Photo of Carmel Bennett, Registered Social Worker in British Columbia
Carmel Bennett
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8X  (Online Only)
My approach to trauma therapy weaves together experiential, attachment-based, and somatic techniques that emphasize the integration of mind, body, and spirit, including AEDP, EMDR, EFT and parts-work.
Welcome! I'm a registered social worker offering online psychotherapy across BC and Ontario. Specializing in trauma-focused therapy, I provide a supportive space for BIPOC, Queer, and Neurodiverse folks, but my door is open to all who connect with my values. My approach acknowledges the profound impacts of trauma and systemic injustice, while also valuing the richness and complexity of our experiences that exist alongside suffering. I aim to nurture a space where we address the pain of trauma and oppression, and actively reclaim the immense potential for joy, pleasure, beauty, and fulfillment in your life.
My approach to trauma therapy weaves together experiential, attachment-based, and somatic techniques that emphasize the integration of mind, body, and spirit, including AEDP, EMDR, EFT and parts-work.
Welcome! I'm a registered social worker offering online psychotherapy across BC and Ontario. Specializing in trauma-focused therapy, I provide a supportive space for BIPOC, Queer, and Neurodiverse folks, but my door is open to all who connect with my values. My approach acknowledges the profound impacts of trauma and systemic injustice, while also valuing the richness and complexity of our experiences that exist alongside suffering. I aim to nurture a space where we address the pain of trauma and oppression, and actively reclaim the immense potential for joy, pleasure, beauty, and fulfillment in your life.
(867) 888-0330 View (867) 888-0330
Photo of Maryam Ahmadi-Jafari, Counsellor in British Columbia
Maryam Ahmadi-Jafari
Counsellor, BA, MCP, RCC
Verified Verified
Port Moody, BC V3H
I use a mixture of therapeutic modalities such as client-centered/strength-based approaches, attachment-based, mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical-behavioural therapy and emotion-focused approaches.
Hello, :) and Welcome :)  I am the Clinical Director of Conscious Mind Counselling & Consulting. I have a Masters degree in Clinical Counselling and I am Registered Clinical Counsellor (14287).  Are you feeling stuck, lost, conflicted about your life and the path that you are? You've come to the right place, I am here to help you gain more insight about yourself and your life and support you to a better quality of life. I have a passion for empowering clients to uncover their best selves. I believe that counselling should serve as a safe space that allows us to explore and discover our path to healing and transformation.
I use a mixture of therapeutic modalities such as client-centered/strength-based approaches, attachment-based, mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical-behavioural therapy and emotion-focused approaches.
Hello, :) and Welcome :)  I am the Clinical Director of Conscious Mind Counselling & Consulting. I have a Masters degree in Clinical Counselling and I am Registered Clinical Counsellor (14287).  Are you feeling stuck, lost, conflicted about your life and the path that you are? You've come to the right place, I am here to help you gain more insight about yourself and your life and support you to a better quality of life. I have a passion for empowering clients to uncover their best selves. I believe that counselling should serve as a safe space that allows us to explore and discover our path to healing and transformation.
(604) 229-3985 View (604) 229-3985
Photo of Tamaki Kano, Counsellor in British Columbia
Tamaki Kano
Counsellor, RCC, CCC
Verified Verified
Vancouver, BC V5L  (Online Only)
I work from the deep belief that you have everything you need to heal and thrive. My role is to create a context (eg. ND-affirming, gender-affirming, anti-oppressive, decolonial, anti-imperial) in which you can connect with all that you are. This may involve figuring out "internal" conflict, development of trust and skills in yourself and others, and/or turning trauma into wisdom. Please check out my website for more!
I work from the deep belief that you have everything you need to heal and thrive. My role is to create a context (eg. ND-affirming, gender-affirming, anti-oppressive, decolonial, anti-imperial) in which you can connect with all that you are. This may involve figuring out "internal" conflict, development of trust and skills in yourself and others, and/or turning trauma into wisdom. Please check out my website for more!
(778) 775-8565 View (778) 775-8565
Photo of Allison Cordner, Counsellor in British Columbia
Allison Cordner
Counsellor, MA, RCC, RTC, TRA
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
North Vancouver, BC V7M  (Online Only)
We are a team of clinicians that are trained to work with students, individuals, couples and families. That excel at helping you expand your emotional tolerance, reactions & communication skills. Too many of us suffer in silence with anxiety, low self-esteem, unprocessed trauma and anger. You are not alone and we are here to encourage you to let those experiences be felt in a safe & non-judgmental environment. We know how hard it can be for most people to do therapy & our goal is to make it engaging, insightful & rewarding. To be vulnerable means not having our deepest feelings and secrets shot down. We use an integrative approach.
We are a team of clinicians that are trained to work with students, individuals, couples and families. That excel at helping you expand your emotional tolerance, reactions & communication skills. Too many of us suffer in silence with anxiety, low self-esteem, unprocessed trauma and anger. You are not alone and we are here to encourage you to let those experiences be felt in a safe & non-judgmental environment. We know how hard it can be for most people to do therapy & our goal is to make it engaging, insightful & rewarding. To be vulnerable means not having our deepest feelings and secrets shot down. We use an integrative approach.
(514) 612-2875 View (514) 612-2875
Photo of Kathryn Sandberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in British Columbia
Kathryn Sandberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8R
I am a Master's level therapist and Registered Social Worker with 18 years of experience providing psychotherapeutic supports. I am a sensitive and compassionate person who will create a safe space for you to share your concerns and what is on your heart. I devoted most of my career to working with children and youth with serious and complex mental health issues as well as university students, adults, multicultural and First Nations communities. I take a holistic or “biopsychosociospiritual” approach in alignment with your wishes, needs, abilities and beliefs. You are far more than your amazing brain.
I am a Master's level therapist and Registered Social Worker with 18 years of experience providing psychotherapeutic supports. I am a sensitive and compassionate person who will create a safe space for you to share your concerns and what is on your heart. I devoted most of my career to working with children and youth with serious and complex mental health issues as well as university students, adults, multicultural and First Nations communities. I take a holistic or “biopsychosociospiritual” approach in alignment with your wishes, needs, abilities and beliefs. You are far more than your amazing brain.
(250) 800-2711 View (250) 800-2711
Photo of Daniel Kline, Counsellor in British Columbia
Daniel Kline
Counsellor, MA, MCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V5Z
Welcome, my name is Daniel Kline and I am a clinical counsellor working in Vancouver, British Columbia. In my sessions with clients, I always approach things from a compassionate, ethical, and inclusive perspective. I am currently working as a sex and relationship therapist in private practice and also as an associate with Dr. Bianca Rucker. My specialty areas include consensual non-monogamy, kink, and differences of desire. I have also supported folks exploring, transitioning, and asserting authentic gender expression for themselves.
Welcome, my name is Daniel Kline and I am a clinical counsellor working in Vancouver, British Columbia. In my sessions with clients, I always approach things from a compassionate, ethical, and inclusive perspective. I am currently working as a sex and relationship therapist in private practice and also as an associate with Dr. Bianca Rucker. My specialty areas include consensual non-monogamy, kink, and differences of desire. I have also supported folks exploring, transitioning, and asserting authentic gender expression for themselves.
(825) 808-0530 View (825) 808-0530
Photo of Lory Joly, Counsellor in British Columbia
Lory Joly
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Kimberley, BC V1A
I know from my experience that stressful and traumatic experiences can stick with us, play tricks on our self-perception, and deeply affect our quality of life. My hope is to create a peaceful space where people can feel seen and supported. My door is open to all, regardless of your gender, culture, and abilities. I specialize in trauma healing, neurodivergence, human rights advocacy and parenting.
I know from my experience that stressful and traumatic experiences can stick with us, play tricks on our self-perception, and deeply affect our quality of life. My hope is to create a peaceful space where people can feel seen and supported. My door is open to all, regardless of your gender, culture, and abilities. I specialize in trauma healing, neurodivergence, human rights advocacy and parenting.
(579) 501-5306 View (579) 501-5306
Photo of Chelly Keller, Counsellor in British Columbia
Chelly Keller
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Langley, BC V1M
Waitlist for new clients
As human beings a necessary process for all of us is to learn what our emotions are and what they need. So often our old patterns, past traumas, anxiety and even the cultural expectation to "be positive" take over and suppress what needs to be expressed. Suppressed emotions can show up in all kinds of symptoms (rage, anxiety, depression, addictions, over scheduling, and more). It is my desire to create the safety needed for these emotions to be felt, and for you to know you can be ok in those feelings. When this happens, freedom comes- our nervous systems can be released from the past traumas and the old emotions locked inside.
As human beings a necessary process for all of us is to learn what our emotions are and what they need. So often our old patterns, past traumas, anxiety and even the cultural expectation to "be positive" take over and suppress what needs to be expressed. Suppressed emotions can show up in all kinds of symptoms (rage, anxiety, depression, addictions, over scheduling, and more). It is my desire to create the safety needed for these emotions to be felt, and for you to know you can be ok in those feelings. When this happens, freedom comes- our nervous systems can be released from the past traumas and the old emotions locked inside.
(431) 340-8190 View (431) 340-8190
Photo of Nikkol Adams, Counsellor in British Columbia
Nikkol Adams
Counsellor, MA, RCC, EMDR, Somatic, 400-YTT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Surrey, BC V3S
Feeling disconnected from yourself? Struggling to break free from patterns? Constantly overwhelmed? Managing emotions feels like a challenge? Seeking support and allowing space for self-reflection can be daunting. For that, I recognize the courage it has taken for you to get here and the willingness to be open. I believe understanding your human experience is the path towards healing. Therefore, wonder, acceptance, and compassion are core values of my approach. As we become more self-reflective towards our physical, emotional, and spiritual selves, we gain the ability to create lasting change in our lives.
Feeling disconnected from yourself? Struggling to break free from patterns? Constantly overwhelmed? Managing emotions feels like a challenge? Seeking support and allowing space for self-reflection can be daunting. For that, I recognize the courage it has taken for you to get here and the willingness to be open. I believe understanding your human experience is the path towards healing. Therefore, wonder, acceptance, and compassion are core values of my approach. As we become more self-reflective towards our physical, emotional, and spiritual selves, we gain the ability to create lasting change in our lives.
(672) 648-0577 View (672) 648-0577
Photo of Mandy Fudge, Counsellor in British Columbia
Mandy Fudge
Counsellor, MACP, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nanaimo, BC V9X
I provide individual counselling to adults and adolescents struggling with issues such as depression, anxiety, traumatic stress, adverse childhood experiences, grief, guilt, shame, low self-esteem, suicide ideation, relationship and attachment injuries, communication issues, sexuality and gender identity, and a desire for personal change and growth. I believe in each individual's power to heal and thrive. I'm passionate about helping clients achieve their goals through a multi-disciplinary approach providing tools and transformational therapy. I do not discriminate based on private medical decisions.
I provide individual counselling to adults and adolescents struggling with issues such as depression, anxiety, traumatic stress, adverse childhood experiences, grief, guilt, shame, low self-esteem, suicide ideation, relationship and attachment injuries, communication issues, sexuality and gender identity, and a desire for personal change and growth. I believe in each individual's power to heal and thrive. I'm passionate about helping clients achieve their goals through a multi-disciplinary approach providing tools and transformational therapy. I do not discriminate based on private medical decisions.
(250) 231-1751 View (250) 231-1751
Photo of Kate Gobes, Counsellor in British Columbia
Kate Gobes
Counsellor, MC, BA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6Z
As a counsellor, I’m committed to providing a welcoming space and culturally sensitive space for the neurodivergent and LGBTQIA2S+ folks I work with. My specialization is ADHD and my approach is grounded in empathy and understanding, aiming to support each person’s unique journey. I understand that finding a therapist who respects and affirms your identity is crucial. This is why I foster an environment of acceptance where you can freely explore your thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment. I strive to maintain a trauma-informed and anti-oppressive space, prioritizing ongoing consent and our shared humanity to foster trust.
As a counsellor, I’m committed to providing a welcoming space and culturally sensitive space for the neurodivergent and LGBTQIA2S+ folks I work with. My specialization is ADHD and my approach is grounded in empathy and understanding, aiming to support each person’s unique journey. I understand that finding a therapist who respects and affirms your identity is crucial. This is why I foster an environment of acceptance where you can freely explore your thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment. I strive to maintain a trauma-informed and anti-oppressive space, prioritizing ongoing consent and our shared humanity to foster trust.
(604) 682-7325 View (604) 682-7325
Photo of Meredith Withers, Counsellor in British Columbia
Meredith Withers
Counsellor, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8R
Feeling anxious, overwhelmed and uncertain about how to navigate current challenges in your life? I work with you to create a safe and comfortable environment based on your unique needs. We will explore your hopes and goals for the counselling process. Together we will uncover what barriers are in your way, come up with new possibilities, and help you gain a fresh perspective. My approach is holistic, grounded in the somatic, attachment- focused approaches. I believe that we are all "whole" with the innate capacity to heal ourselves with gentle, caring guidance.
Feeling anxious, overwhelmed and uncertain about how to navigate current challenges in your life? I work with you to create a safe and comfortable environment based on your unique needs. We will explore your hopes and goals for the counselling process. Together we will uncover what barriers are in your way, come up with new possibilities, and help you gain a fresh perspective. My approach is holistic, grounded in the somatic, attachment- focused approaches. I believe that we are all "whole" with the innate capacity to heal ourselves with gentle, caring guidance.
(226) 406-5102 View (226) 406-5102
Photo of Maryam Mills, Counsellor in British Columbia
Maryam Mills
Counsellor, MA, RCC, BCN
Verified Verified
Led by Clinic Director Maryam Mills who is a Registered Clinical Counsellor, holds a Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology, and is Board Certified in Neurofeedback by BCIA, the team at MasterMind Brain Optimization Centres offers cutting edge Neurofeedback Therapy along with Psychological Counselling Therapy Services drawing on certification in many modalities including: EMDR, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sensorimotor, Mindfulness, and Hypnosis Techniques. We help clients dealing with ADD, ADHD, autism, grief, trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, personality disorders, sleep disorders (insomnia), memory challenges and addiction.
Led by Clinic Director Maryam Mills who is a Registered Clinical Counsellor, holds a Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology, and is Board Certified in Neurofeedback by BCIA, the team at MasterMind Brain Optimization Centres offers cutting edge Neurofeedback Therapy along with Psychological Counselling Therapy Services drawing on certification in many modalities including: EMDR, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sensorimotor, Mindfulness, and Hypnosis Techniques. We help clients dealing with ADD, ADHD, autism, grief, trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, personality disorders, sleep disorders (insomnia), memory challenges and addiction.
(778) 401-9534 View (778) 401-9534
Photo of Arezu Moshrefzadeh, Counsellor in British Columbia
Arezu Moshrefzadeh
Counsellor, MPH, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
I specialize in working with clients who are struggling with their sense of identity, most often as a result of life changes, health challenges, family/relationship issues, or managing multiple cultural identities. Together, we can navigate through challenges, make sense of past experiences and ease areas you are feeling stuck. I will support you in finding deeper meaning, developing new understandings of yourself, nurturing relationships, and discovering new ways of being that enrich your life.
I specialize in working with clients who are struggling with their sense of identity, most often as a result of life changes, health challenges, family/relationship issues, or managing multiple cultural identities. Together, we can navigate through challenges, make sense of past experiences and ease areas you are feeling stuck. I will support you in finding deeper meaning, developing new understandings of yourself, nurturing relationships, and discovering new ways of being that enrich your life.
(581) 890-0869 View (581) 890-0869
Photo of Sara Kammerzell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in British Columbia
Sara Kammerzell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Sara Kammerzell, M Ed, RCC, CCC
Verified Verified
Nelson, BC V1L
In-person, Video and Walk and Talk. My passion in life is people, and my personal and professional motto is “Live true. Love deep”. I’m ever intrigued and inspired by the precious and unique journey of each unfolding person—galvanizing that movement towards wholeness and connection is my raison d’être. To this purpose, I bring a Masters degree in Counselling Psychology, 20 years of experience, and advanced studies and certification in Relationships, Recovery, Trauma, Deep Sexuality, and Transpersonal psychology. I work with individuals, couples, and groups to reclaim their full human potential and live their deepest truth.
In-person, Video and Walk and Talk. My passion in life is people, and my personal and professional motto is “Live true. Love deep”. I’m ever intrigued and inspired by the precious and unique journey of each unfolding person—galvanizing that movement towards wholeness and connection is my raison d’être. To this purpose, I bring a Masters degree in Counselling Psychology, 20 years of experience, and advanced studies and certification in Relationships, Recovery, Trauma, Deep Sexuality, and Transpersonal psychology. I work with individuals, couples, and groups to reclaim their full human potential and live their deepest truth.
(604) 992-9954 View (604) 992-9954
Photo of Andressa Taverna, Counsellor in British Columbia
Andressa Taverna
Counsellor, RTC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6C
Hi, I am Andressa Taverna. Being a trauma survivor has moulded me and impacted my life in many obvious and also many mysterious ways. Numbing out and dissociating has helped me bear the trauma, but burying it deep and pretending it didn’t exist never really worked. It was only when I started looking at it and inviting my demons to come forward, to speak up, to scream out their rage, that what I saw behind it was pain. Eventually, I saw that they were not demons after all, but my inner child.
Hi, I am Andressa Taverna. Being a trauma survivor has moulded me and impacted my life in many obvious and also many mysterious ways. Numbing out and dissociating has helped me bear the trauma, but burying it deep and pretending it didn’t exist never really worked. It was only when I started looking at it and inviting my demons to come forward, to speak up, to scream out their rage, that what I saw behind it was pain. Eventually, I saw that they were not demons after all, but my inner child.
(249) 504-0436 View (249) 504-0436
Photo of Cedar Mathias, Counsellor in British Columbia
Cedar Mathias
Counsellor, MA, RCC, SEP(c)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ladysmith, BC V9G
Waitlist for new clients
Sometimes in life we can feel stuck in patterns that don’t make sense but that we just can’t seem to change. Do you feel like you're on high alert for signs of danger, feeling anxious? Or do you feel emotionally flat, only half alive? When you feel upset, do you find yourself with your back up, ready to fight? Do you feel like running away, escaping the situation? Do you find yourself frozen and collapsing, not able to act? You know you’re capable of overcoming these patterns, but how do you get there? The fight, flight, & freeze are survival states, hardwired into our nervous system through childhood trauma or overwhelming events.
Sometimes in life we can feel stuck in patterns that don’t make sense but that we just can’t seem to change. Do you feel like you're on high alert for signs of danger, feeling anxious? Or do you feel emotionally flat, only half alive? When you feel upset, do you find yourself with your back up, ready to fight? Do you feel like running away, escaping the situation? Do you find yourself frozen and collapsing, not able to act? You know you’re capable of overcoming these patterns, but how do you get there? The fight, flight, & freeze are survival states, hardwired into our nervous system through childhood trauma or overwhelming events.
(778) 717-3060 View (778) 717-3060
Photo of Julie E Taylor, Counsellor in British Columbia
Julie E Taylor
Counsellor, RTC, MTC, RCS
Verified Verified
16 Endorsed
Fanny Bay, BC V0R
Tap into your own innate resilience and grow! Speak so your partner can really 'feel' you. I have over 24 years' experience and specialize in personal growth, relationship/family dynamics, sexual issues, narcissism and GNM. I use a blend of NVC (compassionate connection), Imago-style and Trust Oriented Therapy. Enhance your communication skills. Polish your relationships till they gleam! Welcome to the whole of you: the rebellious, the angry,the shy,the forgotten,the lonely and more. The result? Good health and success!
Tap into your own innate resilience and grow! Speak so your partner can really 'feel' you. I have over 24 years' experience and specialize in personal growth, relationship/family dynamics, sexual issues, narcissism and GNM. I use a blend of NVC (compassionate connection), Imago-style and Trust Oriented Therapy. Enhance your communication skills. Polish your relationships till they gleam! Welcome to the whole of you: the rebellious, the angry,the shy,the forgotten,the lonely and more. The result? Good health and success!
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Photo of Michael Simard, Counsellor in British Columbia
Michael Simard
Counsellor, RTC, SEP, RYT
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8R
Nervous system dysregulation is the top cause of many of our modern day issues. This dysregulation manifests as anxiety, poor sleeps, chronic fatigue, difficulty in relationships, struggling with motivation and so much more. Do people describe you as too sensitive or insensitive? Do little things set you off? Maybe you feel powerless to control your moods and thoughts? Rebuild your capacity. Replenish your resiliency. Find regulation in your nervous system and rediscover sound sleep, a robust immune system, motivation to realize your dreams and an improved sense of self.
Nervous system dysregulation is the top cause of many of our modern day issues. This dysregulation manifests as anxiety, poor sleeps, chronic fatigue, difficulty in relationships, struggling with motivation and so much more. Do people describe you as too sensitive or insensitive? Do little things set you off? Maybe you feel powerless to control your moods and thoughts? Rebuild your capacity. Replenish your resiliency. Find regulation in your nervous system and rediscover sound sleep, a robust immune system, motivation to realize your dreams and an improved sense of self.
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Photo of Shauna Middleton, Counsellor in British Columbia
Shauna Middleton
Counsellor, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kamloops, BC V2C
Firstly, congratulations on taking this admirable step on your journey of healing, and growth. It is not easy to make the decision to speak to a stranger about the things that trouble us. I am honoured that you are considering inviting me to walk alongside you at this time. I believe that all human behaviours serve a purpose, and you have likely found this page by recognizing that your current coping strategies are no longer serving you as they once did. I also believe that you are the expert of yourself and your innate ability to heal and find the answers you seek already exist within you.
Firstly, congratulations on taking this admirable step on your journey of healing, and growth. It is not easy to make the decision to speak to a stranger about the things that trouble us. I am honoured that you are considering inviting me to walk alongside you at this time. I believe that all human behaviours serve a purpose, and you have likely found this page by recognizing that your current coping strategies are no longer serving you as they once did. I also believe that you are the expert of yourself and your innate ability to heal and find the answers you seek already exist within you.
(548) 489-0959 View (548) 489-0959

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Attachment-based Counsellors

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.