Therapists in Calgary, AB

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Photo of Beatrice Achen, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Beatrice Achen
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2X
Welcome! I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to connect with you and support your journey towards positive change and growth. With a background in clinical neuroscience research, I bring a unique perspective to my practice. I fascinated with the intricate workings of the human mind and how it influences behavior, emotions, and relationships. My vision and mission as a therapist are clear—to help people change and move forward in their lives. I aim to create a safe and compassionate space where individuals can explore their challenges and goals without judgment.
Welcome! I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to connect with you and support your journey towards positive change and growth. With a background in clinical neuroscience research, I bring a unique perspective to my practice. I fascinated with the intricate workings of the human mind and how it influences behavior, emotions, and relationships. My vision and mission as a therapist are clear—to help people change and move forward in their lives. I aim to create a safe and compassionate space where individuals can explore their challenges and goals without judgment.
(825) 250-3522 View (825) 250-3522
Photo of Farrah Qadir, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Farrah Qadir
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2T
I get it- you decided to get therapy, but there's a multitude of therapists to choose from! They mention they do CBT, DBT or whatever ABCs. What does this all even mean?! It can be daunting and confusing- so let's get to the point: I want to help you be the best version of you. I am warm, empathetic, and compassionate, and I can't wait for you to see that in our 15 minute free consultation. Together we can figure out what your struggles are, and how I can assist you in reaching your goals.
I get it- you decided to get therapy, but there's a multitude of therapists to choose from! They mention they do CBT, DBT or whatever ABCs. What does this all even mean?! It can be daunting and confusing- so let's get to the point: I want to help you be the best version of you. I am warm, empathetic, and compassionate, and I can't wait for you to see that in our 15 minute free consultation. Together we can figure out what your struggles are, and how I can assist you in reaching your goals.
(587) 410-4196 View (587) 410-4196
Photo of Ashley Shaw, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Ashley Shaw
Psychologist, MC, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2X
Are you feeling disconnected, misunderstood or unmotivated? Are you worried your child is struggling and don’t know where else to turn? I understand that life is often hard and I can help! Contact me today to learn how to manage life’s challenges and discover life in a more rich and meaningful way.
Are you feeling disconnected, misunderstood or unmotivated? Are you worried your child is struggling and don’t know where else to turn? I understand that life is often hard and I can help! Contact me today to learn how to manage life’s challenges and discover life in a more rich and meaningful way.
(825) 251-9413 x221 View (825) 251-9413 x221
Janet Mackenzie
Psychologist, MSc, R, PSYCH
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T3C
I believe in personalizing and customizing treatments plans to meet the needs of the individual client, rather than trying to fit all clients into one or two psychotherapy modes. I work in partnership with clients to assist them in prioritizing and exploring their issues, in a safe, positive, environment. Treatment plans are flexible, evolving with the needs of the individual person. Appointment times and dates are also very flexible, with evening appointments available as needed.
I believe in personalizing and customizing treatments plans to meet the needs of the individual client, rather than trying to fit all clients into one or two psychotherapy modes. I work in partnership with clients to assist them in prioritizing and exploring their issues, in a safe, positive, environment. Treatment plans are flexible, evolving with the needs of the individual person. Appointment times and dates are also very flexible, with evening appointments available as needed.
(403) 242-8286 View (403) 242-8286
Photo of Ko Psychology, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Ko Psychology
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3A
I am Gina Ko, a Registered Psychologist with over ten years of experience in counselling psychology. I have worked with many individuals, couples, and families so they can strive towards acceptance, wellness, and thriving. I offer a collaborative and compassionate approach to therapeutic experiences. I believe counselling provides new and renewed insight. My clients have told me I am warm, empathetic, and have an awesome sense of humour. I can speak Cantonese and welcome clients who would appreciate the language bridge.
I am Gina Ko, a Registered Psychologist with over ten years of experience in counselling psychology. I have worked with many individuals, couples, and families so they can strive towards acceptance, wellness, and thriving. I offer a collaborative and compassionate approach to therapeutic experiences. I believe counselling provides new and renewed insight. My clients have told me I am warm, empathetic, and have an awesome sense of humour. I can speak Cantonese and welcome clients who would appreciate the language bridge.
(587) 800-5628 View (587) 800-5628
Photo of Julie Anne Crain, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Julie Anne Crain
Psychologist, MEd, CCC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2X
Thanks for taking the time to view my profile. Therapy is a collaborative process that uses curiosity, courage and compassion to start exploring and unpacking all of the parts of ourselves and our experiences so that we can become connected to our wholeness once again. There are times when we may feel haunted by our past experiences, are having difficulties coping with life transitions or stressors, or are feeling stuck. It is my belief that through gentle exploration we can start to find the inner resources needed to move through and grow from these difficult experiences.
Thanks for taking the time to view my profile. Therapy is a collaborative process that uses curiosity, courage and compassion to start exploring and unpacking all of the parts of ourselves and our experiences so that we can become connected to our wholeness once again. There are times when we may feel haunted by our past experiences, are having difficulties coping with life transitions or stressors, or are feeling stuck. It is my belief that through gentle exploration we can start to find the inner resources needed to move through and grow from these difficult experiences.
(780) 666-7131 View (780) 666-7131
Photo of Harjot Khakh, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Harjot Khakh
Psychologist, BSc, MA, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3K  (Online Only)
I collaborate with clients as they learn and apply skills, challenge themselves, and help them achieve a more authentic way of being. I would be honoured to facilitate the process of your self discovery and healing. My values of integrity, empathy, and acceptance are mirrored in my work with clients. I believe prioritizing client preferences and exploring their experiences foster a safe and validating environment. My diversified personal and professional experiences have me well equipped to manage a range of clientele concerns. I cater my services to those with varying cultural backgrounds, age, sexual orientation, etc.
I collaborate with clients as they learn and apply skills, challenge themselves, and help them achieve a more authentic way of being. I would be honoured to facilitate the process of your self discovery and healing. My values of integrity, empathy, and acceptance are mirrored in my work with clients. I believe prioritizing client preferences and exploring their experiences foster a safe and validating environment. My diversified personal and professional experiences have me well equipped to manage a range of clientele concerns. I cater my services to those with varying cultural backgrounds, age, sexual orientation, etc.
(587) 850-2770 View (587) 850-2770
Photo of Katie Bradley, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Katie Bradley
Psychologist, MC, R Psyc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2H
I believe that people seek out therapy when they have used all of their personal resources to confront a challenge. Sometimes that challenge is internal, such as depression or anxiety; sometimes it is external, such as life transitions or financial strain; sometimes it is interpersonal, such as couple or family problems. Each person has a different skill set that they have used in their life and therapy is useful when they want to add to that toolbox. It can also help to build reserves before a stressor occurs, such as when couples are deciding to move in together, or before an employee enters a stressful period at work.
I believe that people seek out therapy when they have used all of their personal resources to confront a challenge. Sometimes that challenge is internal, such as depression or anxiety; sometimes it is external, such as life transitions or financial strain; sometimes it is interpersonal, such as couple or family problems. Each person has a different skill set that they have used in their life and therapy is useful when they want to add to that toolbox. It can also help to build reserves before a stressor occurs, such as when couples are deciding to move in together, or before an employee enters a stressful period at work.
(587) 406-0045 View (587) 406-0045
Photo of Natalia Eftimie, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Natalia Eftimie
Psychologist, MSc, RPsych
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2W
I am a Registered Psychologist providing Counselling Psychotherapy for persons who experience distress caused by anxiety, phobias, depression, stress, difficulties in relationships, grief, loss and bereavement, childhood emotional traumas. I also address ambiguous losses and transitions determined by life adjustment including country relocation, changes in marital status and other developmental and life changing events and transformations, welcoming clients from all backgrounds. My approach is oriented toward finding meaning and healing personal distress caused by past and present emotional challenges.
I am a Registered Psychologist providing Counselling Psychotherapy for persons who experience distress caused by anxiety, phobias, depression, stress, difficulties in relationships, grief, loss and bereavement, childhood emotional traumas. I also address ambiguous losses and transitions determined by life adjustment including country relocation, changes in marital status and other developmental and life changing events and transformations, welcoming clients from all backgrounds. My approach is oriented toward finding meaning and healing personal distress caused by past and present emotional challenges.
(825) 797-0598 View (825) 797-0598
Photo of Karthika Murthy, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Karthika Murthy
Registered Provisional Psychologist, Prov , MA, MC, Psych
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2L
Change requires action, which is a tough step to begin with. Therefore, it is rewarding for me to help facilitate change in the clients’ life and inspiring to see them take action for a better life. I have more than 10 years of experience in the field of psychology. I have experience in working with children , adolescents and adults having various concerns like anxiety, depression, PTSD, grief , challenges with eating, ADHD, BPD and more. I support children dealing with anxiety and stress using Play therapy informed treatment and Theraplay inspired approaches.
Change requires action, which is a tough step to begin with. Therefore, it is rewarding for me to help facilitate change in the clients’ life and inspiring to see them take action for a better life. I have more than 10 years of experience in the field of psychology. I have experience in working with children , adolescents and adults having various concerns like anxiety, depression, PTSD, grief , challenges with eating, ADHD, BPD and more. I support children dealing with anxiety and stress using Play therapy informed treatment and Theraplay inspired approaches.
(825) 602-5951 View (825) 602-5951
Photo of Dianna Campbell-Smith, Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Dianna Campbell-Smith
Psychologist, PsyD, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2H
Do you try to make changes, but they don't stick? Are you feeling depressed, anxious or just not happy for too long? Do you repeat unhealthy relationship patterns? Working with me may allow you to make changes that stick. I am a registered psychologist and a life, and business coach who works with adults, adolescents and couples. In our work you will get clear on changes you want and develop effective skills, identifying and using your own strengths to make those changes. A solution approach focuses on what is working and strengths you already have in your repertoire.
Do you try to make changes, but they don't stick? Are you feeling depressed, anxious or just not happy for too long? Do you repeat unhealthy relationship patterns? Working with me may allow you to make changes that stick. I am a registered psychologist and a life, and business coach who works with adults, adolescents and couples. In our work you will get clear on changes you want and develop effective skills, identifying and using your own strengths to make those changes. A solution approach focuses on what is working and strengths you already have in your repertoire.
(866) 898-6156 View (866) 898-6156
Photo of Pain Psychotherapy Canada, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Calgary, AB
Pain Psychotherapy Canada
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2H
In our practice, we support people in reducing or eliminating their chronic pain, chronic symptoms, depression, anxiety, or trauma symptoms. We know dealing with chronic pain, symptoms, and mental health concerns is really difficult, and often we don't see a path forward towards healing. We ensure that each client we see is provided with treatment that best matches who they are and what their concerns are. Our therapists are friendly, caring, and relatable.
In our practice, we support people in reducing or eliminating their chronic pain, chronic symptoms, depression, anxiety, or trauma symptoms. We know dealing with chronic pain, symptoms, and mental health concerns is really difficult, and often we don't see a path forward towards healing. We ensure that each client we see is provided with treatment that best matches who they are and what their concerns are. Our therapists are friendly, caring, and relatable.
(587) 412-1627 View (587) 412-1627
Photo of Natalie Siu-Mitton, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Natalie Siu-Mitton
Registered Provisional Psychologist, RD, MACP, BSc
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3B
My practice centers around creating a safe and secure environment where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. Through a collaborative and supportive counselling process, together, we can work towards gaining a deeper understanding of your experiences, developing new ways of thinking and being, and ultimately empowering you to create a more fulfilling and authentic life.
My practice centers around creating a safe and secure environment where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. Through a collaborative and supportive counselling process, together, we can work towards gaining a deeper understanding of your experiences, developing new ways of thinking and being, and ultimately empowering you to create a more fulfilling and authentic life.
(825) 360-0290 View (825) 360-0290
Photo of Chipo Emmah Bvindi, Registered Social Worker in Calgary, AB
Chipo Emmah Bvindi
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2Z
Are you currently facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, emotional dysregulation, trauma, grief, or stress? Perhaps you are navigating difficult relationship dynamics or coping with significant life transitions? These are just a few of the hurdles that many individuals face, and can deeply impact your day-to-day life, relationships, and overall well-being. You are not alone. Many individuals, regardless of background or identity, are experiencing similar emotions—feeling anxious, uncertain, and overwhelmed by the struggles they face. Life can be different. You deserve support and guidance to get you there.
Are you currently facing challenges such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, emotional dysregulation, trauma, grief, or stress? Perhaps you are navigating difficult relationship dynamics or coping with significant life transitions? These are just a few of the hurdles that many individuals face, and can deeply impact your day-to-day life, relationships, and overall well-being. You are not alone. Many individuals, regardless of background or identity, are experiencing similar emotions—feeling anxious, uncertain, and overwhelmed by the struggles they face. Life can be different. You deserve support and guidance to get you there.
(587) 803-2968 View (587) 803-2968
Photo of Kristel Slawik Counselling Services, Registered Social Worker in Calgary, AB
Kristel Slawik Counselling Services
Registered Social Worker, RSW, BSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2H
The way I support and work with clients is rooted in a holistic framework of health and wellbeing. A member of Big River First Nation (Cree) and German ancestry, I am a Registered Social Worker and person in long-term recovery from my own addictions and mental health concerns. These aspects have greatly influenced my integrative approach. I believe in overall wellness within physical, emotional, mental and spiritual levels and that healing is relational. As a helper, I offer good medicines of listening, witnessing, grounding and empathy. I work with where you're at from a client-centered, empowering and compassion focused approach.
The way I support and work with clients is rooted in a holistic framework of health and wellbeing. A member of Big River First Nation (Cree) and German ancestry, I am a Registered Social Worker and person in long-term recovery from my own addictions and mental health concerns. These aspects have greatly influenced my integrative approach. I believe in overall wellness within physical, emotional, mental and spiritual levels and that healing is relational. As a helper, I offer good medicines of listening, witnessing, grounding and empathy. I work with where you're at from a client-centered, empowering and compassion focused approach.
(587) 850-3096 View (587) 850-3096
Photo of Keely Blake, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Calgary, AB
Keely Blake
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3H
Waitlist for new clients
Thanks for visiting my page! I complete assessments for those wanting to learn more about their unique brain. I am passionate about assessing and supporting students and young adults presenting with symptoms of autism, ADHD, anxiety, and learning challenges. In addition to assessments, I work with students who have phobias and support the development of important skills such as emotion regulation. I am most comfortable working with clients between 5 and 20.
Thanks for visiting my page! I complete assessments for those wanting to learn more about their unique brain. I am passionate about assessing and supporting students and young adults presenting with symptoms of autism, ADHD, anxiety, and learning challenges. In addition to assessments, I work with students who have phobias and support the development of important skills such as emotion regulation. I am most comfortable working with clients between 5 and 20.
(825) 251-9515 View (825) 251-9515
Photo of Shelley Ugyan, Counsellor in Calgary, AB
Shelley Ugyan
Counsellor, MA, BAEd
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2G  (Online Only)
I have over 15 years experience working with relationships, stress, anxiety, low mood, and eating disorders of all kinds. The underlying patterns can take many forms, therefore the treatment approach may vary however evidence based CBT is the most effective treatment in these areas, especially when it is paired in combination with psychodynamic, relational and hypnosis approaches also as needed. Healing is probable, and happens as a result of conscious daily actions and unconscious dynamics that shift as a result of this process. I work with individuals who are ready and willing to change their thinking to heal for life
I have over 15 years experience working with relationships, stress, anxiety, low mood, and eating disorders of all kinds. The underlying patterns can take many forms, therefore the treatment approach may vary however evidence based CBT is the most effective treatment in these areas, especially when it is paired in combination with psychodynamic, relational and hypnosis approaches also as needed. Healing is probable, and happens as a result of conscious daily actions and unconscious dynamics that shift as a result of this process. I work with individuals who are ready and willing to change their thinking to heal for life
(587) 602-1698 View (587) 602-1698
Photo of Emanuela Mihailescu, Counsellor in Calgary, AB
Emanuela Mihailescu
Counsellor, MA, CCC, Jungian, Analyst
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2Y
As a Jungian Psychoanalyst trained at C.G Jung Institute Zurich I offer the analytic approach,as a fascinated way to face life transition, trauma and all kind of psychological issues. The ultimate result of this approach is increased wisdom as a tool of taking appropriate decisions in everyday life. Wisdom is acquired only by processing the life experience in a constructive way and finding the inner pace I take an integrative approach to analytic work that focuses on the unique needs of my patients,working collaboratively with them to focus on understanding their concerns and conflicts both within themselves and with other people.
As a Jungian Psychoanalyst trained at C.G Jung Institute Zurich I offer the analytic approach,as a fascinated way to face life transition, trauma and all kind of psychological issues. The ultimate result of this approach is increased wisdom as a tool of taking appropriate decisions in everyday life. Wisdom is acquired only by processing the life experience in a constructive way and finding the inner pace I take an integrative approach to analytic work that focuses on the unique needs of my patients,working collaboratively with them to focus on understanding their concerns and conflicts both within themselves and with other people.
(855) 789-1556 View (855) 789-1556
Photo of Rebca Zawde, Registered Social Worker in Calgary, AB
Rebca Zawde
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RCSW, RPT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3C
Navigating life's difficulties can cause us to feel disconnected, exhausted, and frustrated among other things. Whether ongoing or temporary, they can erode our ability to tap into the very things that have supported us thus far—our strengths, values, and tenacity. I am here to support you and/or your child with many sticky concerns.
Navigating life's difficulties can cause us to feel disconnected, exhausted, and frustrated among other things. Whether ongoing or temporary, they can erode our ability to tap into the very things that have supported us thus far—our strengths, values, and tenacity. I am here to support you and/or your child with many sticky concerns.
(587) 912-2038 View (587) 912-2038
Photo of Celeste Tio, Counsellor in Calgary, AB
Celeste Tio
Counsellor, CCC, MC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2T
With a passion for counselling and a belief in everyone's ability to shape their own narratives, Celeste nurtures a space of trust and support. Celeste's journey to her own best life has fueled her commitment to guiding others towards their truths and desires.
With a passion for counselling and a belief in everyone's ability to shape their own narratives, Celeste nurtures a space of trust and support. Celeste's journey to her own best life has fueled her commitment to guiding others towards their truths and desires.
(587) 905-8103 View (587) 905-8103

See more therapy options for Calgary

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Calgary, AB

1,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in Calgary, AB who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Self Esteem
80% Stress
78% Relationship Issues
73% Coping Skills
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Green Shield Canada
58% Alberta Blue Cross
51% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Calgary, AB see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Calgary?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.