Therapists in H4W

Photo of Yasaman Ashkhaneh, Counsellor, MA, CCC
Yasaman Ashkhaneh
Counsellor, MA, CCC
1 Endorsed
My ideal client is an individual or couple feeling stuck, emotionally overwhelmed, or disconnected. They may struggle with relationship challenges, anxiety, life transitions, or recurring emotional patterns. They seek therapy because these issues are affecting their well-being, relationships, or sense of direction. They seek a safe, non-judgmental space where they can feel heard, gain clarity, and develop practical tools to enhance communication, regulate emotions, and cultivate a more balanced, meaningful life.
My ideal client is an individual or couple feeling stuck, emotionally overwhelmed, or disconnected. They may struggle with relationship challenges, anxiety, life transitions, or recurring emotional patterns. They seek therapy because these issues are affecting their well-being, relationships, or sense of direction. They seek a safe, non-judgmental space where they can feel heard, gain clarity, and develop practical tools to enhance communication, regulate emotions, and cultivate a more balanced, meaningful life.
(438) 300-9468 View (438) 300-9468
Photo of Carly Berlin, Registered Social Worker, MSW, ts
Carly Berlin
Registered Social Worker, MSW, ts
Throughout the last decade, I have heard stories of pain, sadness, shame, vulnerability, and fear; within those stories there is also resilience, strength, and the ability to overcome that which feels overwhelming. I am a seasoned social worker with experience in various community settings, and different age groups including children, adolescents, and families. I also have experience working in the public healthcare system; in this role I counsel and guide individuals and families coping with chronic illnesses such as cancer, aging and loss of autonomy, end of life, grief, and loss.
Throughout the last decade, I have heard stories of pain, sadness, shame, vulnerability, and fear; within those stories there is also resilience, strength, and the ability to overcome that which feels overwhelming. I am a seasoned social worker with experience in various community settings, and different age groups including children, adolescents, and families. I also have experience working in the public healthcare system; in this role I counsel and guide individuals and families coping with chronic illnesses such as cancer, aging and loss of autonomy, end of life, grief, and loss.
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Photo of Sydney Miller, Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Sydney Miller
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
I have worked with individuals, couples and families for over 20 years to help them overcome the challenges they face. I have also been actively involved in teaching and research into how to help bring about the change that you may seek. I am passionate about the work that I do and am devoted to helping my clients empower themselves and gain control over their lives. As psychologists we now have the tools to help with emotional difficulties and relationship problems. There is no longer any need to suffer alone and in silence. Effective help is available and you have already taken the first step
I have worked with individuals, couples and families for over 20 years to help them overcome the challenges they face. I have also been actively involved in teaching and research into how to help bring about the change that you may seek. I am passionate about the work that I do and am devoted to helping my clients empower themselves and gain control over their lives. As psychologists we now have the tools to help with emotional difficulties and relationship problems. There is no longer any need to suffer alone and in silence. Effective help is available and you have already taken the first step
(855) 491-8446 View (855) 491-8446
Photo of Jessica Ilana Koltz, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW
Jessica Ilana Koltz
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW
Serves Area
Is it impossible for you to be understood by those around you, no matter how hard you try? Do you find it hard to grasp how people are getting along but feel like communicating is impossible? I am passionate about helping people with neurological disabilities and helping youth who live with these disabilities and are having trouble feeling understood. I offer a supportive space where you can come, be yourself and speak about any issues that come up.I can help with familial issues arising through encouraging conversation. If you are looking for a space where you can open up without fear of judgement then do not be afraid to reach out
Is it impossible for you to be understood by those around you, no matter how hard you try? Do you find it hard to grasp how people are getting along but feel like communicating is impossible? I am passionate about helping people with neurological disabilities and helping youth who live with these disabilities and are having trouble feeling understood. I offer a supportive space where you can come, be yourself and speak about any issues that come up.I can help with familial issues arising through encouraging conversation. If you are looking for a space where you can open up without fear of judgement then do not be afraid to reach out
(438) 901-8203 View (438) 901-8203
Photo of Dana Schnitzer, Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Dana Schnitzer
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a licensed psychotherapist with over 21 years of experience. I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, trauma, personality disorders, and A.D.H.D. I use a caring, non-judgmental approach to help my clients feel and understand the meaning of their emotions and behavior. I offer clients an opportunity to explore their inner world, understand their difficulties clearly, deepen self-awareness and to make sense of their experiences. I work together with my clients to remove barriers to growth and help them achieve their potential and have deeper more meaningful connections with others as well as with themselves.
I am a licensed psychotherapist with over 21 years of experience. I specialize in the treatment of depression, anxiety, trauma, personality disorders, and A.D.H.D. I use a caring, non-judgmental approach to help my clients feel and understand the meaning of their emotions and behavior. I offer clients an opportunity to explore their inner world, understand their difficulties clearly, deepen self-awareness and to make sense of their experiences. I work together with my clients to remove barriers to growth and help them achieve their potential and have deeper more meaningful connections with others as well as with themselves.
(514) 700-2591 View (514) 700-2591
Photo of Jaime Abel Samayoa, Counsellor, BS, NA-6329
Jaime Abel Samayoa
Counsellor, BS, NA-6329
Serves Area
It’s healthy to prioritize yourself. If you’re contemplating the need for positive change, I can provide a collaborative, safe and confidential environment to help address your concerns. Together, we will identify areas in need of change and formulate an action plan to obtain the results you want. I will offer guidance, perspective, support, and strategies to help you meet your goals. I am also taking English and Spanish speaking clients.
It’s healthy to prioritize yourself. If you’re contemplating the need for positive change, I can provide a collaborative, safe and confidential environment to help address your concerns. Together, we will identify areas in need of change and formulate an action plan to obtain the results you want. I will offer guidance, perspective, support, and strategies to help you meet your goals. I am also taking English and Spanish speaking clients.
(438) 701-9736 View (438) 701-9736
Photo of Alison Pollock, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, CFT
Alison Pollock
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, CFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a licensed couple and family therapist and psychotherapist. In 2019, I was the recipient of the clinical excellence award for couple and family therapy from McGill University. I received a Master's in psychology in 2009. My area of focus is on helping people understand their relationship patterns and helping them build more meaningful and stable connections with others. I understand that right now you may feel that as though you have too much on your plate and that you are struggling to balance all of life's demands. Many people do not take the time to focus on themselves and invest in their emotional well- being.
I am a licensed couple and family therapist and psychotherapist. In 2019, I was the recipient of the clinical excellence award for couple and family therapy from McGill University. I received a Master's in psychology in 2009. My area of focus is on helping people understand their relationship patterns and helping them build more meaningful and stable connections with others. I understand that right now you may feel that as though you have too much on your plate and that you are struggling to balance all of life's demands. Many people do not take the time to focus on themselves and invest in their emotional well- being.
(438) 834-2859 View (438) 834-2859
Photo of Lew Solomon Lewis, Psychologist, MEd
Lew Solomon Lewis
Psychologist, MEd
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a psychologist with a Master's Degree in Counselling Psychology from McGill University and a member of the Order of Psychologists of Quebec since 1998. Having held the position of Director of Student Services at the English Montreal School Board for 20 years, I have furthered my training in such areas as cognitive-behaviour therapy, short-term psychotherapy, solution-focussed brief therapy, and mindfulness-based stress reduction. I work in a very warm, empathetic and collaborative manner and provide each client with a very safe and non-judgmental space to explore issues and engage in comfortable self-reflection.
I am a psychologist with a Master's Degree in Counselling Psychology from McGill University and a member of the Order of Psychologists of Quebec since 1998. Having held the position of Director of Student Services at the English Montreal School Board for 20 years, I have furthered my training in such areas as cognitive-behaviour therapy, short-term psychotherapy, solution-focussed brief therapy, and mindfulness-based stress reduction. I work in a very warm, empathetic and collaborative manner and provide each client with a very safe and non-judgmental space to explore issues and engage in comfortable self-reflection.
(438) 703-4297 View (438) 703-4297
Brianna Frances McGirr
Counsellor, MACP
Waitlist for new clients
My goals are to provide a safe, comfortable space to help individuals navigate difficult and vulnerable periods of their lives. Today's world can seem overwhelming, increasing our feelings of stress, anxiety and depression. I help clients better understand their symptoms and psychological wellbeing, to help move forward and manage future difficulties. Presently working as a high school counsellor, supporting students in their socio-emotional needs and helping families work through these processes together.
My goals are to provide a safe, comfortable space to help individuals navigate difficult and vulnerable periods of their lives. Today's world can seem overwhelming, increasing our feelings of stress, anxiety and depression. I help clients better understand their symptoms and psychological wellbeing, to help move forward and manage future difficulties. Presently working as a high school counsellor, supporting students in their socio-emotional needs and helping families work through these processes together.
(450) 497-0143 View (450) 497-0143
Photo of Maureen Hannah Maher, Counsellor, BA, DO, CCPA
Maureen Hannah Maher
Counsellor, BA, DO, CCPA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I help women all across Ontario and Quebec using EMDR or Hypnotherapy, Hypnotherapy can help you achieve your weight loss goal, free yourself from emotional eating, generalized or performance anxiety, insomnia, fears, phobias, pain management, and more. EMDR is a very focused trauma therapy approach to free yourself from their fears and anxieties caused by past dramatic experiences and help you make peace with your past. My clients come to me because they have been longing for change but know how to achieve it, and have seen great results with Hypnotherapy or EMDR Trauma Therapy.
I help women all across Ontario and Quebec using EMDR or Hypnotherapy, Hypnotherapy can help you achieve your weight loss goal, free yourself from emotional eating, generalized or performance anxiety, insomnia, fears, phobias, pain management, and more. EMDR is a very focused trauma therapy approach to free yourself from their fears and anxieties caused by past dramatic experiences and help you make peace with your past. My clients come to me because they have been longing for change but know how to achieve it, and have seen great results with Hypnotherapy or EMDR Trauma Therapy.
(343) 700-0803 View (343) 700-0803
Photo of Vida Jafari, Counsellor, MA, co, CCC
Vida Jafari
Counsellor, MA, co, CCC
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
I believe in creating a space where you feel truly seen and heard. My role is to walk beside you, whether you're navigating feelings of anxiety, life transitions, or relationship challenges, with compassion, insight, and evidence-based care. Together, we’ll explore what matters most to you and work toward meaningful change, at a pace that honours your story.
I believe in creating a space where you feel truly seen and heard. My role is to walk beside you, whether you're navigating feelings of anxiety, life transitions, or relationship challenges, with compassion, insight, and evidence-based care. Together, we’ll explore what matters most to you and work toward meaningful change, at a pace that honours your story.
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Photo of Lori Rochelle Singer, Psychologist, MEd, MBPsS
Lori Rochelle Singer
Psychologist, MEd, MBPsS
Online Only
I'm a licensed clinical psychologist who works with an experienced psychiatrist. We specialize in treating those who have experienced trauma, workplace bullying + harassment, & have difficulties with work or relationships. In addition, we perform testing and counseling for diagnostic purposes, as well as for those who believe they may have issues related to attention, hyperactivity, or autistic spectrum disorder. After many years of discouragement, many people here find new hope.Please visit our new website at (aws-portal.owlpractice.ca/singersultan-psych) + register.
I'm a licensed clinical psychologist who works with an experienced psychiatrist. We specialize in treating those who have experienced trauma, workplace bullying + harassment, & have difficulties with work or relationships. In addition, we perform testing and counseling for diagnostic purposes, as well as for those who believe they may have issues related to attention, hyperactivity, or autistic spectrum disorder. After many years of discouragement, many people here find new hope.Please visit our new website at (aws-portal.owlpractice.ca/singersultan-psych) + register.
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Photo of Robin Moszkowski, Psychologist, PhD
Robin Moszkowski
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
Becoming a parent, and being flexible and resilient in how you parent your developing child, is one of life's greatest challenges. We are often unprepared, overwhelmed, and not well supported. Working with families with children of all ages, I specialize in helping strengthen the parent-child relationship. I provide tools to foster resilience and wellbeing, whether it be during periods of transition (e.g., prenatal/postpartum periods, transition to school, separation/divorce), or during regular day-to-day parenting. By helping you work through your struggles that arise with your children, you can raise happy, confident children.
Becoming a parent, and being flexible and resilient in how you parent your developing child, is one of life's greatest challenges. We are often unprepared, overwhelmed, and not well supported. Working with families with children of all ages, I specialize in helping strengthen the parent-child relationship. I provide tools to foster resilience and wellbeing, whether it be during periods of transition (e.g., prenatal/postpartum periods, transition to school, separation/divorce), or during regular day-to-day parenting. By helping you work through your struggles that arise with your children, you can raise happy, confident children.
(514) 613-4751 View (514) 613-4751
Photo of Dr. Deborah Schwartzman, Psychologist, MA, PhD, OPQ
Dr. Deborah Schwartzman
Psychologist, MA, PhD, OPQ
3 Endorsed
Online Only
The best way to reach me is via email, either through this site or at deborah.schwartzman@mail.mcgill.ca. Sadness and anxiety are natural parts of life, but for some, these feelings can escalate into overwhelming thoughts, persistent tension, and profound unhappiness that disrupts daily life. I'll work collaboratively with you to identify the underlying causes of these emotions and develop practical, evidence-based strategies to help you regain control and improve your quality of life.
The best way to reach me is via email, either through this site or at deborah.schwartzman@mail.mcgill.ca. Sadness and anxiety are natural parts of life, but for some, these feelings can escalate into overwhelming thoughts, persistent tension, and profound unhappiness that disrupts daily life. I'll work collaboratively with you to identify the underlying causes of these emotions and develop practical, evidence-based strategies to help you regain control and improve your quality of life.
(514) 700-4638 View (514) 700-4638
Photo of Stephanie Kaplan, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, EdM, co, CCC, OPQ
Stephanie Kaplan
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, EdM, co, CCC, OPQ
Online Only
Accepting new clients. l have a warm and inviting approach and create a safe and trusting environment to ensure you feel heard and supported during this process. I am non-judgmental, extremely direct, warm and honest, and work collaboratively with you to achieve your goals. The objective is to help you understand the root causes of your difficulties, develop effective ongoing coping skills, and help you create change to reduce future suffering. I use a variety of techniques and draw from several modalities in order to provide treatment that targets your unique circumstances and the distinct details of your presenting issues.
Accepting new clients. l have a warm and inviting approach and create a safe and trusting environment to ensure you feel heard and supported during this process. I am non-judgmental, extremely direct, warm and honest, and work collaboratively with you to achieve your goals. The objective is to help you understand the root causes of your difficulties, develop effective ongoing coping skills, and help you create change to reduce future suffering. I use a variety of techniques and draw from several modalities in order to provide treatment that targets your unique circumstances and the distinct details of your presenting issues.
(438) 792-6165 View (438) 792-6165
Photo of Adnan Zoubi - Centre For Psychodynamic Insights, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, HBA, RP
Centre For Psychodynamic Insights
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, HBA, RP
Online Only
The Centre for Psychodynamic Insights is a virtual clinic specializing in psychodynamic psychotherapy. This approach explores the root causes of symptoms by uncovering and understanding underlying emotions through evidence-based treatment. Through collaborative dialogue, we examine unconscious thoughts and emotions shaped from childhood to the present. We work to relieve symptoms by understanding how these patterns affect current experiences, and create targeted strategies for meaningful change long-term.
The Centre for Psychodynamic Insights is a virtual clinic specializing in psychodynamic psychotherapy. This approach explores the root causes of symptoms by uncovering and understanding underlying emotions through evidence-based treatment. Through collaborative dialogue, we examine unconscious thoughts and emotions shaped from childhood to the present. We work to relieve symptoms by understanding how these patterns affect current experiences, and create targeted strategies for meaningful change long-term.
(437) 907-6850 View (437) 907-6850
Photo of Jennifer Morley - Individual & Couples Therapist \ Jennifer Morley, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BSc, BA, CCPA, RP
Individual & Couples Therapist \ Jennifer Morley
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BSc, BA, CCPA, RP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Relationships are an important part of my work, but so is supporting individuals who feel overwhelmed, burned out, or stuck in difficult life transitions. Many people come to therapy feeling disconnected, from themselves, from others, or from a sense of meaning despite trying their best to cope. I offer a calm, supportive space to slow things down, explore what’s happening beneath the surface, and create meaningful, sustainable change in how you relate to yourself and those around you.
Relationships are an important part of my work, but so is supporting individuals who feel overwhelmed, burned out, or stuck in difficult life transitions. Many people come to therapy feeling disconnected, from themselves, from others, or from a sense of meaning despite trying their best to cope. I offer a calm, supportive space to slow things down, explore what’s happening beneath the surface, and create meaningful, sustainable change in how you relate to yourself and those around you.
(581) 203-1762 View (581) 203-1762
Photo of Jennifer Morley - Individual & Couples Therapist \ Jenn Morley, Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MA, BSc, BA, CCPA
Individual & Couples Therapist \ Jenn Morley
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MA, BSc, BA, CCPA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Relationships are an important part of my work, but so is supporting individuals who feel overwhelmed, burned out, or stuck in difficult life transitions. Many people come to therapy feeling disconnected, from themselves, from others, or from a sense of meaning despite trying their best to cope. I offer a calm, supportive space to slow things down, explore what’s happening beneath the surface, and create meaningful, sustainable change in how you relate to yourself and those around you.
Relationships are an important part of my work, but so is supporting individuals who feel overwhelmed, burned out, or stuck in difficult life transitions. Many people come to therapy feeling disconnected, from themselves, from others, or from a sense of meaning despite trying their best to cope. I offer a calm, supportive space to slow things down, explore what’s happening beneath the surface, and create meaningful, sustainable change in how you relate to yourself and those around you.
(438) 544-5348 View (438) 544-5348

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Melissa Horvat, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MACP
Melissa Horvat
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MACP
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Sometimes, it feels like the weight of past experiences or current struggles can prevent us from moving forward, but therapy offers a path to understanding and healing. You might find yourself caught in a loop of familiar struggles, unable to break free or see a way out. Whether it’s anxiety, depression, relationship issues, past trauma still lingering, or stress and difficulty regulating emotions, together, we can work toward breaking those patterns and creating a future where you feel empowered and at peace.
Sometimes, it feels like the weight of past experiences or current struggles can prevent us from moving forward, but therapy offers a path to understanding and healing. You might find yourself caught in a loop of familiar struggles, unable to break free or see a way out. Whether it’s anxiety, depression, relationship issues, past trauma still lingering, or stress and difficulty regulating emotions, together, we can work toward breaking those patterns and creating a future where you feel empowered and at peace.
(365) 649-5186 View (365) 649-5186
Photo of Khan Bouba-D, Counsellor, MA
Khan Bouba-D
Counsellor, MA
Westmount, QC H3Z
Have you been feeling anxious or stressed about certain issues in your life, or maybe the uncertainty of your future? Do you ever feel alone and disconnected from the world, or that no one understands you? Whether your needs are related to mental health or everyday life-problems, I am here to offer help & hope, support & solutions.
Have you been feeling anxious or stressed about certain issues in your life, or maybe the uncertainty of your future? Do you ever feel alone and disconnected from the world, or that no one understands you? Whether your needs are related to mental health or everyday life-problems, I am here to offer help & hope, support & solutions.
(438) 701-0251 View (438) 701-0251

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in H4W

10+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in H4W who prioritize treating:

100% Self Esteem
89% Anxiety
83% Depression
83% Family Conflict
83% Stress
72% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Manulife
83% SunLife
67% Great-West Life

How Counsellors in H4W see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in H4W?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.