Depression Therapists in Vancouver, BC

Photo of Liz Hagerty, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vancouver, BC
Liz Hagerty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6B  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck and not sure of where you're going or what's holding you back in life? Feeling lonely, anxious or depressed? Tired of the same and wanting to move forward with something new in life? We often find ourselves repeating patterns of behavior or taking on relationships that prevent us from taking the next step in our lives; however, with support and guidance, you are capable of making sustainable changes that will open you up to the fulfilling experiences and relationships you desire.
Are you feeling stuck and not sure of where you're going or what's holding you back in life? Feeling lonely, anxious or depressed? Tired of the same and wanting to move forward with something new in life? We often find ourselves repeating patterns of behavior or taking on relationships that prevent us from taking the next step in our lives; however, with support and guidance, you are capable of making sustainable changes that will open you up to the fulfilling experiences and relationships you desire.
(778) 763-1407 View (778) 763-1407
Photo of Alyssa Marina Gonzalez, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Alyssa Marina Gonzalez
Counsellor, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V5Z
Hello and a warm welcome to you! I am a Registered Clinical counsellor passionate about supporting individuals of all backgrounds through life's challenges. I specialize in working with adults and adolescents, providing support in areas such as anxiety, depression/mood concerns, grief, trauma, relationship challenges, stress management, self-esteem, and identity exploration.
Hello and a warm welcome to you! I am a Registered Clinical counsellor passionate about supporting individuals of all backgrounds through life's challenges. I specialize in working with adults and adolescents, providing support in areas such as anxiety, depression/mood concerns, grief, trauma, relationship challenges, stress management, self-esteem, and identity exploration.
(647) 692-0532 View (647) 692-0532
Photo of Jeff Ross, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Jeff Ross
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6Z
I love my work - supporting others' success is my calling. I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor / University Instructor with a Master's Degree in Counselling Psychology. In addition to Resonate Wellness and CapilanoU, I am also a husband (14 years), father (children 11 & 8), and hockey coach. In my Downtown Vancouver practice (970 Burrard - Electra Health Floor), I see adults, couples & adolescents. I am experienced working with diverse populations & issues including Couples Counselling, Anxiety, Depression, & Self-Acceptance. I also work with individuals on improving performance (professionally, academically, & athletically) & have successfully supported clients into significant personal achievements.
I love my work - supporting others' success is my calling. I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor / University Instructor with a Master's Degree in Counselling Psychology. In addition to Resonate Wellness and CapilanoU, I am also a husband (14 years), father (children 11 & 8), and hockey coach. In my Downtown Vancouver practice (970 Burrard - Electra Health Floor), I see adults, couples & adolescents. I am experienced working with diverse populations & issues including Couples Counselling, Anxiety, Depression, & Self-Acceptance. I also work with individuals on improving performance (professionally, academically, & athletically) & have successfully supported clients into significant personal achievements.
(855) 856-0731 View (855) 856-0731
Photo of Dr. Michael Dayan, Family Counsellor, Marriage & Family Therapist in Vancouver, BC
Dr. Michael Dayan, Family Counsellor
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, RCC, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6M
I have acquired over 20,000 hours direct clinical experience. I have run depression-treatment psycho-education groups in Outpatient Psychiatry at Vancouver General Hospital. As a university instructor I taught thousands of graduate and undergraduate students. I have mentored practicum and internship students at the beginning of their careers as well as professionals in development. I have been a consultant on Intergenerational and Intercultural communications. I have spoken at corporate events on burnout, corporate divorce, family succession, major life transitions, high-stakes decision-making, and existential crises.
I have acquired over 20,000 hours direct clinical experience. I have run depression-treatment psycho-education groups in Outpatient Psychiatry at Vancouver General Hospital. As a university instructor I taught thousands of graduate and undergraduate students. I have mentored practicum and internship students at the beginning of their careers as well as professionals in development. I have been a consultant on Intergenerational and Intercultural communications. I have spoken at corporate events on burnout, corporate divorce, family succession, major life transitions, high-stakes decision-making, and existential crises.
(778) 761-4400 View (778) 761-4400
Photo of Corey Chan, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Corey Chan
Counsellor, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6C
I am dedicated to helping you address your concerns and issues and focus on what’s important to you. We do this on your terms and at your pace. Through an effective, non-judgemental, therapeutic relationship, I help you examine the different areas of your life and help you make practical and meaningful changes. Whether you are dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use issues or other concerns, I'll work with you to make the changes you want to see. I am also experienced in providing specialized support to the LGBTQ+ community as well as gender affirming care.
I am dedicated to helping you address your concerns and issues and focus on what’s important to you. We do this on your terms and at your pace. Through an effective, non-judgemental, therapeutic relationship, I help you examine the different areas of your life and help you make practical and meaningful changes. Whether you are dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use issues or other concerns, I'll work with you to make the changes you want to see. I am also experienced in providing specialized support to the LGBTQ+ community as well as gender affirming care.
(778) 323-5797 View (778) 323-5797
Photo of Thomas Miller, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Thomas Miller
Counsellor, RCC, MC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V5L
If you are dealing with loss, relationship challenges, anxiety or depression, I know what that feels like. We can work together to help you live the life you want to live. I welcome folks of all backgrounds and identities. I bring a solution-focused, strengths-based approach to counselling. I also offer Walk and Talk therapy if you would prefer to get outside my office for a walk during our sessions.
If you are dealing with loss, relationship challenges, anxiety or depression, I know what that feels like. We can work together to help you live the life you want to live. I welcome folks of all backgrounds and identities. I bring a solution-focused, strengths-based approach to counselling. I also offer Walk and Talk therapy if you would prefer to get outside my office for a walk during our sessions.
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Photo of Miriam Balen, Registered Social Worker in Vancouver, BC
Miriam Balen
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V5Z
My name is Miriam Balen and I am a Registered Clinical Social Worker with a Master of Social Work degree. I provide counselling to people ages 13 through to adults of all ages. I have over 25 years experience helping individuals, couples, and families to cope with various concerns. I provide counselling to address: trauma, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, stress, relationship issues, parenting issues, life transitions, and adolescent issues. As a Registered Clinical Social Worker, I am accountable for my practice through adherence to the British Columbia College of Social Workers Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice.
My name is Miriam Balen and I am a Registered Clinical Social Worker with a Master of Social Work degree. I provide counselling to people ages 13 through to adults of all ages. I have over 25 years experience helping individuals, couples, and families to cope with various concerns. I provide counselling to address: trauma, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, stress, relationship issues, parenting issues, life transitions, and adolescent issues. As a Registered Clinical Social Worker, I am accountable for my practice through adherence to the British Columbia College of Social Workers Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice.
(705) 243-3839 View (705) 243-3839
Photo of Nicole Colleen Haworth, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Nicole Colleen Haworth
Counsellor, MC, RCC, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V5L  (Online Only)
My training is predominantly in Internal Family Systems, which focuses on compassionate relation with our parts. My experience both personally and professionally has been working with depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, suicidality, spiritual crises, and psychedelic integration. My focus in therapy is our relationship and your relationship with yourself and your life. I value radical acceptance and empathy, helping you to adopt these attitudes toward yourself. I believe that our whole self (e.g., thoughts, behaviours, feelings, somatic sensations) makes sense and is working adaptively to help us. Our system is wise, not broken.
My training is predominantly in Internal Family Systems, which focuses on compassionate relation with our parts. My experience both personally and professionally has been working with depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, suicidality, spiritual crises, and psychedelic integration. My focus in therapy is our relationship and your relationship with yourself and your life. I value radical acceptance and empathy, helping you to adopt these attitudes toward yourself. I believe that our whole self (e.g., thoughts, behaviours, feelings, somatic sensations) makes sense and is working adaptively to help us. Our system is wise, not broken.
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Photo of Catriona Remocker, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Catriona Remocker
Counsellor, MPH, PhD(c), RCC
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V6B  (Online Only)
I see a variety of clients, but primarily work with young adults ages 20-40 on the issues of this stage of life, including dating and relationships, marital challenges, defining career and developing future goals. I also work with parents with concerns about young adult children. I am able to help clients who are dealing with stress, depression, anxiety, substance use, illness, pain, career, sexual or financial challenges, or grief and loss. My goal is with each client is to help them understand and reframe problems, reduce anxiety and open up lines of communication. And, who knows? Maybe even to find a little humour in it all!
I see a variety of clients, but primarily work with young adults ages 20-40 on the issues of this stage of life, including dating and relationships, marital challenges, defining career and developing future goals. I also work with parents with concerns about young adult children. I am able to help clients who are dealing with stress, depression, anxiety, substance use, illness, pain, career, sexual or financial challenges, or grief and loss. My goal is with each client is to help them understand and reframe problems, reduce anxiety and open up lines of communication. And, who knows? Maybe even to find a little humour in it all!
(604) 262-0609 View (604) 262-0609
Photo of Ellie Dobreva, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Ellie Dobreva
Counsellor, RPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6B  (Online Only)
I specialize in helping people who struggle with anxiety, depression, stress, parenting, relationships and life transitions, infertility and pregnancy loss, relationship or marriage struggles. We, humans are born as WHOLE beings, we are worthy of love, we crave attachment, safety and connection. Sometimes we experience life events that may make us feel: stressed, angry, lonely, hurt, or unworthy of love. Having experienced trauma, loss and grief in my personal life, I know what it feels like to feel stuck, helpless, and worst of all, hopeless.
I specialize in helping people who struggle with anxiety, depression, stress, parenting, relationships and life transitions, infertility and pregnancy loss, relationship or marriage struggles. We, humans are born as WHOLE beings, we are worthy of love, we crave attachment, safety and connection. Sometimes we experience life events that may make us feel: stressed, angry, lonely, hurt, or unworthy of love. Having experienced trauma, loss and grief in my personal life, I know what it feels like to feel stuck, helpless, and worst of all, hopeless.
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Photo of Julia C. Webster, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Julia C. Webster
Counsellor, MCP, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6A  (Online Only)
Julia has worked with individuals experiencing eating disorders/disordered eating, body image challenges, anxiety, depression, self-harm, major life changes, grief, relationship difficulties, and more within the totality of life's experiences.
Julia’s work provides a unique approach to the therapy process. She weaves together Existential Psychotherapy, Depth Psychology, Emotion-Focused Therapy, mindfulness, movement in many forms, and ongoing training in energetic and nonverbal healing and communication. Individuals are often drawn to her work because of a felt sense that there must be something more, beyond constructs of the mind/body and the stories of struggle. Julia is passionate about supporting you in strengthening your connection to your own inner wisdom and healing capacity.
Julia has worked with individuals experiencing eating disorders/disordered eating, body image challenges, anxiety, depression, self-harm, major life changes, grief, relationship difficulties, and more within the totality of life's experiences.
Julia’s work provides a unique approach to the therapy process. She weaves together Existential Psychotherapy, Depth Psychology, Emotion-Focused Therapy, mindfulness, movement in many forms, and ongoing training in energetic and nonverbal healing and communication. Individuals are often drawn to her work because of a felt sense that there must be something more, beyond constructs of the mind/body and the stories of struggle. Julia is passionate about supporting you in strengthening your connection to your own inner wisdom and healing capacity.
(587) 355-3170 View (587) 355-3170
Photo of Sheldon Lewkis, Psychologist in Vancouver, BC
Sheldon Lewkis
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych, BCN
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V6R
I work as a neuropsychologist (BC and WA state licensed) providing neurofeedback (LORETA and LENS), EEG, heart rate variability biofeedback, biophotomodulation, diagnosis, assessment, and other related services. Treatment and assessment are provided directly by me without the use of assistants/technicians. I have over 20 years of experience in the provision of neurofeedback and EEG as well as medical-legal expert witness diagnosis and assessment. Conditions treated include: PTSD, chronic pain, mild/moderate brain injury, depression, learning problems, addiction, anxiety, OCD, ADHD, and accelerated cognitive loss with aging.
I work as a neuropsychologist (BC and WA state licensed) providing neurofeedback (LORETA and LENS), EEG, heart rate variability biofeedback, biophotomodulation, diagnosis, assessment, and other related services. Treatment and assessment are provided directly by me without the use of assistants/technicians. I have over 20 years of experience in the provision of neurofeedback and EEG as well as medical-legal expert witness diagnosis and assessment. Conditions treated include: PTSD, chronic pain, mild/moderate brain injury, depression, learning problems, addiction, anxiety, OCD, ADHD, and accelerated cognitive loss with aging.
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Photo of Marwan Noueihed, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Marwan Noueihed
Counsellor, MCP, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6C
Not good enough. Not lovable enough. Helpless. Hopeless. Do you feel bullied by thoughts like these day in and day out? The sad fact is negative thoughts can stay with you long after abuse and neglect have passed. And they can be even more powerful when they gang up on you with your body, so you feel depressed and anxious. This can leave you struggling with an altered sense of yourself and the world.
Not good enough. Not lovable enough. Helpless. Hopeless. Do you feel bullied by thoughts like these day in and day out? The sad fact is negative thoughts can stay with you long after abuse and neglect have passed. And they can be even more powerful when they gang up on you with your body, so you feel depressed and anxious. This can leave you struggling with an altered sense of yourself and the world.
(450) 499-1388 View (450) 499-1388
Photo of Lance Lindblom, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Lance Lindblom
Counsellor, RCC, MACP
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V5L
We all need support sometimes. Mental health counselling can be a therapeutic outlet to process difficult emotions, to reconnect with what brings fulfilment to our lives, and to shift our perspective towards self-compassion and kindness towards ourselves. I am excited to connect with individuals and couples seeking counselling services and aim to be adaptive to the needs of all those I work to support. My experience in providing mental health services focuses around managing anxiety and stress, supporting couples in building their connection together, exploring difficulties with depression and mood concerns, and supporting clients
We all need support sometimes. Mental health counselling can be a therapeutic outlet to process difficult emotions, to reconnect with what brings fulfilment to our lives, and to shift our perspective towards self-compassion and kindness towards ourselves. I am excited to connect with individuals and couples seeking counselling services and aim to be adaptive to the needs of all those I work to support. My experience in providing mental health services focuses around managing anxiety and stress, supporting couples in building their connection together, exploring difficulties with depression and mood concerns, and supporting clients
(819) 303-7595 View (819) 303-7595
Photo of Judy R. Zhu, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Judy R. Zhu
Counsellor, MEd, Dr, TCM, RCC
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V6J
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, chronic health issues and feeling stressed out? Are you experiencing life-transition and relationship issues, and feeling lost about which direction to go? I am a registered clinical counsellor and also a registered Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine. For over 10 years I have been helping people like you to heal, to handle life's challenges better. I use practical and effective approach to empower you to connect to your inner wisdom and strength. With authentic presence, compassion and perspective, I guide you to your valued path, to move toward a healthier and more fulfilling life.
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, chronic health issues and feeling stressed out? Are you experiencing life-transition and relationship issues, and feeling lost about which direction to go? I am a registered clinical counsellor and also a registered Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine. For over 10 years I have been helping people like you to heal, to handle life's challenges better. I use practical and effective approach to empower you to connect to your inner wisdom and strength. With authentic presence, compassion and perspective, I guide you to your valued path, to move toward a healthier and more fulfilling life.
(604) 706-1602 View (604) 706-1602
Photo of Shivani Wells-Shaw Clinical Counselling , Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Shivani Wells-Shaw Clinical Counselling
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6B
Shivani Wells-Shaw Clinical Counselling is a team of highly skilled and compassionate therapists offering online and in-person appointments in Downtown Vancouver. We specialize in treating trauma-related symptoms and mood disorders with a focus on EMDR therapy. If you're experiencing anxiety, panic, depression, dissociation, chronic pain, flashbacks, or other trauma-related symptoms, we're here to help! We believe symptoms are your brain and body's attempt to survive, and cope. Together we will discover the source of your issues and treat your symptoms at their roots. We can't change the past, but together we can repair it!
Shivani Wells-Shaw Clinical Counselling is a team of highly skilled and compassionate therapists offering online and in-person appointments in Downtown Vancouver. We specialize in treating trauma-related symptoms and mood disorders with a focus on EMDR therapy. If you're experiencing anxiety, panic, depression, dissociation, chronic pain, flashbacks, or other trauma-related symptoms, we're here to help! We believe symptoms are your brain and body's attempt to survive, and cope. Together we will discover the source of your issues and treat your symptoms at their roots. We can't change the past, but together we can repair it!
(604) 227-6354 View (604) 227-6354
Photo of Emma Smith, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Emma Smith
Counsellor, MACP, RCC
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V6J
As a Registered Clinical Counsellor (12739) with the BC Association of Clinical Counsellors, I offer individual counselling in Vancouver for youth and adults. If you are seeking counselling for anxiety, relationships, boundaries, depression, life and cultural transitions, or personal growth, I can help. Together we can improve your relationships, find clarity around the impact of life experiences, find freedom from shame, self-blame, and worry, and explore helpful tools for navigating life's challenges.
As a Registered Clinical Counsellor (12739) with the BC Association of Clinical Counsellors, I offer individual counselling in Vancouver for youth and adults. If you are seeking counselling for anxiety, relationships, boundaries, depression, life and cultural transitions, or personal growth, I can help. Together we can improve your relationships, find clarity around the impact of life experiences, find freedom from shame, self-blame, and worry, and explore helpful tools for navigating life's challenges.
(778) 770-1219 View (778) 770-1219
Photo of Healing Solutions Professional Counselling Svcs, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Healing Solutions Professional Counselling Svcs
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V6Z
Waitlist for new clients
Janel Ball, MA, RCC is a Registered Clinical Counsellor and has been in private practice, Healing Solutions Professional Counselling Services, since 2004. If you are a man struggling with problems such as anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem, Janel may be the help you are looking for. Other issues that Janel can help with include addictions, relationships, and trauma (such as childhood abuse). Janel specializes in EMDR Therapy and has helped her clients improve their lives by increasing confidence levels, teaching strategies for managing emotional problems, developing healthier relationships, and healing past wounds.
Janel Ball, MA, RCC is a Registered Clinical Counsellor and has been in private practice, Healing Solutions Professional Counselling Services, since 2004. If you are a man struggling with problems such as anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem, Janel may be the help you are looking for. Other issues that Janel can help with include addictions, relationships, and trauma (such as childhood abuse). Janel specializes in EMDR Therapy and has helped her clients improve their lives by increasing confidence levels, teaching strategies for managing emotional problems, developing healthier relationships, and healing past wounds.
(855) 982-1236 View (855) 982-1236
Photo of The Angle Counselling, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
The Angle Counselling
Counsellor, RCC, MCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V5K  (Online Only)
I help clients find their way through various challenges including anxiety, depression and the general demands of life.
I create a warm and non-judgmental space from which clients can express their feelings or share their challenges. My goal is to have clients feel heard and supported regardless of the issues they are dealing with.
I help clients find their way through various challenges including anxiety, depression and the general demands of life.
I create a warm and non-judgmental space from which clients can express their feelings or share their challenges. My goal is to have clients feel heard and supported regardless of the issues they are dealing with.
(236) 302-3749 View (236) 302-3749
Photo of Wayne Richard Dykstra, Counsellor in Vancouver, BC
Wayne Richard Dykstra
Counsellor, PhD, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V5K  (Online Only)
Counseling is, thankfully, no longer considered something reserved for individuals with severe mental health concerns. Today we are increasingly comfortable admitting many would benefit from dedicated space where our personal concerns, challenges, and goals can be carefully tended to. My clients learn quickly that therapy is about dialogue and consistent attention to their sadness, depression, anxiety, worries, and difficulties in different spheres of their lives (relationships, parenting, work, money, environment, to name a few). Clients often seek a deeper sense of purpose and engagement, therapy can help achieve this.
Counseling is, thankfully, no longer considered something reserved for individuals with severe mental health concerns. Today we are increasingly comfortable admitting many would benefit from dedicated space where our personal concerns, challenges, and goals can be carefully tended to. My clients learn quickly that therapy is about dialogue and consistent attention to their sadness, depression, anxiety, worries, and difficulties in different spheres of their lives (relationships, parenting, work, money, environment, to name a few). Clients often seek a deeper sense of purpose and engagement, therapy can help achieve this.
(579) 400-2825 View (579) 400-2825

See more therapy options for Vancouver

Depression Counsellors

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognise and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioural activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.