Therapists in Halfmoon Bay, BC

Photo of Neora S Snitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Neora S Snitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
1 Endorsed
Halfmoon Bay, BC V0N
On the outside, you may look like you’re holding it together—functioning, caring for others, getting through your days. But inside, you feel exhausted, anxious, overwhelmed, or disconnected from yourself. I work with trauma survivors, therapists, healthcare professionals, and people recovering from burnout who often feel this way, especially when years of therapy, insight, or personal work haven’t fully shifted the deeper sense of being stuck.
On the outside, you may look like you’re holding it together—functioning, caring for others, getting through your days. But inside, you feel exhausted, anxious, overwhelmed, or disconnected from yourself. I work with trauma survivors, therapists, healthcare professionals, and people recovering from burnout who often feel this way, especially when years of therapy, insight, or personal work haven’t fully shifted the deeper sense of being stuck.
(778) 784-7192 View (778) 784-7192
Photo of Christine Semenuk, Counsellor, RCC, MS, PPS
Christine Semenuk
Counsellor, RCC, MS, PPS
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Do you seem like you have it all together, but inside you're constantly overthinking, second-guessing yourself, or feeling like you can never quite do enough? Maybe you're an athlete striving for peak performance, someone who's always been the dependable one, or you're navigating a life that doesn't fit society's expectations. Whatever brings you here, you don't have to figure it out alone. Whether you're feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, struggling with self-criticism, recovering from a setback or simply feeling stuck, we'll work together to identify what's getting in the way and build the confidence and flexibility to move forward.
Do you seem like you have it all together, but inside you're constantly overthinking, second-guessing yourself, or feeling like you can never quite do enough? Maybe you're an athlete striving for peak performance, someone who's always been the dependable one, or you're navigating a life that doesn't fit society's expectations. Whatever brings you here, you don't have to figure it out alone. Whether you're feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, struggling with self-criticism, recovering from a setback or simply feeling stuck, we'll work together to identify what's getting in the way and build the confidence and flexibility to move forward.
(365) 517-0819 View (365) 517-0819
Photo of Laura Louise Barnes, Art Therapist, BEd, DVATI, MC, RCC
Laura Louise Barnes
Art Therapist, BEd, DVATI, MC, RCC
Serves Area
Laura provides her clients the opportunity to explore personal problems and potentials, resolve conflicts, and facilitate self awareness and understanding. Laura’s view of healing is holistic, paying attention to not only what is said but how the body responds. Through a mindfulness based approach, Laura creates space and opportunity for clients to explore and connect to their inner needs while providing a safe space for these needs to be expressed. This approach allows mind/body integration. Through this process, clients begin to experience clarity, balance and rest.
Laura provides her clients the opportunity to explore personal problems and potentials, resolve conflicts, and facilitate self awareness and understanding. Laura’s view of healing is holistic, paying attention to not only what is said but how the body responds. Through a mindfulness based approach, Laura creates space and opportunity for clients to explore and connect to their inner needs while providing a safe space for these needs to be expressed. This approach allows mind/body integration. Through this process, clients begin to experience clarity, balance and rest.
(778) 400-6762 View (778) 400-6762
Photo of Geoffrey Kenneth Argue, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW, BEd
Geoffrey Kenneth Argue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW, BEd
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
My name is Geoff and I received my Masters of Social Work degree from the University of British Columbia as well as my Bachelors of Education degree. Since 2009 I have been working in the mental health and addictions field as well as the public and private school systems. As both a fully licensed Social Worker and Teacher, I have spent the majority of my practice working with youth and Young adults and helping them overcome a variety of issues related to their mental health. I have significant experience working with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, substance misuse, stress (school/career/interpersonal) and psychosis.
My name is Geoff and I received my Masters of Social Work degree from the University of British Columbia as well as my Bachelors of Education degree. Since 2009 I have been working in the mental health and addictions field as well as the public and private school systems. As both a fully licensed Social Worker and Teacher, I have spent the majority of my practice working with youth and Young adults and helping them overcome a variety of issues related to their mental health. I have significant experience working with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, substance misuse, stress (school/career/interpersonal) and psychosis.
(450) 804-4314 View (450) 804-4314

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Craig Wanless - Benchmark Counselling Group, Counsellor, MTC, RCS, CT
Benchmark Counselling Group
Counsellor, MTC, RCS, CT
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Located in North Vancouver and Online. Benchmark Counselling Group is the passionate creation of dedicated registered therapeutic counsellors. We have spent well over a decade helping people develop new skills and learn about themselves in an environment that is safe, caring and challenging. We are committed to supporting individuals, families, teens and couples to live more fulfilling lives! We are client-centered counselling therapists who take an integrative and holistic approach to anxiety, stress, parenting issues, grief and loss, couples issues, anger, and trauma.
Located in North Vancouver and Online. Benchmark Counselling Group is the passionate creation of dedicated registered therapeutic counsellors. We have spent well over a decade helping people develop new skills and learn about themselves in an environment that is safe, caring and challenging. We are committed to supporting individuals, families, teens and couples to live more fulfilling lives! We are client-centered counselling therapists who take an integrative and holistic approach to anxiety, stress, parenting issues, grief and loss, couples issues, anger, and trauma.
(825) 450-0948 View (825) 450-0948
Photo of Danielle Buchanan, Counsellor, MCP, RCC
Danielle Buchanan
Counsellor, MCP, RCC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a Registered Clinical Counselor as well as a Certified Life Coach. The therapeutic approaches I use are dependent on your unique needs. If you have landed here, chances are you haven't been feeling quite like yourself. Whether you have lost a loved one, your career, a significant relationship or even your sense of self, you have come to the right place.
I am a Registered Clinical Counselor as well as a Certified Life Coach. The therapeutic approaches I use are dependent on your unique needs. If you have landed here, chances are you haven't been feeling quite like yourself. Whether you have lost a loved one, your career, a significant relationship or even your sense of self, you have come to the right place.
(604) 245-5618 View (604) 245-5618
Photo of Saer Davidson, Counsellor, MA, CCC
Saer Davidson
Counsellor, MA, CCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As a nonbinary, queer, neurodivergent therapist, it is my aim to facilitate a compassionate, nonjudgmental space in which you can experience safety and connectedness. Drawing from a foundation in expressive arts therapy, my approach is client-centred, psychodynamic, neuro-informed, and trauma-informed. As a creative arts therapist, I weave in creative and non-verbal processes with evidence-based therapy interventions to help deepen your self-reflective and expressive capacities. Our work together will honour the validity of your lived experience while fortifying you with more skills and tools to continue your healing journey.
As a nonbinary, queer, neurodivergent therapist, it is my aim to facilitate a compassionate, nonjudgmental space in which you can experience safety and connectedness. Drawing from a foundation in expressive arts therapy, my approach is client-centred, psychodynamic, neuro-informed, and trauma-informed. As a creative arts therapist, I weave in creative and non-verbal processes with evidence-based therapy interventions to help deepen your self-reflective and expressive capacities. Our work together will honour the validity of your lived experience while fortifying you with more skills and tools to continue your healing journey.
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Photo of Amanda Lertzman, Counsellor, MA, RCC
Amanda Lertzman
Counsellor, MA, RCC
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Do you ever feel like your mind is telling you one story while your body is signalling another? Maybe your reactions feel out of your control, you're unsure where certain feelings are coming from, or you're struggling to understand and communicate your needs. As a somatic therapist, the heart of my work honours the body-mind connection and focuses on bridging the gap between your thoughts, feelings, and body. My support is relational, collaborative, emotionally-attuned and rooted in the belief that all parts of you deserve care. Tuning into your needs day-to-day, session-to-session, and shaping this journey together.
Do you ever feel like your mind is telling you one story while your body is signalling another? Maybe your reactions feel out of your control, you're unsure where certain feelings are coming from, or you're struggling to understand and communicate your needs. As a somatic therapist, the heart of my work honours the body-mind connection and focuses on bridging the gap between your thoughts, feelings, and body. My support is relational, collaborative, emotionally-attuned and rooted in the belief that all parts of you deserve care. Tuning into your needs day-to-day, session-to-session, and shaping this journey together.
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Photo of Sonia Stewart, Counsellor, MC, RCC, CCC
Sonia Stewart
Counsellor, MC, RCC, CCC
8 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
So... you've become really good at pushing things down, staying busy, or convincing yourself you're fine. (Spoiler: it usually catches up with us. If you're here, there's a good chance it already has.) Therapy here isn't about nodding for 50 minutes while you do all the talking. We'll get curious about what's keeping you stuck, gently challenge the stories that no longer serve you, and make sense of them together. This is a space where you can slow down and be fully yourself, messy parts included. Swearing about life is 100% allowed, humour is encouraged, and there's no need to filter yourself here.
So... you've become really good at pushing things down, staying busy, or convincing yourself you're fine. (Spoiler: it usually catches up with us. If you're here, there's a good chance it already has.) Therapy here isn't about nodding for 50 minutes while you do all the talking. We'll get curious about what's keeping you stuck, gently challenge the stories that no longer serve you, and make sense of them together. This is a space where you can slow down and be fully yourself, messy parts included. Swearing about life is 100% allowed, humour is encouraged, and there's no need to filter yourself here.
(506) 405-8844 View (506) 405-8844
Photo of Nwanne K Amogu - NKA Counselling and Consulting Inc., Clinical Social Work/Therapist
NKA Counselling and Consulting Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Serves Area
Life can be overwhelming sometimes and we feel that there is no way out because there are stressors everywhere we turn. It can feel like there is no way out of the overwhelming stressors we face, but I am here to let you know that it does not have to be so. Let us walk alongside in your journey of healing and mental wellness. As a registered social worker, I believe that you the client are the expert in your own life, and I am simply here to work in collaboration with you to reach your full potential. As Brene Brown says, "Vulnerability is the birthplace of innovation, creativity and change".
Life can be overwhelming sometimes and we feel that there is no way out because there are stressors everywhere we turn. It can feel like there is no way out of the overwhelming stressors we face, but I am here to let you know that it does not have to be so. Let us walk alongside in your journey of healing and mental wellness. As a registered social worker, I believe that you the client are the expert in your own life, and I am simply here to work in collaboration with you to reach your full potential. As Brene Brown says, "Vulnerability is the birthplace of innovation, creativity and change".
(825) 250-0305 View (825) 250-0305
Photo of Heather Bergh - Tidal Art Therapy & Counselling (Heather Bergh), Counsellor, MA, CCC
Tidal Art Therapy & Counselling (Heather Bergh)
Counsellor, MA, CCC
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Everyone sails through their own rough seas. Whether you, your child or family have been battling waves for some time, or a rogue wave has hit unexpectedly, I’m glad you’ve found your way here. I believe that everyone has within them the ability and potential to change their own lives for the better. When you are feeling lost, having the courage to be creative can provide a new perspective.
Everyone sails through their own rough seas. Whether you, your child or family have been battling waves for some time, or a rogue wave has hit unexpectedly, I’m glad you’ve found your way here. I believe that everyone has within them the ability and potential to change their own lives for the better. When you are feeling lost, having the courage to be creative can provide a new perspective.
(778) 655-8852 View (778) 655-8852
Photo of Rebecca Berman, Registered Social Worker, BSW
Rebecca Berman
Registered Social Worker, BSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Trauma impacts how we see the world, navigate through our experiences, and connect with others. While you are not the product of a single experience or relationship, sometimes one experience can feel so overwhelming that it overtakes over all others. Together, you can start to move towards a life where this problem or memory is no longer an obstacle.
Trauma impacts how we see the world, navigate through our experiences, and connect with others. While you are not the product of a single experience or relationship, sometimes one experience can feel so overwhelming that it overtakes over all others. Together, you can start to move towards a life where this problem or memory is no longer an obstacle.
(450) 232-2901 View (450) 232-2901
Rising Tide Wellness
Counsellor, MSc, MFT, RCC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you looking for greater life satisfaction? Something needs to change but you just can't make it happen on your own? Or perhaps you want to check in with someone objective, for another perspective? Let's talk! Counselling doesn't have to increase your anxiety levels. It can be about two or more people sitting in a safe place, having coffee and a good chat about life. Face to face, online, or on the telephone. I'm a registered psychotherapist and I can help. Maybe for the first time in a long time, it's all about you!
Are you looking for greater life satisfaction? Something needs to change but you just can't make it happen on your own? Or perhaps you want to check in with someone objective, for another perspective? Let's talk! Counselling doesn't have to increase your anxiety levels. It can be about two or more people sitting in a safe place, having coffee and a good chat about life. Face to face, online, or on the telephone. I'm a registered psychotherapist and I can help. Maybe for the first time in a long time, it's all about you!
(604) 414-4219 View (604) 414-4219
Photo of Alycia Oliver, Counsellor, MCP, RCC
Alycia Oliver
Counsellor, MCP, RCC
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling hopeless, anxious, and stuck in your relationship? You may be struggling with codependency, avoidance, or trauma related symptoms that are inhibiting your ability to connect. The times we feel the most stuck, heart-broken, and unfulfilled are the best times to dive into the psychological work. You're deepest wounds are rising to the surface waiting to be tended to. If you're feeling nervous, you're not alone! I am the owner of a virtual group practice, where I have seen hundreds of clients. I would like you be part of these success stories as I lead you towards self-empowerment and emotional freedom.
Are you feeling hopeless, anxious, and stuck in your relationship? You may be struggling with codependency, avoidance, or trauma related symptoms that are inhibiting your ability to connect. The times we feel the most stuck, heart-broken, and unfulfilled are the best times to dive into the psychological work. You're deepest wounds are rising to the surface waiting to be tended to. If you're feeling nervous, you're not alone! I am the owner of a virtual group practice, where I have seen hundreds of clients. I would like you be part of these success stories as I lead you towards self-empowerment and emotional freedom.
(604) 418-8827 View (604) 418-8827
Photo of Emily Johnston, Counsellor, MA, CCC
Emily Johnston
Counsellor, MA, CCC
Online Only
I believe that every client is unique and an expert in themselves. Sometimes, however, circumstances or events feel overwhelming and intrude on our ability to live the life we want. Having a person to support us on our journey to healing is necessary to feel capable of processing and transforming.
I believe that every client is unique and an expert in themselves. Sometimes, however, circumstances or events feel overwhelming and intrude on our ability to live the life we want. Having a person to support us on our journey to healing is necessary to feel capable of processing and transforming.
(705) 710-3990 View (705) 710-3990
Photo of Sara Place, MA, BEd, BA
Sara Place
Verified Verified
Online Only
It is my honour to deeply listen and support your personal journey through whatever life circumstances bring you to counselling. We can work through difficult experiences, relationship challenges, (family, romatic, and workplace), through the lens of attachment, adverse childhood experiences, trauma, addictions/unhealthy coping mechanisms, grief, and shifting ongoing patterns that you want to change. I value your individual experience, and that you are the expert in your own life. I am here to deeply listen and help you find your meaning, purpose and understandings and to offer a personalized approach and a sense of belonging.
It is my honour to deeply listen and support your personal journey through whatever life circumstances bring you to counselling. We can work through difficult experiences, relationship challenges, (family, romatic, and workplace), through the lens of attachment, adverse childhood experiences, trauma, addictions/unhealthy coping mechanisms, grief, and shifting ongoing patterns that you want to change. I value your individual experience, and that you are the expert in your own life. I am here to deeply listen and help you find your meaning, purpose and understandings and to offer a personalized approach and a sense of belonging.
(604) 227-4699 View (604) 227-4699
Photo of Deborah Allain, Art Therapist, MA, RCC
Deborah Allain
Art Therapist, MA, RCC
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
I use a gentle, intuitive approach to support clients through challenging life experiences. My warm, engaging style helps people feel at ease. As an art therapist, I invite clients—if they wish—to explore art materials as an optional way to deepen self-understanding. Use of art in sessions is always voluntary.
I use a gentle, intuitive approach to support clients through challenging life experiences. My warm, engaging style helps people feel at ease. As an art therapist, I invite clients—if they wish—to explore art materials as an optional way to deepen self-understanding. Use of art in sessions is always voluntary.
(438) 834-2896 View (438) 834-2896
Photo of Mehran Seyed Emami, Counsellor, MA, RCC, CCC
Mehran Seyed Emami
Counsellor, MA, RCC, CCC
Online Only
I am a BC Registered Clinical Counsellor (No. 18736) and Canadian Certified Counsellor (No. 10007447). I'm also a Certified Practitioner of Compassionate Inquiry (developed by Dr. Gabor Maté), and am a graduate of the Integral Counseling Psychology and Center for Psychedelic Therapies and Research programs at the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS).

 Through my private practice, Mind Body Integration, I offer psychedelic-assisted therapy, and psychedelic integration support. I invite a trauma-informed, holistic, and somatic approach, while looking through a biopsychosocial-spiritual lens.
I am a BC Registered Clinical Counsellor (No. 18736) and Canadian Certified Counsellor (No. 10007447). I'm also a Certified Practitioner of Compassionate Inquiry (developed by Dr. Gabor Maté), and am a graduate of the Integral Counseling Psychology and Center for Psychedelic Therapies and Research programs at the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS).

 Through my private practice, Mind Body Integration, I offer psychedelic-assisted therapy, and psychedelic integration support. I invite a trauma-informed, holistic, and somatic approach, while looking through a biopsychosocial-spiritual lens.
(604) 265-5904 View (604) 265-5904
Photo of Carole Boivin, Counsellor, MEd, CCC, RCC
Carole Boivin
Counsellor, MEd, CCC, RCC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, as an experienced Registered Counsellor (23 years) & as a Certified EMDR Therapist, I am passionate about helping others find resolution, healing & happiness in their lives. Working in both English and French, I offer individual counselling & expertise in EMDR Therapy to provide support to overcome anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship and self-esteem issues, & more. My approach has been honed through continuous study, and over many years of experience in the field.
Hi, as an experienced Registered Counsellor (23 years) & as a Certified EMDR Therapist, I am passionate about helping others find resolution, healing & happiness in their lives. Working in both English and French, I offer individual counselling & expertise in EMDR Therapy to provide support to overcome anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship and self-esteem issues, & more. My approach has been honed through continuous study, and over many years of experience in the field.
(778) 348-0820 View (778) 348-0820
Photo of Deanna Enders-Byers, Counsellor, MC, RCC
Deanna Enders-Byers
Counsellor, MC, RCC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
My clients are strong, capable adults, including frontline workers, first responders, peer support workers, community volunteers, public safety personnel, and trauma-exposed professionals who carry significant responsibility in work and life. Many are relied on by others for stability, yet privately may feel exhausted, distant, or on edge. Ongoing exposure to stress and trauma can contribute to burnout, moral distress, hypervigilance, and emotional numbing, as well as a sense of internal disconnection or difficulty feeling fully aligned within themselves.
My clients are strong, capable adults, including frontline workers, first responders, peer support workers, community volunteers, public safety personnel, and trauma-exposed professionals who carry significant responsibility in work and life. Many are relied on by others for stability, yet privately may feel exhausted, distant, or on edge. Ongoing exposure to stress and trauma can contribute to burnout, moral distress, hypervigilance, and emotional numbing, as well as a sense of internal disconnection or difficulty feeling fully aligned within themselves.
(236) 300-2879 View (236) 300-2879

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Halfmoon Bay, BC

< 10

Counsellors in Halfmoon Bay, BC who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Parenting
100% Self Esteem
100% Stress
100% Social Anxiety
100% Health Anxiety
100% Driving Anxiety

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Humana
100% Green Shield Canada
100% Blue Cross

How Counsellors in Halfmoon Bay, BC see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Halfmoon Bay?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.