Adoption Therapists in M1T

Photo of Deirdre Carroll Private Practice Therapy, Registered Psychotherapist in M1T, ON
Deirdre Carroll Private Practice Therapy
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T
Do you feel lost on your path due to a specific issue, or feelings you can't clearly identify? Do you feel stuck and cannot talk to those around you? Or are you lonely and isolated, burned out or emotionally and physically exhausted? Are you looking to understand yourself on a deeper level? Stressors in our everyday lives, Relationships, Systemic Barriers and Trauma from the past can live in us and manifest as Depression, Anxiety, Physical pain and Insomnia. It is painful and uncertain, and can cause a lack of confidence in how to move forward. Therapy is used to explore these issues and gain lifelong tools to support yourself.
Do you feel lost on your path due to a specific issue, or feelings you can't clearly identify? Do you feel stuck and cannot talk to those around you? Or are you lonely and isolated, burned out or emotionally and physically exhausted? Are you looking to understand yourself on a deeper level? Stressors in our everyday lives, Relationships, Systemic Barriers and Trauma from the past can live in us and manifest as Depression, Anxiety, Physical pain and Insomnia. It is painful and uncertain, and can cause a lack of confidence in how to move forward. Therapy is used to explore these issues and gain lifelong tools to support yourself.
(289) 275-9487 View (289) 275-9487
Photo of Lorrain Tyrany • LT Counselling & Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in M1T, ON
Lorrain Tyrany • LT Counselling & Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), M(Ed), RP(Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T
I truly believe that the key to a prosperous community lies in the well-being of each and every member of that community. As a therapist, my goal is to provide you with a comfortable and empathetic environment, built on trust and transparency. I use a collaborative therapeutic approach, and I work with you to develop an action plan; integrating evidence-based practices that suit your needs. I have several years of experience in mentoring youth and young adults, and I have experience providing therapy to teenagers and adults from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
I truly believe that the key to a prosperous community lies in the well-being of each and every member of that community. As a therapist, my goal is to provide you with a comfortable and empathetic environment, built on trust and transparency. I use a collaborative therapeutic approach, and I work with you to develop an action plan; integrating evidence-based practices that suit your needs. I have several years of experience in mentoring youth and young adults, and I have experience providing therapy to teenagers and adults from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
(343) 453-1863 View (343) 453-1863
Photo of Wafa Naseem, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in M1T, ON
Wafa Naseem
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
Feeling like life's a rollercoaster you can't get off? Anxiety, ADHD, people-pleasing—everything's hitting you at once. Relationships are rocky, figuring out who you are feels like a puzzle, and work's just exhausting. But deep down, you know you're capable of more and want more than just chaos. You crave clarity, peace, and the skills to handle life's ups and downs with confidence. If this sounds like you, you're in the right place. Together, we'll delve into the root causes, embrace the messiness of being human, and navigate this journey side by side. Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness.
Feeling like life's a rollercoaster you can't get off? Anxiety, ADHD, people-pleasing—everything's hitting you at once. Relationships are rocky, figuring out who you are feels like a puzzle, and work's just exhausting. But deep down, you know you're capable of more and want more than just chaos. You crave clarity, peace, and the skills to handle life's ups and downs with confidence. If this sounds like you, you're in the right place. Together, we'll delve into the root causes, embrace the messiness of being human, and navigate this journey side by side. Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness.
(365) 363-1437 View (365) 363-1437
Photo of Casey Boyce, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in M1T, ON
Casey Boyce
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! Congratulations on taking the first step of your mental health journey! Do you struggle with feelings of depression or anxiety? Are you going through a life transition that is causing problems and uncertainty in your life? Are you unsure on what your next steps are to develop future life goals? Or perhaps you are struggling with different relationships in your life. I am here to help you navigate life's challenges from a client-focused approach.
Hi! Congratulations on taking the first step of your mental health journey! Do you struggle with feelings of depression or anxiety? Are you going through a life transition that is causing problems and uncertainty in your life? Are you unsure on what your next steps are to develop future life goals? Or perhaps you are struggling with different relationships in your life. I am here to help you navigate life's challenges from a client-focused approach.
(289) 806-4939 View (289) 806-4939
Photo of Psychotherapy with Shelby, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in M1T, ON
Psychotherapy with Shelby
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
As a dedicated child and adolescent therapist, I am passionate about creating a safe and supportive space for young minds to flourish. With specialties in ADHD, coping with big emotions, and managing anxiety, my therapeutic approach is informed by years of experience and a deep understanding of these unique challenges. I've dedicated my practice to helping children and adolescents build resilience, develop coping skills, and foster a sense of emotional well-being. My name is Shelby, and I am here to guide and empower your child or teen on their journey to emotional well-being.
As a dedicated child and adolescent therapist, I am passionate about creating a safe and supportive space for young minds to flourish. With specialties in ADHD, coping with big emotions, and managing anxiety, my therapeutic approach is informed by years of experience and a deep understanding of these unique challenges. I've dedicated my practice to helping children and adolescents build resilience, develop coping skills, and foster a sense of emotional well-being. My name is Shelby, and I am here to guide and empower your child or teen on their journey to emotional well-being.
(289) 207-0136 View (289) 207-0136
Photo of Sharmarke Dualeh, Registered Psychotherapist in M1T, ON
Sharmarke Dualeh
Registered Psychotherapist, BA Hons, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T
In my experience working in the mental health sector for the last 5 years, therapy is often sought after someone has suffered long enough or until the symptoms become unmanageable. It is my hope that as we continue to de-stigmatize mental health more people can feel comfortable utilizing this valuable service as a preventative measure and not as a last resort. My approach as a therapist is simple: helping others increase awareness and insight into their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. I believe through careful introspection and analysis we can reach a level of compassion and acceptance for ourselves and others.
In my experience working in the mental health sector for the last 5 years, therapy is often sought after someone has suffered long enough or until the symptoms become unmanageable. It is my hope that as we continue to de-stigmatize mental health more people can feel comfortable utilizing this valuable service as a preventative measure and not as a last resort. My approach as a therapist is simple: helping others increase awareness and insight into their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. I believe through careful introspection and analysis we can reach a level of compassion and acceptance for ourselves and others.
(289) 206-9892 View (289) 206-9892
Photo of Leila Abbaszadeh, Registered Social Worker in M1T, ON
Leila Abbaszadeh
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, RP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T
Leila Abbaszadeh, MSW, RSW, RP is clinical Registered Social Worker and a Registered Psychotherapist. She is a mental health professional licensed to practice by the Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers (OCSWSSW), a member of the Ontario Association of Social Workers (OASW) as well as being a member of the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO). She is an individual, couple and family therapist. She also administers psychosocial assessments for motor vehicle accident clients. She provides solution-focused and strengths-based treatment for individuals and couples.
Leila Abbaszadeh, MSW, RSW, RP is clinical Registered Social Worker and a Registered Psychotherapist. She is a mental health professional licensed to practice by the Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers (OCSWSSW), a member of the Ontario Association of Social Workers (OASW) as well as being a member of the College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario (CRPO). She is an individual, couple and family therapist. She also administers psychosocial assessments for motor vehicle accident clients. She provides solution-focused and strengths-based treatment for individuals and couples.
(888) 539-9221 View (888) 539-9221
Photo of Bloom Psychotherapy- Heather Ratych, Registered Social Worker in M1T, ON
Bloom Psychotherapy- Heather Ratych
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CHyp, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
Are you struggling or feeling overwhelmed with stress in your life and don’t know how to change it? Do you feel isolated or alone or just not like yourself? As moms, we’ve been there: Struggling to conceive, loss, unrecognized postpartum anxiety, the desire to do everything “right”, the constant worry about your baby and whether or not what he/she is doing is “normal”, whether or not how you’re feeling is “normal”, how on earth you'll ever get through these years. We are reproductive, perinatal, and maternal mental health specialists, and have received certification in Perinatal Mental Health.
Are you struggling or feeling overwhelmed with stress in your life and don’t know how to change it? Do you feel isolated or alone or just not like yourself? As moms, we’ve been there: Struggling to conceive, loss, unrecognized postpartum anxiety, the desire to do everything “right”, the constant worry about your baby and whether or not what he/she is doing is “normal”, whether or not how you’re feeling is “normal”, how on earth you'll ever get through these years. We are reproductive, perinatal, and maternal mental health specialists, and have received certification in Perinatal Mental Health.
(289) 272-0391 View (289) 272-0391
Photo of Jaswant Kaur Bajwa, Registered Psychotherapist in M1T, ON
Jaswant Kaur Bajwa
Registered Psychotherapist, AWCCA, BA, MA, PhD, (CRPO), RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
I am here for you, working with clients from diverse backgrounds dealing with various psychosocial stressors, identity issues, relational dynamics both in their personal and/ work life. I work with clients who are seeking to make sense of their lived experiences, deal and recover from feelings of disempowerment and want to live their life with dignity, respect, and hope. My clients have history of trauma, PTSD, intergenerational issues, parenting, mental health issues, work stressors, conflict, parenting issues, refugee and immigration issues, burnout, discrimination, workplace violence & harassment issues.
I am here for you, working with clients from diverse backgrounds dealing with various psychosocial stressors, identity issues, relational dynamics both in their personal and/ work life. I work with clients who are seeking to make sense of their lived experiences, deal and recover from feelings of disempowerment and want to live their life with dignity, respect, and hope. My clients have history of trauma, PTSD, intergenerational issues, parenting, mental health issues, work stressors, conflict, parenting issues, refugee and immigration issues, burnout, discrimination, workplace violence & harassment issues.
(289) 276-8307 View (289) 276-8307
Photo of Melissa Ann Steele, Pre-Licensed Professional in M1T, ON
Melissa Ann Steele
Pre-Licensed Professional, MMFT, RMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T
Therapy can help us to connect with ourselves and others, find meaning, joy, love, acceptance, playfulness and peace of mind. If you are recovering from trauma, if you are stuck or struggling, therapy can create a safe space to work through painful and difficult emotions and experiences in order to live better and feel better. I value creativity, compassion and collaboration. My approach is drawn from attachment theory, narrative therapy, trauma-informed somatic therapies, mindful self-compassion and relational therapy.
Therapy can help us to connect with ourselves and others, find meaning, joy, love, acceptance, playfulness and peace of mind. If you are recovering from trauma, if you are stuck or struggling, therapy can create a safe space to work through painful and difficult emotions and experiences in order to live better and feel better. I value creativity, compassion and collaboration. My approach is drawn from attachment theory, narrative therapy, trauma-informed somatic therapies, mindful self-compassion and relational therapy.
(204) 809-7648 View (204) 809-7648
Photo of Eileen Ormond, Registered Psychotherapist in M1T, ON
Eileen Ormond
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
In this fast-paced, stressful life we are sometimes presented with unexpected internal or external events that give us reason to pause and seek a safe place for reflection, stillness and healing. Whether you are facing memories of traumatic childhood experiences, a major life transition, the devastating loss of a loved-one or a personal challenge that threatens your connection with self and others, you have come to the right place. I believe that within suffering, there are always opportunities for learning and growth. Let me guide and assist you in your healing journey with over thirty years of experience and expertise.
In this fast-paced, stressful life we are sometimes presented with unexpected internal or external events that give us reason to pause and seek a safe place for reflection, stillness and healing. Whether you are facing memories of traumatic childhood experiences, a major life transition, the devastating loss of a loved-one or a personal challenge that threatens your connection with self and others, you have come to the right place. I believe that within suffering, there are always opportunities for learning and growth. Let me guide and assist you in your healing journey with over thirty years of experience and expertise.
(289) 276-8027 View (289) 276-8027
Photo of Vidya I. Arora, Registered Social Worker in M1T, ON
Vidya I. Arora
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
Are you navigating a recent loss? Does it feel like you are stuck in a cycle? Are you feeling weighed down by the expectations of others? Harsh inner critic? I work alongside you to help you address the areas in life that may leave you feeling stuck, make sense of the confusing pieces, and address challenges from the past, whether it's processing unresolved grief, untangling complex relationship dynamics, or challenging unrealistic expectations. Through our sessions, we will work to identify and disrupt negative patterns and create new and meaningful ways of being present.
Are you navigating a recent loss? Does it feel like you are stuck in a cycle? Are you feeling weighed down by the expectations of others? Harsh inner critic? I work alongside you to help you address the areas in life that may leave you feeling stuck, make sense of the confusing pieces, and address challenges from the past, whether it's processing unresolved grief, untangling complex relationship dynamics, or challenging unrealistic expectations. Through our sessions, we will work to identify and disrupt negative patterns and create new and meaningful ways of being present.
(289) 803-8328 View (289) 803-8328
Willow Grove Counselling Centre For Transformation
Registered Social Worker, BA Hons, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
People come to therapy for a variety of reasons. For some, therapy provides tools to navigate concerns like depression or anxiety while for others it offers a forum in which to explore and strengthen interpersonal relationships. You don’t need to be in a debilitating crisis to get support. Whatever your reason for reaching out you are deserving of support and I look forward to meeting you to discuss your unique needs. May you be happy. May you be healthy. May you feel safe.
People come to therapy for a variety of reasons. For some, therapy provides tools to navigate concerns like depression or anxiety while for others it offers a forum in which to explore and strengthen interpersonal relationships. You don’t need to be in a debilitating crisis to get support. Whatever your reason for reaching out you are deserving of support and I look forward to meeting you to discuss your unique needs. May you be happy. May you be healthy. May you feel safe.
(548) 483-5552 View (548) 483-5552
Photo of Jamie Warrack, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in M1T, ON
Jamie Warrack
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, BSW , RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M1T
I do not believe in pathologizing one due to their diagnoses, symptoms, or problems. As such, I offer a no commitment discussion to explore if I am someone who could appropriately support you. The most beneficial counselling/therapy is built off of a trusting and secure relationship. I am incredibly passionate about the counselling/therapy process and feel honoured when individuals choose me to walk alongside them in their healing journey. Deciding to reach out is not an easy step but it is the first step - I am proud that you are here. I am committed to inclusivity and being an ally and providing support to LGBTQ2+ individuals.
I do not believe in pathologizing one due to their diagnoses, symptoms, or problems. As such, I offer a no commitment discussion to explore if I am someone who could appropriately support you. The most beneficial counselling/therapy is built off of a trusting and secure relationship. I am incredibly passionate about the counselling/therapy process and feel honoured when individuals choose me to walk alongside them in their healing journey. Deciding to reach out is not an easy step but it is the first step - I am proud that you are here. I am committed to inclusivity and being an ally and providing support to LGBTQ2+ individuals.
(825) 501-0066 View (825) 501-0066
Photo of Azadeh Erfanian, Registered Social Worker in M1T, ON
Azadeh Erfanian
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
My extensive experience working with individuals and families has led me to believe in the immense human capacity for change, recovery, and healing. I am a clinical social worker and view psychotherapy as a gentle, coordinated dance between therapist and client. I am interested in knowing you, your challenges, triumphs and your life story. While I am able to take a supportive role by listening and acknowledging your emotions, I can also take an active role when necessary. Therefore, you can count on hearing my take on the presented issues and my advice.
My extensive experience working with individuals and families has led me to believe in the immense human capacity for change, recovery, and healing. I am a clinical social worker and view psychotherapy as a gentle, coordinated dance between therapist and client. I am interested in knowing you, your challenges, triumphs and your life story. While I am able to take a supportive role by listening and acknowledging your emotions, I can also take an active role when necessary. Therefore, you can count on hearing my take on the presented issues and my advice.
(548) 490-4012 View (548) 490-4012
Photo of Lynn Baxter and Associates Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist in M1T, ON
Lynn Baxter and Associates Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist, BAPsych, CCht, ACC, CNLPP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M1T
It is highly unlikely that anyone gets through life without some type of challenge at some time in his or her life. Individuals who seek therapy are serious about addressing these challenges in order to live a more balanced, fulfilling life. We work with our clients to first understand the issue, explore options and to form new understanding of themselves and their experience. We view our work with our clients as highly valuable and of critical importance to the overall health and stability throughout the lifespan.
It is highly unlikely that anyone gets through life without some type of challenge at some time in his or her life. Individuals who seek therapy are serious about addressing these challenges in order to live a more balanced, fulfilling life. We work with our clients to first understand the issue, explore options and to form new understanding of themselves and their experience. We view our work with our clients as highly valuable and of critical importance to the overall health and stability throughout the lifespan.
(289) 210-1228 View (289) 210-1228
Photo of Hills And Valleys Counselling Services, Registered Social Worker in M1T, ON
Hills And Valleys Counselling Services
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Do you put your needs at the bottom of the to-do list? Do you wonder if life should feel somehow better? Happier? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious, overwhelmed and uncertain about how they are supposed to manage their relationships, careers and their lives. Pushing away your needs and not taking time for yourself can lead to long-term issues for your mind and body. We believe it shouldn’t be so hard to live a better life. Now offering our comprehensive iDBT treatment program for adults and youth! Check out our website and reserve your spot.
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Do you put your needs at the bottom of the to-do list? Do you wonder if life should feel somehow better? Happier? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious, overwhelmed and uncertain about how they are supposed to manage their relationships, careers and their lives. Pushing away your needs and not taking time for yourself can lead to long-term issues for your mind and body. We believe it shouldn’t be so hard to live a better life. Now offering our comprehensive iDBT treatment program for adults and youth! Check out our website and reserve your spot.
(506) 503-5856 View (506) 503-5856
Photo of Tessa Nussbaum, Counsellor in M1T, ON
Tessa Nussbaum
Counsellor, CCC, MEd, BEd
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
Hi there, I’m Tessa. The first thing I want you to know is that it’s normal to find parenthood hard. This doesn’t mean you’re failing! But with support, it’s possible to find this season to be fulfilling (even when challenging at the same time). If you’re looking for gentle place to explore your values, learn how to apply the latest research in child development or address your own mental health concerns, I invite you to connect with me. Seeking help before things become a crisis usually makes it easier to find solution. So if you're reading this now, I hope you reach out for the support you deserve.
Hi there, I’m Tessa. The first thing I want you to know is that it’s normal to find parenthood hard. This doesn’t mean you’re failing! But with support, it’s possible to find this season to be fulfilling (even when challenging at the same time). If you’re looking for gentle place to explore your values, learn how to apply the latest research in child development or address your own mental health concerns, I invite you to connect with me. Seeking help before things become a crisis usually makes it easier to find solution. So if you're reading this now, I hope you reach out for the support you deserve.
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Photo of Nicole Withers, Registered Social Worker in M1T, ON
Nicole Withers
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, PSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
Now accepting Virtual clients in Quebec, Ontario, and Newfoundland & Labrador, and Non-Insured Health Benefits. Nicole uses a holistic, person-centred and empathetic approach to provide clinical counselling to children, young people, and their families. A registered Clinical Social Worker, Nicole holds a Bachelor of Social Work from Memorial University, and a Master’s of Social Work from McGill University. She has received specific training in Cognitive Behaviour and Play Therapy approaches from Laurier University and the Canadian Association of Play Therapy.
Now accepting Virtual clients in Quebec, Ontario, and Newfoundland & Labrador, and Non-Insured Health Benefits. Nicole uses a holistic, person-centred and empathetic approach to provide clinical counselling to children, young people, and their families. A registered Clinical Social Worker, Nicole holds a Bachelor of Social Work from Memorial University, and a Master’s of Social Work from McGill University. She has received specific training in Cognitive Behaviour and Play Therapy approaches from Laurier University and the Canadian Association of Play Therapy.
(438) 834-7509 View (438) 834-7509
Photo of Jenna Berry - Maternal Mental Health Specialist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in M1T, ON
Jenna Berry - Maternal Mental Health Specialist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW, CC-PMH
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M1T  (Online Only)
If you're finding motherhood to be more difficult than you expected, you're not alone in feeling this way. Many women and birthing individuals experience a range of emotions and struggles during their journey through parenthood. Whether you're overwhelmed with worry and "what-if" questions during fertility treatments or in pregnancy, need to process a challenging birth experience or NICU stay, are struggling to reconnect with yourself in the postpartum period, feeling like your relationship has changed since becoming a parent, or simply burnt out from the numerous demands of motherhood, support is available!
If you're finding motherhood to be more difficult than you expected, you're not alone in feeling this way. Many women and birthing individuals experience a range of emotions and struggles during their journey through parenthood. Whether you're overwhelmed with worry and "what-if" questions during fertility treatments or in pregnancy, need to process a challenging birth experience or NICU stay, are struggling to reconnect with yourself in the postpartum period, feeling like your relationship has changed since becoming a parent, or simply burnt out from the numerous demands of motherhood, support is available!
(825) 250-3407 View (825) 250-3407

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Nearby Adoption Counsellors Searches for M1T

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Adoption Counsellors

Does my adopted child need therapy?

Not every adopted child needs therapy. However, many can benefit from seeing an adoption-informed therapist, especially if they were victims of abuse or neglect, appear withdrawn or disconnected, have behavioural or developmental issues (which may or may not be related to their adoption), are struggling with feelings of grief or loss surrounding their birth parents, or find it difficult to establish an identity, a challenge that often becomes most apparent during adolescence.

When should adoptive parents seek therapy?

Prospective parents can benefit from therapy even before an adoption—for example, to voice worries and fears; to reconcile infertility struggles, if relevant; or simply to prepare themselves for parenthood. After the adoption, parents who are struggling to bond with their child; are unsure how to talk about adoption or related issues, such as race; or whose child is dealing with developmental, behavioural, or psychiatric concerns can address these and other issues with the help of an adoption-competent therapist.

Is family therapy appropriate for adoptive families?

Family therapy can be invaluable for strengthening the bond between adoptive parents and children, helping the latter feel more secure in their place in the family. Family therapy can also help adoptive families navigate complex communication issues—for example, parents who feel uncomfortable discussing race with their child, who in turn feels invalidated by their silence, or a child who has questions about his birth parents but avoids asking them out of fear of hurting his adoptive parents’ feelings.

What therapy is not appropriate for adoption issues?

A discredited therapy known as “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy” or “rebirthing therapy”) should not be used to treat adopted and foster children, though it was largely designed for this population. Attachment therapy involves restraining, coercing, and punishing the child in order for them to “release” negative emotions and attach to their new caregivers—techniques that are abusive and dangerous and have even proven fatal in some cases.