Photo of Juan Carlos Andrade, Psychologist in Toronto, ON
Juan Carlos Andrade
Psychologist, CPsych
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6G  (Online Only)
Buen dia, soy psicólogo miembro del Colegio de psicólogos de Ontario y del Quebec, estoy especializado en el tratamiento de la ansiedad, depresión y comportamientos del exceso en general. Cuento con una formación académica sólida y una experiencia clínica variada de larga data que me permiten ofrecerle servicios psicológicos de calidad. Mi trabajo se basa principalmente en el enfoque psicodinámico y cognitivo-conductual, me interesan especialmente las técnicas psicológicas para fortalecer el control de los pensamiento, las emociones, y el comportamiento.
Buen dia, soy psicólogo miembro del Colegio de psicólogos de Ontario y del Quebec, estoy especializado en el tratamiento de la ansiedad, depresión y comportamientos del exceso en general. Cuento con una formación académica sólida y una experiencia clínica variada de larga data que me permiten ofrecerle servicios psicológicos de calidad. Mi trabajo se basa principalmente en el enfoque psicodinámico y cognitivo-conductual, me interesan especialmente las técnicas psicológicas para fortalecer el control de los pensamiento, las emociones, y el comportamiento.
(437) 989-6974 View (437) 989-6974
Photo of Alanna Fletcher, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Alanna Fletcher
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4C
Bonjour et bienvenue! En tant que praticienne, j'oeuvre à soutenir mes client à se construire une vie ou ils/elles se sentent épanouie, et qui reflète tout ce qui leurs est important, malgré les défis et les épreuves. La compassion, la collaboration et la justice sociale me sont très importantes, et je cherche toujours à cultiver un espace chaleureux et sans jugement ou nous pouvons s’ouvrir à la curiosité et à l’exploration. J’offre une perspective critique, intersectionnelle, et anti-oppressive, car je crois que nos vécus et nos difficultés sont étroitement liés au systèmes sociales, politiques et économiques qui nous entourent.
Bonjour et bienvenue! En tant que praticienne, j'oeuvre à soutenir mes client à se construire une vie ou ils/elles se sentent épanouie, et qui reflète tout ce qui leurs est important, malgré les défis et les épreuves. La compassion, la collaboration et la justice sociale me sont très importantes, et je cherche toujours à cultiver un espace chaleureux et sans jugement ou nous pouvons s’ouvrir à la curiosité et à l’exploration. J’offre une perspective critique, intersectionnelle, et anti-oppressive, car je crois que nos vécus et nos difficultés sont étroitement liés au systèmes sociales, politiques et économiques qui nous entourent.
(647) 493-5601 View (647) 493-5601
Photo of Réjeanne Dupuis, Psychologist in Toronto, ON
Réjeanne Dupuis
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6G  (Online Only)
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist, helping adolescents, adults and couples cope with distressing life events and mental health disorders. My passion is to help clients regain balance and move forward with their lives. I can address the following issues with you: depression and anxiety, poor sleep, grief/loss, alcohol or drug abuse, stress, workplace issues, relationship problems, life transitions (e.g., job loss, moving, retirement), chronic health problems, traumatic events, low self-esteem, procrastination, aging, marital difficulties, parenting, affairs. Although you may be currently struggling, it takes courage to seek help.
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist, helping adolescents, adults and couples cope with distressing life events and mental health disorders. My passion is to help clients regain balance and move forward with their lives. I can address the following issues with you: depression and anxiety, poor sleep, grief/loss, alcohol or drug abuse, stress, workplace issues, relationship problems, life transitions (e.g., job loss, moving, retirement), chronic health problems, traumatic events, low self-esteem, procrastination, aging, marital difficulties, parenting, affairs. Although you may be currently struggling, it takes courage to seek help.
(866) 620-7351 View (866) 620-7351
Photo of Sophie Solmini, Drug & Alcohol Counsellor in Toronto, ON
Sophie Solmini
Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, ICADC, SAP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5S
Please note that I work only with clients with alcohol use disorder! I run a program that helps people reduce or manage their drinking. I am a substance abuse professional, and an Internationally Certified Alcohol and Drugs Counsellor. Please visit my website: healathome.ca
Please note that I work only with clients with alcohol use disorder! I run a program that helps people reduce or manage their drinking. I am a substance abuse professional, and an Internationally Certified Alcohol and Drugs Counsellor. Please visit my website: healathome.ca
(647) 560-8791 View (647) 560-8791
Photo of Marc Berube, Psychological Associate in Toronto, ON
Marc Berube
Psychological Associate, MPsy, CPsych, Assoc
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4Y
Life can be challenging and is often stressful. Multiple stress factors affects the quality of life and create psychological disorders. You may experience those challenges in a number of different ways: difficulties adjusting, confusion about direction and motivation in life, struggles at work, in relationships etc. As a result, you may feel anxious, depressed, angry or overwhelmed at times and need a better viewpoint to deal with those feelings and problems.
Life can be challenging and is often stressful. Multiple stress factors affects the quality of life and create psychological disorders. You may experience those challenges in a number of different ways: difficulties adjusting, confusion about direction and motivation in life, struggles at work, in relationships etc. As a result, you may feel anxious, depressed, angry or overwhelmed at times and need a better viewpoint to deal with those feelings and problems.
(647) 931-2590 View (647) 931-2590
Photo of Asim Therapy (Online Practice), Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Asim Therapy (Online Practice)
Registered Psychotherapist, R P, MEd
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6J  (Online Only)
With extensive experience working with university and college students, emerging adults, members of marginalized communities, diverse newcomers, and coaching executives, I offer you a trained ear. Client issues include feeling stuck, mood issues, mind on overdrive, and managing transitions. Let us find ways to not only survive but also thrive in all areas of your life (school, career, community, family and so on). Clients can expect to develop acceptance, change behaviours, and use strengths to improve well-being.
With extensive experience working with university and college students, emerging adults, members of marginalized communities, diverse newcomers, and coaching executives, I offer you a trained ear. Client issues include feeling stuck, mood issues, mind on overdrive, and managing transitions. Let us find ways to not only survive but also thrive in all areas of your life (school, career, community, family and so on). Clients can expect to develop acceptance, change behaviours, and use strengths to improve well-being.
(647) 490-5831 View (647) 490-5831
Photo of Lucie Ritchie & Heal Psychotherapy Inc., Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Lucie Ritchie & Heal Psychotherapy Inc.
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M9A
The impacts of trauma rewire the brain and nervous system to experience the world as a threatening place. This adaptation alters how we relate to ourselves and others, and it leads us away from authentic identity. Trauma, whether big or small, includes events like past childhood abuse, emotional neglect, violence, grief, rejection, chronic pain and illness, to name a few. You may become stressed, anxious, experience intrusive thoughts, fear, and rage. You may feel alone, easily triggered, trapped, and like there’s a void within—like you just can’t be yourself again. Yet, you have no clue that it all stems from unprocessed trauma.
The impacts of trauma rewire the brain and nervous system to experience the world as a threatening place. This adaptation alters how we relate to ourselves and others, and it leads us away from authentic identity. Trauma, whether big or small, includes events like past childhood abuse, emotional neglect, violence, grief, rejection, chronic pain and illness, to name a few. You may become stressed, anxious, experience intrusive thoughts, fear, and rage. You may feel alone, easily triggered, trapped, and like there’s a void within—like you just can’t be yourself again. Yet, you have no clue that it all stems from unprocessed trauma.
(289) 271-1845 View (289) 271-1845
Photo of Allied Psychological Services, Psychological Associate in Toronto, ON
Allied Psychological Services
Psychological Associate, PhD
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4P
Allied Psychological Services is comprised of a team of highly skilled psychologists, registered psychotherapists, social workers, and support staff dedicated to providing quality services. We provide individualized assessments, psychological treatment, psychotherapy, crisis support, and consultation for a wide range of individuals (youth and adults) and industries. We pride ourselves on being a full-service team, offering clinical services to a range of clinical needs. Our practitioners have experience working with individuals, agencies, lawyers, insurance companies, and employers.
Allied Psychological Services is comprised of a team of highly skilled psychologists, registered psychotherapists, social workers, and support staff dedicated to providing quality services. We provide individualized assessments, psychological treatment, psychotherapy, crisis support, and consultation for a wide range of individuals (youth and adults) and industries. We pride ourselves on being a full-service team, offering clinical services to a range of clinical needs. Our practitioners have experience working with individuals, agencies, lawyers, insurance companies, and employers.
(647) 692-4314 View (647) 692-4314
Photo of Mayada Salem, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Mayada Salem
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, GIT Dip
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4Y  (Online Only)
Hello and thank you for stopping by! Seeking out a therapist is a courageous endeavour, so congratulations on making the decision! A bit about me... My practice is focused on relational Gestalt Therapy. I work with clients in the here and now, while focusing on embodiment, awareness and self-actualization. I help individuals seeking support with stress, anxiety, depression, addiction, trauma, shame, guilt and much more. I’ve studied a number of spiritual paths, for my own self-growth, and to broaden my approach to life and others. I weave my knowledge and experiences to hold a safe and supportive space for you to come as you are.
Hello and thank you for stopping by! Seeking out a therapist is a courageous endeavour, so congratulations on making the decision! A bit about me... My practice is focused on relational Gestalt Therapy. I work with clients in the here and now, while focusing on embodiment, awareness and self-actualization. I help individuals seeking support with stress, anxiety, depression, addiction, trauma, shame, guilt and much more. I’ve studied a number of spiritual paths, for my own self-growth, and to broaden my approach to life and others. I weave my knowledge and experiences to hold a safe and supportive space for you to come as you are.
(437) 372-5328 View (437) 372-5328
Photo of Real-Talk Psychotherapy, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Real-Talk Psychotherapy
Registered Social Worker, BA(hon), RSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5S
Stressed?? Anxious?? Depressed?? Are you struggling to find the right therapist? Feeling lost? All first sessions are FREE with no obligations. WHY? I am passionate about creating opportunities for healing centered around your unique needs! My personal philosophy is radical acceptance. I believe that most coping strategies (from perfectionism to addictions) actually enable survival to one's best ability. Reflect on how your personal coping methods enabled you to survive until this moment! I believe in honouring old patterns with awareness. We must recognize and accept what is holding us back in order to change it.
Stressed?? Anxious?? Depressed?? Are you struggling to find the right therapist? Feeling lost? All first sessions are FREE with no obligations. WHY? I am passionate about creating opportunities for healing centered around your unique needs! My personal philosophy is radical acceptance. I believe that most coping strategies (from perfectionism to addictions) actually enable survival to one's best ability. Reflect on how your personal coping methods enabled you to survive until this moment! I believe in honouring old patterns with awareness. We must recognize and accept what is holding us back in order to change it.
(647) 699-6708 View (647) 699-6708
Photo of Dana Millstein, Psychologist in Toronto, ON
Dana Millstein
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6R  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
In psychotherapy, I foster a motivation for change and strengthen hope that life can feel meaningful again. In my work with adults, adolescents, and couples I help to develop self-compassion and self-acceptance in the struggle with a wide range of concerns related to: anxiety, depression, stress management, anger management, addiction, self-esteem, grief and loss, relationship and family. I have extensive training and experience working with individuals struggling with the long-term effects of trauma, abuse, and neglect, including the assessment and treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Dissociative Disorders.
In psychotherapy, I foster a motivation for change and strengthen hope that life can feel meaningful again. In my work with adults, adolescents, and couples I help to develop self-compassion and self-acceptance in the struggle with a wide range of concerns related to: anxiety, depression, stress management, anger management, addiction, self-esteem, grief and loss, relationship and family. I have extensive training and experience working with individuals struggling with the long-term effects of trauma, abuse, and neglect, including the assessment and treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Dissociative Disorders.
(437) 747-1970 View (437) 747-1970
Photo of Ken Walton, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Ken Walton
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MEd, BA
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4K
As a holistic psychotherapist I help individuals and couples achieve inner transformation through healing the core psychological issues. With over 10 years experience, I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, addictions, self-esteem, obsessive thought patterns, and personal growth work. There are lots of psychoeducational videos of my approach at www.kenwalton.org We will use a tailored evidence based therapeutic approach. In a safe non-judgmental environment, we address the difficulties in your thought-belief systems, emotional complexes, and behavioural-patterns. www.kenwalton.org
As a holistic psychotherapist I help individuals and couples achieve inner transformation through healing the core psychological issues. With over 10 years experience, I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, addictions, self-esteem, obsessive thought patterns, and personal growth work. There are lots of psychoeducational videos of my approach at www.kenwalton.org We will use a tailored evidence based therapeutic approach. In a safe non-judgmental environment, we address the difficulties in your thought-belief systems, emotional complexes, and behavioural-patterns. www.kenwalton.org
(416) 659-1617 View (416) 659-1617
Photo of Anxiety-Depression-Emotion Dysregulation-CBT-DBT, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Anxiety-Depression-Emotion Dysregulation-CBT-DBT
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed, anxious, depressed, hopeless, lonely,confused, scared, frustrated or stuck? Are the issues that you are facing getting in the way of your daily functioning, enjoyment, health, relationships, goals, academic success, job performance and of the hopes and dreams that you have for yourself? Are you tired of feeling the way that you are and want something different for yourself? If you answered "Yes" to any of the above, then you've come to the right place! We can work together to help you move toward a healthier and happier place in a way that fits for you.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed, anxious, depressed, hopeless, lonely,confused, scared, frustrated or stuck? Are the issues that you are facing getting in the way of your daily functioning, enjoyment, health, relationships, goals, academic success, job performance and of the hopes and dreams that you have for yourself? Are you tired of feeling the way that you are and want something different for yourself? If you answered "Yes" to any of the above, then you've come to the right place! We can work together to help you move toward a healthier and happier place in a way that fits for you.
(647) 930-5875 View (647) 930-5875
Photo of Strength Counselling Services, Counsellor in Toronto, ON
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4Y  (Online Only)
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(226) 400-7197 View (226) 400-7197
Photo of Batool Batalvi, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Batool Batalvi
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, MEd, FIPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4Y
Dear Reader: The reason I get out of bed every morning is not because I believe life is easy - but that it is difficult. What makes life difficult is the fact, that it presents an endless series of problems which require solutions. The very process of confronting and solving life's problems can be a painful one; at times full of sadness, confusion, anxiety, hurt, anger, fear and loneliness. These are uncomfortable feelings, sometimes highly distressing and can equal the worst kind of physical pain. Fearing the suffering involved, almost all of us have attempted to avoid confronting these problems.
Dear Reader: The reason I get out of bed every morning is not because I believe life is easy - but that it is difficult. What makes life difficult is the fact, that it presents an endless series of problems which require solutions. The very process of confronting and solving life's problems can be a painful one; at times full of sadness, confusion, anxiety, hurt, anger, fear and loneliness. These are uncomfortable feelings, sometimes highly distressing and can equal the worst kind of physical pain. Fearing the suffering involved, almost all of us have attempted to avoid confronting these problems.
(416) 417-4559 View (416) 417-4559
Photo of Men Therapy Toronto | Sex & Porn Addiction, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Men Therapy Toronto | Sex & Porn Addiction
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CSAT, EMDR
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4P
Men Therapy Toronto offers counselling and psychotherapy services for men in Toronto, Ontario (GTA). Men Therapy Toronto specializes in both the diagnosis and treatment of sex and porn addiction along with men's mental health concerns. Our team consists of Registered Psychotherapists (RPs) and Certified Sex Addiction Therapists (CSAT). We support men working through issues related to anxiety, depression, anger management, career stress and trauma. We also run 4 8-week healthy sexuality and masculinity men's groups. Our offices are located in midtown Toronto (Yonge & Eglinton).
Men Therapy Toronto offers counselling and psychotherapy services for men in Toronto, Ontario (GTA). Men Therapy Toronto specializes in both the diagnosis and treatment of sex and porn addiction along with men's mental health concerns. Our team consists of Registered Psychotherapists (RPs) and Certified Sex Addiction Therapists (CSAT). We support men working through issues related to anxiety, depression, anger management, career stress and trauma. We also run 4 8-week healthy sexuality and masculinity men's groups. Our offices are located in midtown Toronto (Yonge & Eglinton).
(855) 551-2261 View (855) 551-2261
Photo of Chantal Wade, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Chantal Wade
Registered Social Worker, BAH, MSW, RSW, CYT
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4Y  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with low self-esteem and high inner critics? Does it feel difficult to fully trust in yourself and to like all parts of yourself? Do you experience anxiety, a fear of failure and/or a fear of rejection? And yet, you want to build a healthy, trusting and loving relationship with yourself (even though there is a part of you that doubts you can)? I would love to support you in the journey, as this is my jam. I specialize in Trauma, Self-Esteem, Anxiety, Depression and relationship challenges. I am entering my 20th year as a therapist, and feel so honored to do this work.
Do you struggle with low self-esteem and high inner critics? Does it feel difficult to fully trust in yourself and to like all parts of yourself? Do you experience anxiety, a fear of failure and/or a fear of rejection? And yet, you want to build a healthy, trusting and loving relationship with yourself (even though there is a part of you that doubts you can)? I would love to support you in the journey, as this is my jam. I specialize in Trauma, Self-Esteem, Anxiety, Depression and relationship challenges. I am entering my 20th year as a therapist, and feel so honored to do this work.
(647) 933-9732 View (647) 933-9732
Photo of Lisa Romano-Dwyer, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Lisa Romano-Dwyer
Registered Social Worker, MSW, PhD, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4L
Lisa Romano-Dwyer is a registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist (OCSWSSW) located in the Beaches Toronto. Owner of Lakeside Wellness Therapy Affiliates, Lisa and her affiliates use strength-based therapies, psychotherapy-informed health and wellness coaching, relationship repair, and compassion mind training. Lisa is a results-oriented, reliable, trustworthy and compassionate counsellor who works with you to develop solutions. Her areas of specialization include increasing focus, achievement, gratitude, personal health, and joy. Lisa works with you to alleviate emotional pain and restore wellness & health.
Lisa Romano-Dwyer is a registered Social Worker, Psychotherapist (OCSWSSW) located in the Beaches Toronto. Owner of Lakeside Wellness Therapy Affiliates, Lisa and her affiliates use strength-based therapies, psychotherapy-informed health and wellness coaching, relationship repair, and compassion mind training. Lisa is a results-oriented, reliable, trustworthy and compassionate counsellor who works with you to develop solutions. Her areas of specialization include increasing focus, achievement, gratitude, personal health, and joy. Lisa works with you to alleviate emotional pain and restore wellness & health.
(437) 747-8541 View (437) 747-8541
Photo of Core Centre Inc., Psychologist in Toronto, ON
Core Centre Inc.
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5J
Core Centre Inc. provides assessment, consultation and counselling for children, youth and adults. Through our platform we provide online consultations, counselling and therapy with registered psychologists, psychotherapists and social workers. They can assist with a variety of issues, including: learning/academic struggles, behavioural difficulties, developmental delays, autism and relationship problems, among many other challenges.
Core Centre Inc. provides assessment, consultation and counselling for children, youth and adults. Through our platform we provide online consultations, counselling and therapy with registered psychologists, psychotherapists and social workers. They can assist with a variety of issues, including: learning/academic struggles, behavioural difficulties, developmental delays, autism and relationship problems, among many other challenges.
(289) 277-6644 View (289) 277-6644
Photo of Noah Casey, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Noah Casey
Registered Psychotherapist, BA Hons, CRPO
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5T  (Online Only)
Change is a difficult and humbling process. Being patient, kind, and forgiving of ourselves is not usually something we learned as children. Talk therapy is not advice or guidance: it's learning to hear your own decision-making processes, noticing feelings and what needs your trying to meet, discovering your value systems, and moving forward with small deliberate changes. Together in session we will tailor the work we do to suit your specific concerns. Researching therapists, going to therapy, looking at our least helpful patterns, or deliberating on whether to stay or leave a difficult situation takes courage. I congratulate you.
Change is a difficult and humbling process. Being patient, kind, and forgiving of ourselves is not usually something we learned as children. Talk therapy is not advice or guidance: it's learning to hear your own decision-making processes, noticing feelings and what needs your trying to meet, discovering your value systems, and moving forward with small deliberate changes. Together in session we will tailor the work we do to suit your specific concerns. Researching therapists, going to therapy, looking at our least helpful patterns, or deliberating on whether to stay or leave a difficult situation takes courage. I congratulate you.
(647) 694-4802 View (647) 694-4802

See more therapy options for Toronto

Drug Abuse Counsellors

How do substance and drug recovery or rehabilitation programs work?

In inpatient programs, individuals live in a facility with other clients in recovery; in outpatient programs, individuals reside at home. These facilities are staffed with healthcare professionals including physicians, nurses, psychologists, counsellors, and psychotherapists. Staff often also includes people who have recovered themselves, serving as mentors and guides. These programs may use abstinence, harm reduction, detoxification, psychotherapy, and other methods.

How do 12-step programs combined with psychotherapy work?

Members of 12-step programs help each other reach abstinence and work to maintain it. These programs promote complete change in the individual’s emotional, mental, physical, and even spiritual perspectives. Some programs require that new members attend 90 meetings in 90 days. Many people do attend these programs in conjunction with their work in psychotherapy; the combination of therapy along with 12-step can be extremely effective.

How does harm reduction combined with psychotherapy work?

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, harm reduction prevents death, injury, disease, overdose, and substance misuse. People who choose harm reduction for substance use reduce the amount of drugs they consume. It is not abstinence-based like a 12-step program, but combining harm reduction with psychotherapy proves to be effective for many people.

Are there specific medications for substance and drug use?

There are medications approved to treat substance use disorder—such as buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone, and acamprosate. These medications do help people cope with substance use as well as avoid the problem of relapse. Naltrexone can help reduce cravings, methadone is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain, and acamprosate may help ease symptoms like poor sleep and anxious feelings.