Intervention Therapists in North Vancouver, BC

Photo of Christian Maile, Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Christian Maile
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Online Only
I am a Registered Psychologist (R.Psych.) and work with adults who are struggling with issues related to anxiety, worry/rumination, depression, anger, and stress. I work primarily from a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) approach, and strive to develop a collaborative relationship to help clients address difficulties that are negatively impacting the quality of their lives. I pride myself on providing a safe, warm, non-judgmental, and inclusive environment for the clients I work with. I realize it can be difficult to reach out for help, or even to know where to start. Free free to visit my website (www.drcmailepsych.ca).
I am a Registered Psychologist (R.Psych.) and work with adults who are struggling with issues related to anxiety, worry/rumination, depression, anger, and stress. I work primarily from a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) approach, and strive to develop a collaborative relationship to help clients address difficulties that are negatively impacting the quality of their lives. I pride myself on providing a safe, warm, non-judgmental, and inclusive environment for the clients I work with. I realize it can be difficult to reach out for help, or even to know where to start. Free free to visit my website (www.drcmailepsych.ca).
(613) 707-7367 View (613) 707-7367
Photo of Heather Bach - Bach Counselling Group, Counsellor, MA, CCC
Bach Counselling Group
Counsellor, MA, CCC
For over 25 years, Bach Counselling Group brings an expertise to working with those who wish to make a positive change in relationships, intimacy, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, ADHD, parenting and eating disorders. We work with individuals and couples who are dealing with issues that may adversely affect their relationships. We strive to bring you to achieving your goals. Therapy is short term, cost effective and change oriented. Bach Counselling Group adheres to the ethics and standards set out by the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association.
For over 25 years, Bach Counselling Group brings an expertise to working with those who wish to make a positive change in relationships, intimacy, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, ADHD, parenting and eating disorders. We work with individuals and couples who are dealing with issues that may adversely affect their relationships. We strive to bring you to achieving your goals. Therapy is short term, cost effective and change oriented. Bach Counselling Group adheres to the ethics and standards set out by the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association.
(604) 670-4906 View (604) 670-4906
Photo of Maryam Mills, Counsellor, MA, RCC, BCN, CCC, ACS
Maryam Mills
Counsellor, MA, RCC, BCN, CCC, ACS
1 Endorsed
Led by Clinic Director Maryam Mills who is a Registered Clinical Counsellor, holds a Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology, and is Board Certified in Neurofeedback by BCIA, the team at MasterMind Brain Optimization Centres offers cutting edge Neurofeedback Therapy along with Psychological Counselling Therapy Services drawing on certification in many modalities including: EMDR, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sensorimotor, Mindfulness, and Hypnosis Techniques. We help clients dealing with ADD, ADHD, autism, grief, trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, personality disorders, sleep disorders (insomnia), memory challenges and addiction.
Led by Clinic Director Maryam Mills who is a Registered Clinical Counsellor, holds a Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology, and is Board Certified in Neurofeedback by BCIA, the team at MasterMind Brain Optimization Centres offers cutting edge Neurofeedback Therapy along with Psychological Counselling Therapy Services drawing on certification in many modalities including: EMDR, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sensorimotor, Mindfulness, and Hypnosis Techniques. We help clients dealing with ADD, ADHD, autism, grief, trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, personality disorders, sleep disorders (insomnia), memory challenges and addiction.
(778) 401-9534 View (778) 401-9534
Photo of Sharon Jackson, Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, ICADC, CIP, CCAC
Sharon Jackson
Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, ICADC, CIP, CCAC
4 Endorsed
CIP Certified Intervention Professional.
A warm welcome to you! I'm here to assist you with questions about your own substance or behavioral addiction or your concerns about a partner, friend or relative. I provide trauma-informed counselling, education, assessment, outpatient treatment, inpatient aftercare, referral and consultation. I hold multiple credentials as a Certified Addiction Specialist, with mandated on-going study in the field. I am happy to increase understanding about your situation, see if we're a good fit or provide resources and appropriate referrals to get you the help you need, free of charge, with a 'meet up' consult.
CIP Certified Intervention Professional.
A warm welcome to you! I'm here to assist you with questions about your own substance or behavioral addiction or your concerns about a partner, friend or relative. I provide trauma-informed counselling, education, assessment, outpatient treatment, inpatient aftercare, referral and consultation. I hold multiple credentials as a Certified Addiction Specialist, with mandated on-going study in the field. I am happy to increase understanding about your situation, see if we're a good fit or provide resources and appropriate referrals to get you the help you need, free of charge, with a 'meet up' consult.
(855) 982-1256 View (855) 982-1256
Photo of Andy Resham Bhatti - Andy Bhatti Interventions & Addiction Services, Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, CCAC
Andy Bhatti Interventions & Addiction Services
Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, CCAC
Serves Area
Andy believes it's important for addicts to know during the intervention that he is in recovery.
Andy Bhatti is a Vancouver drug and alcohol interventionists. Andy works with families that have loved ones stuck in alcoholism or addiction. Andy has facilitated drug and alcohol interventions all over Vancouver, Surrey and Langley. Andy provides addiction treatment referrals for clients seeking alcohol or drug treatment. Andy works with public and private drug and alcohol treatment centres in Vancouver, Surrey , Langley and British Columbia. Andy Bhatti interventions out patient addiction treatment program allows clients to complete written exercises, stay clean and still be able to work. Call today for your free consultation.
Andy believes it's important for addicts to know during the intervention that he is in recovery.
Andy Bhatti is a Vancouver drug and alcohol interventionists. Andy works with families that have loved ones stuck in alcoholism or addiction. Andy has facilitated drug and alcohol interventions all over Vancouver, Surrey and Langley. Andy provides addiction treatment referrals for clients seeking alcohol or drug treatment. Andy works with public and private drug and alcohol treatment centres in Vancouver, Surrey , Langley and British Columbia. Andy Bhatti interventions out patient addiction treatment program allows clients to complete written exercises, stay clean and still be able to work. Call today for your free consultation.
(604) 670-7936 View (604) 670-7936
Photo of Amanda Dewar - Strength Counselling Services, Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(778) 764-1132 View (778) 764-1132
Photo of Patricia Mary Pike LAADC - Patti Pike Certified Interventionist/ Counselling , Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, LAADC, ICAADC, CADC-II, CCIP, NAID
Patti Pike Certified Interventionist/ Counselling
Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, LAADC, ICAADC, CADC-II, CCIP, NAID
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Additionally, she is a Canada Certified Intervention Professional (CCIP).
Patricia M. Pike, CEO of Interventions Canada, is a seasoned professional with a wealth of experience in behavioral health treatment, focusing on substance abuse disorders, complex mental health conditions, and family services. Her areas of expertise encompass handling intricate cases of substance abuse and addiction, addressing mental health issues, providing family services, and engaging with various demographics. Her commitment to this field is deeply personal, having been in long-term recovery herself, which gives her insight into the nature of untreated addiction and the recovery process.
Additionally, she is a Canada Certified Intervention Professional (CCIP).
Patricia M. Pike, CEO of Interventions Canada, is a seasoned professional with a wealth of experience in behavioral health treatment, focusing on substance abuse disorders, complex mental health conditions, and family services. Her areas of expertise encompass handling intricate cases of substance abuse and addiction, addressing mental health issues, providing family services, and engaging with various demographics. Her commitment to this field is deeply personal, having been in long-term recovery herself, which gives her insight into the nature of untreated addiction and the recovery process.
(343) 321-2218 View (343) 321-2218
Photo of Dr. Negin Motamed Yeganeh, Counsellor, PhD, RCC
Dr. Negin Motamed Yeganeh
Counsellor, PhD, RCC
Serves Area
Negin is a Registered Clinical Counsellor (RCC) dedicated to helping families bloom. She earned her Ph.D. in Child Psychology from the University of Tehran in 2019 and furthered her education as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Negin began her career at the Atieh Neuroscience Clinic in Tehran in 2012, and since then, she has positively impacted the lives of countless families, offering compassionate support and guidance as they navigate the challenges of raising children. Her work is fueled by a genuine desire to see every child flourish and every family find harmony.
Negin is a Registered Clinical Counsellor (RCC) dedicated to helping families bloom. She earned her Ph.D. in Child Psychology from the University of Tehran in 2019 and furthered her education as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Negin began her career at the Atieh Neuroscience Clinic in Tehran in 2012, and since then, she has positively impacted the lives of countless families, offering compassionate support and guidance as they navigate the challenges of raising children. Her work is fueled by a genuine desire to see every child flourish and every family find harmony.
(587) 856-5236 View (587) 856-5236
Photo of Reza Roodi - Reza Roodi Counselling & Consulting, Counsellor, MSc, RCC, GMBPsS
Reza Roodi Counselling & Consulting
Counsellor, MSc, RCC, GMBPsS
Serves Area
As a Registered Clinical Counsellor/Psychotherapist with 25 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families, I use a client-centred, integrative approach to address the therapeutic goals of clients. No one should be defined by their diagnoses, and rather than placing emphasis on what is not working, I collaborate with clients to determine what actions can be taken to improve on their circumstances. All individuals exist along their own continuum of mental health, and with adequate supports and a focus on holistic well-being, every client can be nurtured towards growth and a healthier sense of self.
As a Registered Clinical Counsellor/Psychotherapist with 25 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families, I use a client-centred, integrative approach to address the therapeutic goals of clients. No one should be defined by their diagnoses, and rather than placing emphasis on what is not working, I collaborate with clients to determine what actions can be taken to improve on their circumstances. All individuals exist along their own continuum of mental health, and with adequate supports and a focus on holistic well-being, every client can be nurtured towards growth and a healthier sense of self.
(604) 200-8346 View (604) 200-8346
Photo of Yegi Nasseri, Counsellor, RCC, MA
Yegi Nasseri
Counsellor, RCC, MA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
There are times in life when coping on your own is no longer enough. You might feel overwhelmed, emotionally fatigued, or not quite like yourself, even though you continue to meet the demands of daily life. Or maybe you’re a parent, watching your teen pull away — overwhelmed, anxious, angry, or shutting down — and you’re not sure how to support them. Hi I’m Yegi, a Registered Clinical Counsellor and founder of InnerPeace Counselling & Neurofeedback. I work with individuals, youth, families and first responders stuck in survival mode and are ready to understand themselves on a deeper level.
There are times in life when coping on your own is no longer enough. You might feel overwhelmed, emotionally fatigued, or not quite like yourself, even though you continue to meet the demands of daily life. Or maybe you’re a parent, watching your teen pull away — overwhelmed, anxious, angry, or shutting down — and you’re not sure how to support them. Hi I’m Yegi, a Registered Clinical Counsellor and founder of InnerPeace Counselling & Neurofeedback. I work with individuals, youth, families and first responders stuck in survival mode and are ready to understand themselves on a deeper level.
(604) 265-6998 View (604) 265-6998
Photo of Paul Golbabai, Counsellor, MCP, MA, RCC
Paul Golbabai
Counsellor, MCP, MA, RCC
Serves Area
I am a Trauma Informed Registered Clinical Counsellor. I have spent my career serving & supporting a diverse populations of youth, adults and families in government, community non-profit & private practice. When working with you, I strive to build a genuine and therapeutic relationship which fosters a safe environment for exploration, learning, healing and empowerment. I have a full-time private practice with very limited availability, currently accepting clients on a case by case basis.
I am a Trauma Informed Registered Clinical Counsellor. I have spent my career serving & supporting a diverse populations of youth, adults and families in government, community non-profit & private practice. When working with you, I strive to build a genuine and therapeutic relationship which fosters a safe environment for exploration, learning, healing and empowerment. I have a full-time private practice with very limited availability, currently accepting clients on a case by case basis.
(579) 400-2914 View (579) 400-2914
Photo of Kristie De Jong - Phoenix Soars Counselling Inc., Counsellor, RCC, CCC, CFRC
Phoenix Soars Counselling Inc.
Counsellor, RCC, CCC, CFRC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Trauma does not always present as a single event or clear memory. It can appear as anxiety, grief, dissociation, relationship patterns, shutdown, or a life that looks functional while still feeling difficult to live inside. I primarily work with adults whose symptoms often point to something deeper than what is immediately visible. My role is to help clients process what has been carried emotionally, psychologically, and relationally so relief and meaningful change become possible.
Trauma does not always present as a single event or clear memory. It can appear as anxiety, grief, dissociation, relationship patterns, shutdown, or a life that looks functional while still feeling difficult to live inside. I primarily work with adults whose symptoms often point to something deeper than what is immediately visible. My role is to help clients process what has been carried emotionally, psychologically, and relationally so relief and meaningful change become possible.
(877) 243-1657 View (877) 243-1657
Photo of Ellahae Keshmiri, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Ellahae Keshmiri
Counsellor, MA, RCC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have years of experience working with clients dealing with severe mental health issues, trained in suicide/crisis/self-harm behaviour assessment, intervention and treatment.
I meet you where you are at, and work collaboratively with you to reach your goals. I use a combination of modalities (such as CBT,CBTI,IFS,ERP, mindfulness) which I tailor to individual needs, as not one size fits all. I take an attachment and emotion focused lens to therapy. I am a certified EMDR therapist & offer EMDR & IFS Integrated Intensives.
I have years of experience working with clients dealing with severe mental health issues, trained in suicide/crisis/self-harm behaviour assessment, intervention and treatment.
I meet you where you are at, and work collaboratively with you to reach your goals. I use a combination of modalities (such as CBT,CBTI,IFS,ERP, mindfulness) which I tailor to individual needs, as not one size fits all. I take an attachment and emotion focused lens to therapy. I am a certified EMDR therapist & offer EMDR & IFS Integrated Intensives.
(819) 272-4734 View (819) 272-4734
Photo of Noel Tait, Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, CCAC, BA
Noel Tait
Drug & Alcohol Counsellor, CCAC, BA
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Are drugs and alcohol interfering with your life? Thinking about making some changes but now sure where to start? Are you concerned about a loved one and need some guidance and support? Call me - I can help. Together we can discover choice, find hope, and create a road map for what to do next. Compassion, understanding and empowerment have been central to my own journey of recovery and are at the heart of my approach. I'm a Nationally Certified Addictions Counsellor and have been involved in all facets of Addiction Recovery for over 15 years.
Are drugs and alcohol interfering with your life? Thinking about making some changes but now sure where to start? Are you concerned about a loved one and need some guidance and support? Call me - I can help. Together we can discover choice, find hope, and create a road map for what to do next. Compassion, understanding and empowerment have been central to my own journey of recovery and are at the heart of my approach. I'm a Nationally Certified Addictions Counsellor and have been involved in all facets of Addiction Recovery for over 15 years.
(778) 400-1387 View (778) 400-1387

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Trautman Chan, Registered Social Worker, MSW, MSc, MSSc, RCC, CCC
Trautman Chan
Registered Social Worker, MSW, MSc, MSSc, RCC, CCC
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Feeling stuck? Anxiety, stress, or self-doubt can make it difficult to move forward. Negative thoughts and emotional struggles may affect your sleep, relationships, work, and daily life. Whether you are facing a life transition, relationship difficulties, addiction concerns, or mental health challenges, you do not have to face them alone. Counselling can offer a safe and supportive space to understand what you are going through, develop practical coping skills, and begin moving toward greater clarity and emotional stability.
Feeling stuck? Anxiety, stress, or self-doubt can make it difficult to move forward. Negative thoughts and emotional struggles may affect your sleep, relationships, work, and daily life. Whether you are facing a life transition, relationship difficulties, addiction concerns, or mental health challenges, you do not have to face them alone. Counselling can offer a safe and supportive space to understand what you are going through, develop practical coping skills, and begin moving toward greater clarity and emotional stability.
(365) 536-0683 View (365) 536-0683
Photo of Lisa Moore - Crossroads Collective, Counsellor, MA, RCC, CCC
Crossroads Collective
Counsellor, MA, RCC, CCC
Langley, BC V3A
Crossroads Collective is focused on healing individuals from a collective viewpoint. Our health care clinic offers a wide variety of services that clients can use simultaneously. When you come to our Crossroads Collective we aim to help you heal your body and your mind, whether it be by choosing to use our Counselling, Massage Therapy or Acupuncture services. We Can Help. Crossroads Collective Clinic’s vision is to be able to offer multiple therapeutic services at one location. Our goal is to look at the client from a client-centered approach and have multiple therapists working to create a recovery plan for our clients.
Crossroads Collective is focused on healing individuals from a collective viewpoint. Our health care clinic offers a wide variety of services that clients can use simultaneously. When you come to our Crossroads Collective we aim to help you heal your body and your mind, whether it be by choosing to use our Counselling, Massage Therapy or Acupuncture services. We Can Help. Crossroads Collective Clinic’s vision is to be able to offer multiple therapeutic services at one location. Our goal is to look at the client from a client-centered approach and have multiple therapists working to create a recovery plan for our clients.
(604) 532-5340 View (604) 532-5340
Photo of Corinne Palatchi, Registered Social Worker, MA, MSW, RSW
Corinne Palatchi
Registered Social Worker, MA, MSW, RSW
Online Only
I work with individuals and couples who are managing a great deal on the outside—careers, relationships, responsibilities—while internally feeling overwhelmed, uncertain, or alone. Many are navigating infertility, IVF, or pregnancy loss, as well as anxiety, burnout, or relationship strain. I also support expats and those relocating to Mexico who are adjusting to life between cultures, often without familiar support systems. With over 30 years of clinical experience, I help clients make sense of complex emotional experiences and move forward with greater clarity and stability.
I work with individuals and couples who are managing a great deal on the outside—careers, relationships, responsibilities—while internally feeling overwhelmed, uncertain, or alone. Many are navigating infertility, IVF, or pregnancy loss, as well as anxiety, burnout, or relationship strain. I also support expats and those relocating to Mexico who are adjusting to life between cultures, often without familiar support systems. With over 30 years of clinical experience, I help clients make sense of complex emotional experiences and move forward with greater clarity and stability.
(249) 468-0322 View (249) 468-0322
Photo of Jessica Kalia, Counsellor, RCC, MC, BA
Jessica Kalia
Counsellor, RCC, MC, BA
Burnaby, BC V3N
Counselling offers an opportunity for insight, growth and change. It can be a source of support and hope in times of difficulty or crisis. I believe in having a client- centered and strength based approach as well. I work with families, children, individuals and couples. My specializations include: suicide prevention and assessment, depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship concerns, parenting, grief, and ADHD. As each client is different and unique, I use an approach that works best for you. In my practice, I integrates techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy, narrative therapy, emotion focused therapy and solution focused therapy.
Counselling offers an opportunity for insight, growth and change. It can be a source of support and hope in times of difficulty or crisis. I believe in having a client- centered and strength based approach as well. I work with families, children, individuals and couples. My specializations include: suicide prevention and assessment, depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship concerns, parenting, grief, and ADHD. As each client is different and unique, I use an approach that works best for you. In my practice, I integrates techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy, narrative therapy, emotion focused therapy and solution focused therapy.
(604) 265-9791 View (604) 265-9791
Photo of Jungeun Yu, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Jungeun Yu
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Langley, BC V1M
Waitlist for new clients
한국어 설명은 위 "한국어" 를 클릭하세요. From birth to death, we constantly move between the spectrum of stability and fragility. No one’s always firm, and no one’s always vulnerable. No one’s entirely powerless or one hundred percent stoic in the face of challenging circumstances. Counselling cannot immediately alter the external factors of your situation, but it can encourage a better response from you. I wish, through counselling, you will find opportunities for growth and change.
한국어 설명은 위 "한국어" 를 클릭하세요. From birth to death, we constantly move between the spectrum of stability and fragility. No one’s always firm, and no one’s always vulnerable. No one’s entirely powerless or one hundred percent stoic in the face of challenging circumstances. Counselling cannot immediately alter the external factors of your situation, but it can encourage a better response from you. I wish, through counselling, you will find opportunities for growth and change.
(236) 309-3541 View (236) 309-3541
Photo of Heather Wesselo, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP-PHC, ADHD-SP, MScN
Heather Wesselo
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP-PHC, ADHD-SP, MScN
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting ADHD and Mental Health Assessment/Diagnosis & Medication Management Patients Now - Wondering if ADHD may be contributing to challenges with focus, organization, procrastination, emotional regulation, or burnout? I provide comprehensive assessments across Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. My approach is thorough, collaborative, and neuroaffirming, helping clients gain clarity, understand their strengths, and identify practical next steps. Whether you've suspected ADHD for years or are just beginning to explore the possibility, I aim to make the assessment process supportive, informative, and empowering.
Accepting ADHD and Mental Health Assessment/Diagnosis & Medication Management Patients Now - Wondering if ADHD may be contributing to challenges with focus, organization, procrastination, emotional regulation, or burnout? I provide comprehensive assessments across Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. My approach is thorough, collaborative, and neuroaffirming, helping clients gain clarity, understand their strengths, and identify practical next steps. Whether you've suspected ADHD for years or are just beginning to explore the possibility, I aim to make the assessment process supportive, informative, and empowering.
(365) 544-9574 View (365) 544-9574

See more therapy options for North Vancouver

Intervention Counsellors
How does an intervention work?
An intervention is a planned, structured meeting in which a person’s family or friends voice concerns about the person’s behaviour and its consequences; the goal is for the person to accept treatment. In this meeting, the person’s loved ones (often with the guidance of a trained interventionist) share how the person’s behaviour has harmed them and the consequences if the person refuses treatment. They collectively ask the person to accept a proposed treatment plan.

How effective are interventions?
There isn’t extensive research on the efficacy of interventions, in part because success is difficult to measure. Individuals often enter addiction treatment after an intervention, for example, but treatment itself may not work, especially if the person only begins due to external pressure from others rather than due to internal motivation to change. However, if all other attempts at helping someone have failed, an intervention may be worth exploring.

What are the limitations of interventions?
While a friend or family member’s intentions are in the right place in wanting to help a loved one through an intervention, there are significant limitations to the approach. The surprising nature of the event can make the person feel ambushed or judged. They may feel embarrassed or ashamed as a result, and relationships may be strained or broken. This can make it difficult for the individual to be receptive to the concerns of their loved ones and the interventionist.

Are there alternatives to interventions?
Rather than confronting a loved one through an intervention, an effective and less pressured approach is to create space for a caring, open, one-on-one conversation. This works best if the loved one asks open-ended questions, listens attentively to the answers, and frames their observations and statements with concern rather than judgment. More than one conversation may be needed, but change can take root over time.