Photo of PureInsights Counselling, Counsellor in British Columbia
PureInsights Counselling
Counsellor, RPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kelowna, BC V1W
Over 30 yrs. experience in helping people overcome their challenges and start to make choices about themselves and the life they want to be living. Have you been struggling with an addiction, anxiety or anger? Do you need to learn more about boundaries and self esteem? Feeling overwhelmed and not knowing how to cope in your current relationship? Nobody goes through life without having to face difficulties. I will create a safe, comfortable and supportive relationship, so we can explore your current struggles and learn new skills in overcoming/managing yourself, relationships and dealing with your circumstances in your life.
Over 30 yrs. experience in helping people overcome their challenges and start to make choices about themselves and the life they want to be living. Have you been struggling with an addiction, anxiety or anger? Do you need to learn more about boundaries and self esteem? Feeling overwhelmed and not knowing how to cope in your current relationship? Nobody goes through life without having to face difficulties. I will create a safe, comfortable and supportive relationship, so we can explore your current struggles and learn new skills in overcoming/managing yourself, relationships and dealing with your circumstances in your life.
(866) 832-8648 View (866) 832-8648
Photo of Shannon Lawrence, Counsellor in British Columbia
Shannon Lawrence
Counsellor, RPC-C, CYT, Grief
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Langley, BC V3A
Are you stuck at a crossroads and unsure which road to take? Let me assist you in teaching you the skills you need to grow yourself and your children. I can help your child deal with unexpected life struggles and behaviors. Or, are YOU struggling with a recent separation/divorce or anxiety? I have experience in Child Therapy and CBT. Autism, Anxiety, Relationship Concerns, Parenting, and Grief Therapy. I can be utilized as an Associate Counsellor and Child & Youth Therapist. I aim to help you support your child, family, and yourself in your journey right now. Feel free to reach out today.
Are you stuck at a crossroads and unsure which road to take? Let me assist you in teaching you the skills you need to grow yourself and your children. I can help your child deal with unexpected life struggles and behaviors. Or, are YOU struggling with a recent separation/divorce or anxiety? I have experience in Child Therapy and CBT. Autism, Anxiety, Relationship Concerns, Parenting, and Grief Therapy. I can be utilized as an Associate Counsellor and Child & Youth Therapist. I aim to help you support your child, family, and yourself in your journey right now. Feel free to reach out today.
(778) 766-4548 View (778) 766-4548
Photo of Andrew Lee - Registered Clinical Counsellor, Counsellor in British Columbia
Andrew Lee - Registered Clinical Counsellor
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, BC V7C
Andrew has been practicing psychotherapy and counselling for more than 19 years. He performed as a clinical supervisor and a team leader for mental health and substance use programs in Vancouver. He treats adult, youth, and adolescent clients who experience various mental health difficulties, including depression, anxiety, bipolar, psychosis, self-harm, suicidal ideation, trauma, eating disorders, emotional and behavioural dysregulation, and borderline personality. He also provides marriage/couple counselling (only provides 90-minute couple counselling sessions) to nurture emotion connection, attachment, bonding, and communication.
Andrew has been practicing psychotherapy and counselling for more than 19 years. He performed as a clinical supervisor and a team leader for mental health and substance use programs in Vancouver. He treats adult, youth, and adolescent clients who experience various mental health difficulties, including depression, anxiety, bipolar, psychosis, self-harm, suicidal ideation, trauma, eating disorders, emotional and behavioural dysregulation, and borderline personality. He also provides marriage/couple counselling (only provides 90-minute couple counselling sessions) to nurture emotion connection, attachment, bonding, and communication.
(825) 465-0209 View (825) 465-0209
Photo of Monica Martin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in British Columbia
Monica Martin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BA, BSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Helping families, individuals and children through difficult experiences has been my career's focus for over 25 years. I utilize child-centered play/art therapy, sand tray work, emotional regulation, cognitive behavioural therapy and rational emotive behavioural therapy. These strategies allow children and adults to reveal their anger, fears sadness or frustrations in order to better understand and express themselves. My holistic and creative approach allows clients to feel comfortable, heal, overcome obstacles and embrace positive changes that can ultimately create a more satisfying quality of life.
Helping families, individuals and children through difficult experiences has been my career's focus for over 25 years. I utilize child-centered play/art therapy, sand tray work, emotional regulation, cognitive behavioural therapy and rational emotive behavioural therapy. These strategies allow children and adults to reveal their anger, fears sadness or frustrations in order to better understand and express themselves. My holistic and creative approach allows clients to feel comfortable, heal, overcome obstacles and embrace positive changes that can ultimately create a more satisfying quality of life.
(250) 540-2410 View (250) 540-2410
Photo of Michelle Wing, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in British Columbia
Michelle Wing
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V6B  (Online Only)
“Caring for myself is not self-indulgence, it is self-preservation, and that is an act of political warfare.” ​ - Audre Lorde. Hello, and welcome to Pamati Counselling. Pamati means listen in Cebuano. I am from mixed Asian ancestry, including Filipino, Chinese and Vietnamese. I was born in Toronto, the traditional territory of the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples. My pronouns are she/her/they/them and I identify with the LGBTQ2s community. The intersectional movements of MeToo, and MMWGI, and Black Lives Matter inform my work.
“Caring for myself is not self-indulgence, it is self-preservation, and that is an act of political warfare.” ​ - Audre Lorde. Hello, and welcome to Pamati Counselling. Pamati means listen in Cebuano. I am from mixed Asian ancestry, including Filipino, Chinese and Vietnamese. I was born in Toronto, the traditional territory of the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples. My pronouns are she/her/they/them and I identify with the LGBTQ2s community. The intersectional movements of MeToo, and MMWGI, and Black Lives Matter inform my work.
(778) 767-2262 View (778) 767-2262
Photo of Heartways Counselling & Outreach Services, Counsellor in British Columbia
Heartways Counselling & Outreach Services
Counsellor, MACP, CCC
Verified Verified
Penticton, BC V2A
With intention and deliberate effort to build respectful relationship and trust with the Original Peoples of the unceded lands of the Syilx Okanagan territory, we acknowledge we are uninvited guests on these lands. We have a personal and professional responsibility to uphold the Calls to Action outlined by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, with the goal to transition from ally to accomplice, ensuring the truth of the ongoing generational trauma of residential schools, the sixties scoop, MMIWG&Two-Spirited, and systemic racism is shared, never diluted, and never forgotten. Heartways commits to cultural safety.
With intention and deliberate effort to build respectful relationship and trust with the Original Peoples of the unceded lands of the Syilx Okanagan territory, we acknowledge we are uninvited guests on these lands. We have a personal and professional responsibility to uphold the Calls to Action outlined by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, with the goal to transition from ally to accomplice, ensuring the truth of the ongoing generational trauma of residential schools, the sixties scoop, MMIWG&Two-Spirited, and systemic racism is shared, never diluted, and never forgotten. Heartways commits to cultural safety.
(867) 988-7478 View (867) 988-7478
Photo of Hao Yen Lim, Counsellor in British Columbia
Hao Yen Lim
Counsellor, MA, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Langley, BC V2Y
Hurting people hurt people, but they also tend to hurt themselves in the long run. The need for an unbiased and non-judgemental person to talk to can serve to provide a sense of relief from the stress you may be facing in the moment. I believe that is what we may need in our lives, and I am able to serve you in this area. For whatever your needs may be, I will tailor the treatment plan accordingly and strive to find the best approach to meet them.
Hurting people hurt people, but they also tend to hurt themselves in the long run. The need for an unbiased and non-judgemental person to talk to can serve to provide a sense of relief from the stress you may be facing in the moment. I believe that is what we may need in our lives, and I am able to serve you in this area. For whatever your needs may be, I will tailor the treatment plan accordingly and strive to find the best approach to meet them.
(778) 717-2344 View (778) 717-2344
Photo of Dawn Cox, Counsellor in British Columbia
Dawn Cox
Counsellor, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
No matter what you are struggling with, remember that on the other side of this difficult time will be increased wisdom, the exciting potential of a better you and more of what you want. We all have a survivor inside of us, an innate ability to overcome even the most difficult of challenges. Talking to someone can help you harness the strength that lives inside you. That is the essence of counselling.
No matter what you are struggling with, remember that on the other side of this difficult time will be increased wisdom, the exciting potential of a better you and more of what you want. We all have a survivor inside of us, an innate ability to overcome even the most difficult of challenges. Talking to someone can help you harness the strength that lives inside you. That is the essence of counselling.
(866) 617-5358 View (866) 617-5358
Photo of Bach Counselling Group, Counsellor in British Columbia
Bach Counselling Group
Counsellor, MA, CCC
Verified Verified
For over 20 years, Bach Counselling Group brings an expertise to working with those who wish to make a positive change in relationships, intimacy, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, ADHD, parenting and eating disorders. We work with individuals and couples who are dealing with issues that may adversely affect their relationships. We strive to bring you to achieving your goals. Therapy is short term, cost effective and change oriented. Bach Counselling Group adheres to the ethics and standards set out by the Canadian Psychological Association.
For over 20 years, Bach Counselling Group brings an expertise to working with those who wish to make a positive change in relationships, intimacy, depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, ADHD, parenting and eating disorders. We work with individuals and couples who are dealing with issues that may adversely affect their relationships. We strive to bring you to achieving your goals. Therapy is short term, cost effective and change oriented. Bach Counselling Group adheres to the ethics and standards set out by the Canadian Psychological Association.
(604) 670-4906 View (604) 670-4906
Photo of Vie Psychology, Inc., Psychologist in British Columbia
Vie Psychology, Inc.
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
Coquitlam, BC V3B
Dr. Stephen Rochefort is a registered psychologist with a practice in forensic and clinical psychology. He offers professional psychological services based out of Coquitlam, British Columbia. Dr. Stephen provides assessment, treatment, and consultative services. He offers services to address a diverse range of concerns including anxiety, depression, phobias, grief, abuse, domestic violence, trauma, self-harm, suicidality, eating disorders, and personality disorders. In the forensic realm, Dr. Stephen offers risk assessment, psychological evaluation, and treatment services in the areas of criminal and civil forensics.
Dr. Stephen Rochefort is a registered psychologist with a practice in forensic and clinical psychology. He offers professional psychological services based out of Coquitlam, British Columbia. Dr. Stephen provides assessment, treatment, and consultative services. He offers services to address a diverse range of concerns including anxiety, depression, phobias, grief, abuse, domestic violence, trauma, self-harm, suicidality, eating disorders, and personality disorders. In the forensic realm, Dr. Stephen offers risk assessment, psychological evaluation, and treatment services in the areas of criminal and civil forensics.
(604) 554-0469 View (604) 554-0469
Photo of Strength Counselling Services, Counsellor in British Columbia
Strength Counselling Services
Counsellor, MEd, RCC, CCC, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
Kelowna, BC V1Y  (Online Only)
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
We are an online counselling agency so do not provide services in person. Strength Counselling Services has licensed, experienced therapists who use evidence-based practices, prioritize client needs, and maintain ethical standards. We offer culturally sensitive, affordable services in a supportive environment. We offer a comprehensive goals assessment, regularly assess progress, and collaborate with other professionals. We provide transparency in our fees and for thirteen years now have held a positive reputation of trust, and client success. Lastly, ensuring our clients' privacy and confidentiality are of utmost importance to us.
(873) 363-1012 View (873) 363-1012
Photo of Deborah Pawar, Counsellor in British Columbia
Deborah Pawar
Counsellor, BA, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
Deborah has been living and working in B.C. including Northern B.C., and the Lower Mainland for over 20 years. She currently resides in South Vancouver Island with her family, where she embraces the beautiful surroundings of the Lekwungen People’s territory. Deborah applies a strength-based and holistic approach to her clinical practice, and is trained in evidence-based individual, couples and family therapies to help children, youth, adults and families find their path toward healing and wellness.
Deborah has been living and working in B.C. including Northern B.C., and the Lower Mainland for over 20 years. She currently resides in South Vancouver Island with her family, where she embraces the beautiful surroundings of the Lekwungen People’s territory. Deborah applies a strength-based and holistic approach to her clinical practice, and is trained in evidence-based individual, couples and family therapies to help children, youth, adults and families find their path toward healing and wellness.
(778) 588-9520 x3 View (778) 588-9520 x3
Photo of Chris Walford Counselling, Counsellor in British Columbia
Chris Walford Counselling
Counsellor, MA , RCC, CCC
Verified Verified
"We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but by the responsibility for our future." George Bernard Shaw-- While working together there is but one expert and, ultimately, one person responsible for your life. That person is you. I consider it an honour to work alongside people who are motivated for change and moving forward in life. As we are all very complex and unique I seek to help you identify and address your needs, challenges and goals from a respectful, positive and supportive role that is future focused.
"We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but by the responsibility for our future." George Bernard Shaw-- While working together there is but one expert and, ultimately, one person responsible for your life. That person is you. I consider it an honour to work alongside people who are motivated for change and moving forward in life. As we are all very complex and unique I seek to help you identify and address your needs, challenges and goals from a respectful, positive and supportive role that is future focused.
(778) 902-8162 View (778) 902-8162
Photo of Jennifer McKinnon, Counsellor in British Columbia
Jennifer McKinnon
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Port Moody, BC V3H
Take the first step today and start feeling better tomorrow! I have helped clients go from a feeling of hopelessness in there current situation to feeling empowered and capable of making change that moves them in a positive direction in life. My clients are of all ages, struggling with issues such as anxiety, depression, anger, loss, abuse, stress, communication issues, parent/child conflict and life transitions. I specialize in working with clients who have have experienced trauma and difficulties coping. it is important to find someone you can trust and who has the necessary skills and experience to help you thrive in life.
Take the first step today and start feeling better tomorrow! I have helped clients go from a feeling of hopelessness in there current situation to feeling empowered and capable of making change that moves them in a positive direction in life. My clients are of all ages, struggling with issues such as anxiety, depression, anger, loss, abuse, stress, communication issues, parent/child conflict and life transitions. I specialize in working with clients who have have experienced trauma and difficulties coping. it is important to find someone you can trust and who has the necessary skills and experience to help you thrive in life.
(604) 210-7315 View (604) 210-7315
Photo of Mandala Counselling Services, Counsellor in British Columbia
Mandala Counselling Services
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Surrey, BC V3Z
We all have our unique journeys that is often filled with challenges and obstacles that can be extremely difficult to solely manage effectively. We are all worthy and deserving of healing and inner peace. I create a safe and confidential place where the individuals, couples and family and children experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, loss, communication, sexual abuse, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol, eating disorder, trauma, separation and divorce, family violence and Indian Residential School effects. You will know what your needs are, what you want and why, make reachable goals and take steps to get them.
We all have our unique journeys that is often filled with challenges and obstacles that can be extremely difficult to solely manage effectively. We are all worthy and deserving of healing and inner peace. I create a safe and confidential place where the individuals, couples and family and children experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, loss, communication, sexual abuse, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol, eating disorder, trauma, separation and divorce, family violence and Indian Residential School effects. You will know what your needs are, what you want and why, make reachable goals and take steps to get them.
(604) 670-4713 View (604) 670-4713
Photo of Natasha Roblesky, Counsellor in British Columbia
Natasha Roblesky
Counsellor, RCC, MCoun, BSc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kelowna, BC V1V
I offer counselling in the Okanagan and Kamloops, and virtually across BC, for youth and adults with ADHD, stress, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, life transitions, relationship challenges, self-harm, trauma and issues with self-esteem, self-worth and perfectionism. I have special expertise in supporting post-secondary clients with school stress. I have a sense of genuine care for my clients and focus on building and maintaining a strong rapport throughout the counselling process. In a world of never ending societal pressures, I work with clients to help them begin to live more congruent lives that align with their true values.
I offer counselling in the Okanagan and Kamloops, and virtually across BC, for youth and adults with ADHD, stress, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, life transitions, relationship challenges, self-harm, trauma and issues with self-esteem, self-worth and perfectionism. I have special expertise in supporting post-secondary clients with school stress. I have a sense of genuine care for my clients and focus on building and maintaining a strong rapport throughout the counselling process. In a world of never ending societal pressures, I work with clients to help them begin to live more congruent lives that align with their true values.
(548) 490-3039 View (548) 490-3039
Photo of Maryam Mills, Counsellor in British Columbia
Maryam Mills
Counsellor, MA, RCC, BCN
Verified Verified
Led by Clinic Director Maryam Mills who is a Registered Clinical Counsellor, holds a Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology, and is Board Certified in Neurofeedback by BCIA, the team at MasterMind Brain Optimization Centres offers cutting edge Neurofeedback Therapy along with Psychological Counselling Therapy Services drawing on certification in many modalities including: EMDR, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sensorimotor, Mindfulness, and Hypnosis Techniques. We help clients dealing with ADD, ADHD, autism, grief, trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, personality disorders, sleep disorders (insomnia), memory challenges and addiction.
Led by Clinic Director Maryam Mills who is a Registered Clinical Counsellor, holds a Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology, and is Board Certified in Neurofeedback by BCIA, the team at MasterMind Brain Optimization Centres offers cutting edge Neurofeedback Therapy along with Psychological Counselling Therapy Services drawing on certification in many modalities including: EMDR, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sensorimotor, Mindfulness, and Hypnosis Techniques. We help clients dealing with ADD, ADHD, autism, grief, trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, personality disorders, sleep disorders (insomnia), memory challenges and addiction.
(778) 401-9534 View (778) 401-9534
Photo of Fernie Counselling & Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in British Columbia
Fernie Counselling & Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW, RPT, CPT, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fernie, BC V0B
At Fernie Counselling & Consulting, we can make a difference. We specialize in child & family care. Our team includes co- therapists who assist with the children’s play therapy. They include a ventriloquist turtle puppet named Herman & 2 loving service dogs, Betsy and Lucy whom the children come to love. This gang helps to create a safe, secure & magical playroom. Adults & teens are invited into a separate warm & welcoming office. Surely one of the members or our team can creatively help you with your struggles and challenges to overcome hurdles, achieve your optimal mental health, and inspire you to soar!
At Fernie Counselling & Consulting, we can make a difference. We specialize in child & family care. Our team includes co- therapists who assist with the children’s play therapy. They include a ventriloquist turtle puppet named Herman & 2 loving service dogs, Betsy and Lucy whom the children come to love. This gang helps to create a safe, secure & magical playroom. Adults & teens are invited into a separate warm & welcoming office. Surely one of the members or our team can creatively help you with your struggles and challenges to overcome hurdles, achieve your optimal mental health, and inspire you to soar!
(807) 787-0765 View (807) 787-0765
Photo of Ellahae Keshmiri, Counsellor in British Columbia
Ellahae Keshmiri
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vancouver, BC V5Z
I am an RCC with over 14 years of experience in the field. I offer in person (Vancouver) and online therapy in Farsi & English. My areas of practice are trauma, anxiety, depression, self-esteem/self-image, perfectionism, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, sleep issues, burn out/stress management, life transitions and relationship issues. I have years of experience working with clients dealing with severe mental health issues, trained in suicide/crisis/self-harm behaviour assessment, intervention and treatment. I take a holistic approach to therapy, where we explore the emotional, mental, physical, societal & spiritual aspects together.
I am an RCC with over 14 years of experience in the field. I offer in person (Vancouver) and online therapy in Farsi & English. My areas of practice are trauma, anxiety, depression, self-esteem/self-image, perfectionism, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, sleep issues, burn out/stress management, life transitions and relationship issues. I have years of experience working with clients dealing with severe mental health issues, trained in suicide/crisis/self-harm behaviour assessment, intervention and treatment. I take a holistic approach to therapy, where we explore the emotional, mental, physical, societal & spiritual aspects together.
(819) 272-4734 View (819) 272-4734
Photo of Jade Counselling & Wellness , Counsellor in British Columbia
Jade Counselling & Wellness
Counsellor, MA, MACP, RCC, EMDR
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Burnaby, BC V5H
I specialize in trauma and relationships. Adult childhood/adulthood trauma, self esteem, confidence and codependency. I also work with couples and families around unresolved attachment, infidelity, sexuality and unconscious toxicity. Other areas of focus: anxiety, depression, procrastination and loss of motivation. I am a registered clinical counsellor RCC, available in person and online. I look forward to working with you to unblock healing, resiliency and health. Let's connect and say "enough" to intense chaos and debilitating struggles. Coverage accepted: private, ICBC, Medavie Blue Cross, Canada Life, Crime Victims Program
I specialize in trauma and relationships. Adult childhood/adulthood trauma, self esteem, confidence and codependency. I also work with couples and families around unresolved attachment, infidelity, sexuality and unconscious toxicity. Other areas of focus: anxiety, depression, procrastination and loss of motivation. I am a registered clinical counsellor RCC, available in person and online. I look forward to working with you to unblock healing, resiliency and health. Let's connect and say "enough" to intense chaos and debilitating struggles. Coverage accepted: private, ICBC, Medavie Blue Cross, Canada Life, Crime Victims Program
(604) 332-3370 View (604) 332-3370

See more therapy options for British Columbia

Attachment-based Counsellors

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.