expression.
(204) 808-1755 View (204) 808-1755
Photo of Acksanna Witherspoon, Counsellor in Winnipeg, MB
Acksanna Witherspoon
Counsellor, MA, LMFT
Not Verified Not Verified
Winnipeg, MB R2K
I am Acksanna Witherspoon - a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Winnipeg MB. I am someone who has sought out professional help in my life at one point too. I have a passion for walking alongside people in seasons of their life where nobody else can. I believe in my clients and their goals, no matter the situation, no matter the mess.
I am Acksanna Witherspoon - a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Winnipeg MB. I am someone who has sought out professional help in my life at one point too. I have a passion for walking alongside people in seasons of their life where nobody else can. I believe in my clients and their goals, no matter the situation, no matter the mess.
(431) 800-4133 View (431) 800-4133
Photo of Shayna Wilhelmer - Healing Thru Words Therapy Practice, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Shayna Wilhelmer - Healing Thru Words Therapy Practice
Registered Social Worker, BSc, MSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3T
What I love to see in my clients are individuals willing to put in the work and allow their walls to be lowered so that we can explore their struggles, both in the present, as well as diving into the root cause of those struggles, from the past. It is always ideal when a client is at a point in their journey when they are ready for change, but unfortunately, clients often wait to seek help until they are desperate for change and in serious pain. Wherever you are at in journey, let's talk through it and see if we can help you to rise and move beyond your struggles, and regain your power.
What I love to see in my clients are individuals willing to put in the work and allow their walls to be lowered so that we can explore their struggles, both in the present, as well as diving into the root cause of those struggles, from the past. It is always ideal when a client is at a point in their journey when they are ready for change, but unfortunately, clients often wait to seek help until they are desperate for change and in serious pain. Wherever you are at in journey, let's talk through it and see if we can help you to rise and move beyond your struggles, and regain your power.
(204) 400-4735 View (204) 400-4735
Photo of Sherri Manko, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Sherri Manko
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3L
Welcome! Are you looking for new and effective ways to cope with anxiety/worry? Trying to bounce back from a depression or past trauma? I will support you to discover your strengths and help you make the changes you need to get on the road to feeling whole. You are the expert on your situation, meaning you hold a solution to the challenges you face. That doesn't mean it is easy, you might feel so overwhelmed that you can't see any way to improve or escape your difficult situation. This is where counselling can help.
Welcome! Are you looking for new and effective ways to cope with anxiety/worry? Trying to bounce back from a depression or past trauma? I will support you to discover your strengths and help you make the changes you need to get on the road to feeling whole. You are the expert on your situation, meaning you hold a solution to the challenges you face. That doesn't mean it is easy, you might feel so overwhelmed that you can't see any way to improve or escape your difficult situation. This is where counselling can help.
(204) 951-0236 View (204) 951-0236
Photo of Cynthia Laurie McGregor, Counsellor in Winnipeg, MB
Cynthia Laurie McGregor
Counsellor, BSc, MEd, Psy, CCC
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3N
Do you want relief now? Are you suffering from anxiety, depression or grief? Are you feeling trapped in a hopeless relationship? Is your child or loved one struggling with behavioural issues or addiction? Do you have a child with ADHD or a teen prone to self harm? Let me help you find solutions and achieve greater satisfaction as we work through your feelings to increase awareness and strengthen your relationships. Start living your life now as you continue to grow and heal,
Do you want relief now? Are you suffering from anxiety, depression or grief? Are you feeling trapped in a hopeless relationship? Is your child or loved one struggling with behavioural issues or addiction? Do you have a child with ADHD or a teen prone to self harm? Let me help you find solutions and achieve greater satisfaction as we work through your feelings to increase awareness and strengthen your relationships. Start living your life now as you continue to grow and heal,
(204) 819-0396 View (204) 819-0396
Photo of Jewel Reimer, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Jewel Reimer
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3M
We all tell stories about our lives. Sometimes these stories are themed with negative beliefs about ourselves; maybe stories we have come to believe because of traumatic experiences, maybe stories that those around us believe, and maybe the environments and contexts we live in also emphasize these problem stories. If you want to explore a more hopeful story for your life, I am here to support you in the exploration and re-telling of your life story; a beautiful story that I believe already exists within you.
We all tell stories about our lives. Sometimes these stories are themed with negative beliefs about ourselves; maybe stories we have come to believe because of traumatic experiences, maybe stories that those around us believe, and maybe the environments and contexts we live in also emphasize these problem stories. If you want to explore a more hopeful story for your life, I am here to support you in the exploration and re-telling of your life story; a beautiful story that I believe already exists within you.
(204) 813-6134 View (204) 813-6134
Photo of Kim Purcell, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Kim Purcell
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3T
I use a systemic approach to working with children, adolescents, adults and families. I use a number of therapeutic strategies and models in my work with clients including, solution focused brief therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, and mindfulness approaches. I have experience treating adults, children and adolescents who are struggling with anxiety, relationships, parenting practices, anger management, grief/loss, and separation and divorce. I also have experience and training in marital/couples counselling.
I use a systemic approach to working with children, adolescents, adults and families. I use a number of therapeutic strategies and models in my work with clients including, solution focused brief therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, and mindfulness approaches. I have experience treating adults, children and adolescents who are struggling with anxiety, relationships, parenting practices, anger management, grief/loss, and separation and divorce. I also have experience and training in marital/couples counselling.
(204) 500-1474 View (204) 500-1474
Photo of Narrative Walks Manitoba, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Narrative Walks Manitoba
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3G
Group walks in a forest with our stories. GROUPS AT LABARRIERE PARK AND BIRDS HILL PARK STARTING SEPTEMBER 19th AND INTO OCTOBER 2020! Groups include: an evening community group (by donation), a women's group, and two full-day walking groups! The walks centre story-telling, witnessing, nature, and change. Do you have a problem or concern (and/or an emerging re-orientation of some kind in your life) that you think could benefit from being taken for a walk? Then taking a Narrative Walk could be for you! Please see our website for a list of the groups.
Group walks in a forest with our stories. GROUPS AT LABARRIERE PARK AND BIRDS HILL PARK STARTING SEPTEMBER 19th AND INTO OCTOBER 2020! Groups include: an evening community group (by donation), a women's group, and two full-day walking groups! The walks centre story-telling, witnessing, nature, and change. Do you have a problem or concern (and/or an emerging re-orientation of some kind in your life) that you think could benefit from being taken for a walk? Then taking a Narrative Walk could be for you! Please see our website for a list of the groups.
(431) 304-0578 View (431) 304-0578
Photo of Scott Turner, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Scott Turner
Registered Social Worker, MSW, BSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Winnipeg, MB R3N
Not accepting new clients
Beginning therapy can be challenging! It takes courage to put yourself out there and begin to talk about "you". Many of us have received the message growing up that we shouldn't share with others what is bothering us but that is simply not true. Experiencing struggles within life is part of the human experience and we all deserve non-judgmental support. Whatever you may be experiencing, there has never been a better time to receive the support you deserve to feel better within your life.
Beginning therapy can be challenging! It takes courage to put yourself out there and begin to talk about "you". Many of us have received the message growing up that we shouldn't share with others what is bothering us but that is simply not true. Experiencing struggles within life is part of the human experience and we all deserve non-judgmental support. Whatever you may be experiencing, there has never been a better time to receive the support you deserve to feel better within your life.
View
Photo of Cheryl Simoens, Counsellor in Winnipeg, MB
Cheryl Simoens
Counsellor, MA, BA
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R2H
Life experiences can create struggles or barriers and cause us to feel stuck or overwhelmed. When our problems begin to impact our everyday lives, we often find ourselves with negative emotions or unwanted behaviors. Cheryl is committed to supporting your personal journey to find hope and healing and discover your true potential. Cheryl strives to provide a safe, non-judgemental and supportive environment where trust can be built allowing you to feel heard and seen. Cheryl works from trauma-informed and person-centered lenses and incorporates EMDR, cognitive behavior and dialectical behavior techniques.
Life experiences can create struggles or barriers and cause us to feel stuck or overwhelmed. When our problems begin to impact our everyday lives, we often find ourselves with negative emotions or unwanted behaviors. Cheryl is committed to supporting your personal journey to find hope and healing and discover your true potential. Cheryl strives to provide a safe, non-judgemental and supportive environment where trust can be built allowing you to feel heard and seen. Cheryl works from trauma-informed and person-centered lenses and incorporates EMDR, cognitive behavior and dialectical behavior techniques.
(204) 818-5537 View (204) 818-5537
Photo of Christina Chan, Registered Social Worker in Winnipeg, MB
Christina Chan
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R2M
I have over 15 years of experience working with children and families. I specialized in using play therapy to help children enhance emotional regulation and self-esteem and help parents understand children's needs and explore their potential. I also practice in trauma-informed practice as a Trauma Recovery Model Practitioner and am trained in EMDR Therapy and Somatic Experiencing.
I have over 15 years of experience working with children and families. I specialized in using play therapy to help children enhance emotional regulation and self-esteem and help parents understand children's needs and explore their potential. I also practice in trauma-informed practice as a Trauma Recovery Model Practitioner and am trained in EMDR Therapy and Somatic Experiencing.
(204) 813-6711 View (204) 813-6711
Photo of Alan Vanderwater, Counsellor in Winnipeg, MB
Alan Vanderwater
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
Winnipeg, MB R3B
I welcome referrals across a broad range of presenting problems - marriage/relp, family, anxiety & depression and mental health; addiction (all types); life stages; career/personal. M. Scott Peck said, "It is only because of problems that we grow mentally and spiritually. "
I welcome referrals across a broad range of presenting problems - marriage/relp, family, anxiety & depression and mental health; addiction (all types); life stages; career/personal. M. Scott Peck said, "It is only because of problems that we grow mentally and spiritually. "
(204) 977-2247 View (204) 977-2247

See more therapy options for Winnipeg

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Winnipeg, MB

500+

Average cost per session

$130

Counsellors in Winnipeg, MB who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
80% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
78% Stress
76% Coping Skills
72% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Blue Cross
49% SunLife
44% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Winnipeg, MB see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Winnipeg?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.