Therapists in Saint Catharines, ON

Photo of Adel Bella Breez, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Saint Catharines, ON
Adel Bella Breez
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
When picturing working with my ideal client, I imagine their issues revoking around anxiety related to their past and their current environment. Their needs are that they want to be able to not think about the worse case scenario or have as many negative automatic thoughts. Their goals are to be happier and begin to look at the bright side rather than being constantly in an anxious state. Being able to think about their past and reflect on what brought them here and how they can change those thought processes. Exploring childhood trauma, together we work to create a new narrative for the client that changes life for them.
When picturing working with my ideal client, I imagine their issues revoking around anxiety related to their past and their current environment. Their needs are that they want to be able to not think about the worse case scenario or have as many negative automatic thoughts. Their goals are to be happier and begin to look at the bright side rather than being constantly in an anxious state. Being able to think about their past and reflect on what brought them here and how they can change those thought processes. Exploring childhood trauma, together we work to create a new narrative for the client that changes life for them.
(365) 656-0735 View (365) 656-0735
Photo of Cassandra Gordon, Registered Social Worker in Saint Catharines, ON
Cassandra Gordon
Registered Social Worker, MA, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Do you suffer from intense emotions that you can’t seem to get under control? Maybe it feels like constantly being bombarded with intrusive thoughts or images that you just can’t get out of your head. Maybe you feel like no one really knows you or that you’ve never fully belonged. Maybe you work so hard every day to portray like everything is together but in the back of your mind there an insidious worry that things might just fall apart at any moment. Wherever you are at right now, I will meet you there and work with you to create a treatment plan that allows you to meet your own goals.
Do you suffer from intense emotions that you can’t seem to get under control? Maybe it feels like constantly being bombarded with intrusive thoughts or images that you just can’t get out of your head. Maybe you feel like no one really knows you or that you’ve never fully belonged. Maybe you work so hard every day to portray like everything is together but in the back of your mind there an insidious worry that things might just fall apart at any moment. Wherever you are at right now, I will meet you there and work with you to create a treatment plan that allows you to meet your own goals.
(289) 273-7925 View (289) 273-7925
Photo of Andrea Ingraham, Registered Social Worker in Saint Catharines, ON
Andrea Ingraham
Registered Social Worker, Hons, BA, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
We are all walking histories of our life. More often than not, an individual’s history involves significant life events that has caused stress, loss, pain, or trauma. Adverse life experiences can have an impact on our mental health and quality of life. I aim to support you in the ability to acknowledge and validate your past and present challenges. Together we work towards recognizing your resilience and use therapeutic interventions and resources to strengthen your coping skills. I believe we as individuals are our greatest resource! My goal is to support you healing and achieving your therapeutic objectives.
We are all walking histories of our life. More often than not, an individual’s history involves significant life events that has caused stress, loss, pain, or trauma. Adverse life experiences can have an impact on our mental health and quality of life. I aim to support you in the ability to acknowledge and validate your past and present challenges. Together we work towards recognizing your resilience and use therapeutic interventions and resources to strengthen your coping skills. I believe we as individuals are our greatest resource! My goal is to support you healing and achieving your therapeutic objectives.
(289) 273-5696 View (289) 273-5696
Photo of Annie DeRuyte, Registered Social Worker in Saint Catharines, ON
Annie DeRuyte
Registered Social Worker, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R  (Online Only)
Therapy is a space for radical inner discovery. You may be seeking someone familiar with Dissociative Identity (DID)/OSDD or parts work. Or perhaps you're open to deeper exploration of your magical & alternative spiritual experiences. You may be a LGBTQ+ person looking for connection & community support. You may want someone to share and witness your whole identity without judgment or fear. All the same, know that you are not alone in wanting to harness your inner power and feel more in control of your life. Together we can explore your inner worlds, deep emotions, and find peace with the parts of you that are in conflict.
Therapy is a space for radical inner discovery. You may be seeking someone familiar with Dissociative Identity (DID)/OSDD or parts work. Or perhaps you're open to deeper exploration of your magical & alternative spiritual experiences. You may be a LGBTQ+ person looking for connection & community support. You may want someone to share and witness your whole identity without judgment or fear. All the same, know that you are not alone in wanting to harness your inner power and feel more in control of your life. Together we can explore your inner worlds, deep emotions, and find peace with the parts of you that are in conflict.
(289) 301-7530 View (289) 301-7530
Photo of Amanda Stemplowski, Registered Psychotherapist in Saint Catharines, ON
Amanda Stemplowski
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Welcome! I am glad you are here as I understand it can be difficult to reach out. As a Trauma Therapist, I work with both children and adults while offering a safe space where we’ll heal the root issues to make a lasting change. Working together, we will find an approach that best fits your needs. My goal is to meet my clients where they are at, while guiding and empowering them to make positive changes in their life.
Welcome! I am glad you are here as I understand it can be difficult to reach out. As a Trauma Therapist, I work with both children and adults while offering a safe space where we’ll heal the root issues to make a lasting change. Working together, we will find an approach that best fits your needs. My goal is to meet my clients where they are at, while guiding and empowering them to make positive changes in their life.
(289) 302-6024 View (289) 302-6024
Photo of Ulla Woodard - Clinical Supervisor, Registered Social Worker in Saint Catharines, ON
Ulla Woodard - Clinical Supervisor
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CMFSW, MHt
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2S  (Online Only)
I have vacancy to supervise a few counsellors/ therapists. My style is to follow your individual style and provide suggestions to fit your treatment methodology of choice. I believe supervision can effectively support continuous professional growth whether a new or already seasoned therapist.
I have vacancy to supervise a few counsellors/ therapists. My style is to follow your individual style and provide suggestions to fit your treatment methodology of choice. I believe supervision can effectively support continuous professional growth whether a new or already seasoned therapist.
(289) 210-4777 View (289) 210-4777
Photo of Bonnie Nelson, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Saint Catharines, ON
Bonnie Nelson
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA(CP), BA
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2P  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients. Sometimes life is ruthless and leaves us with questions, unresolved feelings, regrets, or intrusive re-livings of past experiences. Trauma is life-changing, looks different for everyone, and can be even harder to talk about. You are not alone, and you don’t have to navigate this territory alone. Regardless of where you are in your life journey, one step forward is still progress. Together, we can help you move forward in whatever that might look like for you.
Currently accepting new clients. Sometimes life is ruthless and leaves us with questions, unresolved feelings, regrets, or intrusive re-livings of past experiences. Trauma is life-changing, looks different for everyone, and can be even harder to talk about. You are not alone, and you don’t have to navigate this territory alone. Regardless of where you are in your life journey, one step forward is still progress. Together, we can help you move forward in whatever that might look like for you.
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Photo of Diane Milton, Registered Psychotherapist in Saint Catharines, ON
Diane Milton
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Do you find yourself wondering why you respond the way you do? Your actions, thoughts, and even your feelings too often don’t align with the person you either want to be or know yourself to be? You find yourself repeating the same patterns, feeling trapped in a loop? I work from the position that we start out with unlimited potential and then “life happens”, our experiences can get stuck, not fully processed or integrated. This can make us more reactive, feeling like we are the mercy of our emotions, thoughts, and actions.
Do you find yourself wondering why you respond the way you do? Your actions, thoughts, and even your feelings too often don’t align with the person you either want to be or know yourself to be? You find yourself repeating the same patterns, feeling trapped in a loop? I work from the position that we start out with unlimited potential and then “life happens”, our experiences can get stuck, not fully processed or integrated. This can make us more reactive, feeling like we are the mercy of our emotions, thoughts, and actions.
(289) 216-4934 View (289) 216-4934
Photo of Rosanna Peters, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Saint Catharines, ON
Rosanna Peters
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2S  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
NOT accepting new clients.. As your therapist, the most important thing you need to know about me is that my clients are my top priority. This means that I will provide a safe, non-judgmental space to ensure you feel heard, supported and validated. I believe a healthy therapeutic relationship can help increase self-esteem and facilitate change.
NOT accepting new clients.. As your therapist, the most important thing you need to know about me is that my clients are my top priority. This means that I will provide a safe, non-judgmental space to ensure you feel heard, supported and validated. I believe a healthy therapeutic relationship can help increase self-esteem and facilitate change.
(289) 273-5570 View (289) 273-5570
Photo of Reem Abdul Rahim, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Saint Catharines, ON
Reem Abdul Rahim
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP(Q), MA
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2P
Is your marriage in a crisis? Are you looking for support because you feel that you have done everything in your power to connect and be heard, and to no avail? Perhaps you are additionally overwhelmed as your beloved child is struggling at school, in the aftermath of a divorce or a move. Are you challenged with anxiety and depression and are looking for support to build your coping skills and get to the root cause of your challenges? Did you just move to Canada or are figuring out your way on your career path? Are you looking for premarital counseling? Are your arguments with your partner keeping you disconnected for days on end?
Is your marriage in a crisis? Are you looking for support because you feel that you have done everything in your power to connect and be heard, and to no avail? Perhaps you are additionally overwhelmed as your beloved child is struggling at school, in the aftermath of a divorce or a move. Are you challenged with anxiety and depression and are looking for support to build your coping skills and get to the root cause of your challenges? Did you just move to Canada or are figuring out your way on your career path? Are you looking for premarital counseling? Are your arguments with your partner keeping you disconnected for days on end?
(855) 857-4459 View (855) 857-4459
Photo of Grounding Balance Wellness & Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist in Saint Catharines, ON
Grounding Balance Wellness & Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2N
We are accepting new Clients! Supporting individuals, family, parents, mentors in their journey. This experience is about you. We can provide tools, suggestions, feedback and guidance in working towards your goals and making healthy changes.
We are accepting new Clients! Supporting individuals, family, parents, mentors in their journey. This experience is about you. We can provide tools, suggestions, feedback and guidance in working towards your goals and making healthy changes.
(905) 685-5458 View (905) 685-5458
Photo of Bonnie Filipchuk Counselling and Consulting, Registered Social Worker in Saint Catharines, ON
Bonnie Filipchuk Counselling and Consulting
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Are you facing challenges or feeling overwhelmed by life events, relationship issues or other stressful situations? I'm here to work collaboratively with you to resolve these. Backed by education, training and more than 25 years experience, you can feel confident that your needs will be addressed. For more information about me visit my website.
Are you facing challenges or feeling overwhelmed by life events, relationship issues or other stressful situations? I'm here to work collaboratively with you to resolve these. Backed by education, training and more than 25 years experience, you can feel confident that your needs will be addressed. For more information about me visit my website.
(289) 677-9526 View (289) 677-9526
Photo of Melita Richardson, Registered Psychotherapist in Saint Catharines, ON
Melita Richardson
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, DTATI, BAFA, EAO, BApsych
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2P
Art therapy is a powerful tool for self discovery - identifying challenges, reflecting, creating goals, exploring strategies, experiencing, getting into the action..... The relationship that an individual built with the right professional is key for uncovering and healing one's self. Through the art making and the discussion, the relationship flourish and so do you. Individual seek the help of an art therapist because they are looking for something creative. They want a special connection and they want to be activated in a unique and colourful environment. They want to feel and discover freedom.
Art therapy is a powerful tool for self discovery - identifying challenges, reflecting, creating goals, exploring strategies, experiencing, getting into the action..... The relationship that an individual built with the right professional is key for uncovering and healing one's self. Through the art making and the discussion, the relationship flourish and so do you. Individual seek the help of an art therapist because they are looking for something creative. They want a special connection and they want to be activated in a unique and colourful environment. They want to feel and discover freedom.
(365) 298-0246 View (365) 298-0246
Photo of Brad Farinacci, BA, SSW, Psychotherapist in Saint Catharines, ON
Brad Farinacci, BA, SSW, Psychotherapist
BA, SSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
MEN, are you feeling down or chronically stressed/anxious? Struggling to control anger? You may feel disconnected from loved ones or humanity. Or maybe you feel lost in our rapidly changing society. Challenges unique to men must be met to feel fulfilled and connected, yet most of us never learned how to truly engage in our world and with loved ones. I specialize in helping fellow men (and others) develop and maintain healthy habits and relationships. If you’re looking for a therapist for the first time, I know it can be particularly intimidating; I give careful consideration to this and strive to make it as comfortable as possible.
MEN, are you feeling down or chronically stressed/anxious? Struggling to control anger? You may feel disconnected from loved ones or humanity. Or maybe you feel lost in our rapidly changing society. Challenges unique to men must be met to feel fulfilled and connected, yet most of us never learned how to truly engage in our world and with loved ones. I specialize in helping fellow men (and others) develop and maintain healthy habits and relationships. If you’re looking for a therapist for the first time, I know it can be particularly intimidating; I give careful consideration to this and strive to make it as comfortable as possible.
(289) 806-2071 View (289) 806-2071
Photo of Sisu Counselling, Consulting, & Supervision, Registered Social Worker in Saint Catharines, ON
Sisu Counselling, Consulting, & Supervision
Registered Social Worker, PhD, RSW, SEP
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2M  (Online Only)
For over 25 years, trauma has been a consistent thread woven throughout the experiences of those I have served in the course of my social work practice. I have been privileged to support a variety of people across a diverse range of ages and needs in both community and institutional settings. As a result of my personal and professional experiences, I have come to believe that adversity is a call to growth and that everyone has the requisite resources/skills to achieve their goals.
For over 25 years, trauma has been a consistent thread woven throughout the experiences of those I have served in the course of my social work practice. I have been privileged to support a variety of people across a diverse range of ages and needs in both community and institutional settings. As a result of my personal and professional experiences, I have come to believe that adversity is a call to growth and that everyone has the requisite resources/skills to achieve their goals.
(289) 212-6932 View (289) 212-6932
Photo of Chris Ward, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Catharines, ON
Chris Ward
Pre-Licensed Professional, RP (Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2P  (Online Only)
If you’ve been struggling with feeling overwhelmed, disconnected from friends or family, stuck at a certain point in life, or if you don’t know how to overcome feelings of depression or anxiety, I am here to help. I offer low-cost, virtual counselling for people who are struggling with feelings of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem issues.
If you’ve been struggling with feeling overwhelmed, disconnected from friends or family, stuck at a certain point in life, or if you don’t know how to overcome feelings of depression or anxiety, I am here to help. I offer low-cost, virtual counselling for people who are struggling with feelings of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem issues.
(365) 363-1619 View (365) 363-1619
Photo of Stacey Stemplowski, Registered Psychotherapist in Saint Catharines, ON
Stacey Stemplowski
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, RP, OMHAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2N
Stacey is here to support any individual searching for change, wanting a piece of the puzzle to be different somehow. Whether you are experiencing a shift in emotions or experiences, a little assistance goes a long way. Most importantly, this journey is about you!
Stacey is here to support any individual searching for change, wanting a piece of the puzzle to be different somehow. Whether you are experiencing a shift in emotions or experiences, a little assistance goes a long way. Most importantly, this journey is about you!
(905) 685-5458 View (905) 685-5458
Photo of Autumn Conn, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Saint Catharines, ON
Autumn Conn
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP(Q), MSc, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2W  (Online Only)
Hello! I’m so glad you stumbled upon my Psychology Today profile. I understand that finding the correct therapist for yourself can be a challenging and daunting task. The good news is that you have taken the first step! It is important to find a therapist that you can connect and feel comfortable with. Fortunately, I offer 15 minute complimentary phone consultations to chat about your needs and goals for therapy. Phone consults can be extremely helpful as it is an excellent chance for you to get a sense of whether or not the two of us connect. I believe it is very important to find a therapist who is authentic and real with you!
Hello! I’m so glad you stumbled upon my Psychology Today profile. I understand that finding the correct therapist for yourself can be a challenging and daunting task. The good news is that you have taken the first step! It is important to find a therapist that you can connect and feel comfortable with. Fortunately, I offer 15 minute complimentary phone consultations to chat about your needs and goals for therapy. Phone consults can be extremely helpful as it is an excellent chance for you to get a sense of whether or not the two of us connect. I believe it is very important to find a therapist who is authentic and real with you!
(289) 799-3722 View (289) 799-3722
Photo of Debbie Good, Registered Social Worker in Saint Catharines, ON
Debbie Good
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2M
I'm Debbie Good and I'm a well seasoned therapist with 30+ years of experience helping people work through a wide variety of life issues. I believe we can all benefit from therapy as life often gives us struggles and experiences that we need to talk through with someone. I support my clients in working through their challenges in a caring, compassionate manner. In your sessions, you can expect to learn what is happening in your brain and why, and to find new, more helpful ways of relating to self and others. I have extensive experience working in a number of therapeutic modalities including CBT., DBT., EMDR., Attachment and ACT.
I'm Debbie Good and I'm a well seasoned therapist with 30+ years of experience helping people work through a wide variety of life issues. I believe we can all benefit from therapy as life often gives us struggles and experiences that we need to talk through with someone. I support my clients in working through their challenges in a caring, compassionate manner. In your sessions, you can expect to learn what is happening in your brain and why, and to find new, more helpful ways of relating to self and others. I have extensive experience working in a number of therapeutic modalities including CBT., DBT., EMDR., Attachment and ACT.
(289) 903-0944 View (289) 903-0944
Photo of Lina Somma, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Saint Catharines, ON
Lina Somma
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MA, RP-Q
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Like many, my journey through life has had many ups and downs. I’m a believer of building awareness, knowledge and resilience through our own personal experiences. I’m passionate about self-discovery, exploration and finding the true authentic self. Born and raised in the Niagara Region, I’ve worked and gained experience in the field of social services supporting people experiencing trauma in the form of abuse and domestic violence, employment counselling, disability, and rehabilitation management.
Like many, my journey through life has had many ups and downs. I’m a believer of building awareness, knowledge and resilience through our own personal experiences. I’m passionate about self-discovery, exploration and finding the true authentic self. Born and raised in the Niagara Region, I’ve worked and gained experience in the field of social services supporting people experiencing trauma in the form of abuse and domestic violence, employment counselling, disability, and rehabilitation management.
(289) 677-1591 View (289) 677-1591

See more therapy options for Saint Catharines

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Saint Catharines, ON

200+

Average cost per session

$140

Counsellors in Saint Catharines, ON who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
83% Stress
80% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
76% Coping Skills
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Green Shield Canada
55% SunLife
55% Manulife

How Counsellors in Saint Catharines, ON see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
15% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Catharines?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.