Therapists in St Albert, AB

Photo of Tamara D. Gartner, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Tamara D. Gartner
Psychologist, RSW, MA, R, Psych
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
I believe clients have the inherent ability to create change. It takes courage to step forth and request support which leads to strength and a desire to create new ways of being. Through a meaningful and collaborative therapeutic relationship, I provide a safe and inclusive space for clients to grow and reach their desired potential and authentic self. I provide support to individuals/families that are experiencing challenges within their lives (i.e., gender diverse clients, dysphoria, sexual orientation, anxiety, depression, internalized homophobia/transphobia, coming to terms/coming out, trauma, self-harming, suicidal ideation).
I believe clients have the inherent ability to create change. It takes courage to step forth and request support which leads to strength and a desire to create new ways of being. Through a meaningful and collaborative therapeutic relationship, I provide a safe and inclusive space for clients to grow and reach their desired potential and authentic self. I provide support to individuals/families that are experiencing challenges within their lives (i.e., gender diverse clients, dysphoria, sexual orientation, anxiety, depression, internalized homophobia/transphobia, coming to terms/coming out, trauma, self-harming, suicidal ideation).
(866) 532-1984 View (866) 532-1984
Photo of Debbie Lynn Tabin, Registered Social Worker in St Albert, AB
Debbie Lynn Tabin
Registered Social Worker, BSW, RSW, MAL
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
Do you find that anxiety, depression, relationship conflicts, habits and addictions are holding you back from fully embracing and living the life you were meant to? I have 20+ years of experience working with teens and adults. I am here to help guide you through this process and to facilitate the change you are longing for. I also have specialized training in TEAM-CBT - a cognitive behavioural approach developed by Dr. David Burns, best selling author of "Feeling Good" and "Feeling Great". www.softstonecounselling.com
Do you find that anxiety, depression, relationship conflicts, habits and addictions are holding you back from fully embracing and living the life you were meant to? I have 20+ years of experience working with teens and adults. I am here to help guide you through this process and to facilitate the change you are longing for. I also have specialized training in TEAM-CBT - a cognitive behavioural approach developed by Dr. David Burns, best selling author of "Feeling Good" and "Feeling Great". www.softstonecounselling.com
(587) 401-2239 View (587) 401-2239
Photo of iMentalHealth Counselling Services, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
iMentalHealth Counselling Services
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
Have you had an experience such as medical trauma, past experiences, or present circumstances that have caused you to be hypervigilant, reactive and having difficulty sleeping? With everything going on in your life it may be difficult to manage your relationships, career and the demands that are on you. Now more than ever people are feeling the need to seek support after a difficult few years. Pushing your needs aside to work through these difficult feelings may impact you in several ways, even physically. We believe it shouldn't be so hard to get your life back on track and live a life that feels less heavy and with freedom.
Have you had an experience such as medical trauma, past experiences, or present circumstances that have caused you to be hypervigilant, reactive and having difficulty sleeping? With everything going on in your life it may be difficult to manage your relationships, career and the demands that are on you. Now more than ever people are feeling the need to seek support after a difficult few years. Pushing your needs aside to work through these difficult feelings may impact you in several ways, even physically. We believe it shouldn't be so hard to get your life back on track and live a life that feels less heavy and with freedom.
(825) 601-5926 View (825) 601-5926
Photo of Monica Arnold, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Monica Arnold
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
Not accepting new clients
Hello! My name is Monica (she/her), and I am a Registered Psychologist. I am centred in the belief that we are all unique human beings who have found a way to survive this wild ride we call life. I view all symptoms, concerns, and difficult emotions as a map to understanding how you have learned to survive (and potentially, flourish!). This means that I am here to work with your natural capacity to navigate your life, while establishing new ways of meeting your needs (ie. belonging, safety, control) in an empowering and healing way.
Hello! My name is Monica (she/her), and I am a Registered Psychologist. I am centred in the belief that we are all unique human beings who have found a way to survive this wild ride we call life. I view all symptoms, concerns, and difficult emotions as a map to understanding how you have learned to survive (and potentially, flourish!). This means that I am here to work with your natural capacity to navigate your life, while establishing new ways of meeting your needs (ie. belonging, safety, control) in an empowering and healing way.
(825) 255-5014 View (825) 255-5014
Photo of Cristin Raven - Raven Art Therapy, Art Therapist in St Albert, AB
Cristin Raven - Raven Art Therapy
Art Therapist, DVATI, BFA, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
Art Therapy is great for youth & adults who have difficulty expressing themselves verbally. Experience with art making is Not necessary because we use materials in multiple ways. This mode of therapy is effective for those who have experienced trauma, by giving the client an opportunity to heal in a preverbal manner. The therapeutic use of art materials is good for anyone struggling with anxiety or stress. Working with an Art Therapist can untangle thoughts, re-imagine past patterns and create multiple ways to get unstuck. Instead of having to form thoughts through speech, we process through imagery, in a hands on manner.
Art Therapy is great for youth & adults who have difficulty expressing themselves verbally. Experience with art making is Not necessary because we use materials in multiple ways. This mode of therapy is effective for those who have experienced trauma, by giving the client an opportunity to heal in a preverbal manner. The therapeutic use of art materials is good for anyone struggling with anxiety or stress. Working with an Art Therapist can untangle thoughts, re-imagine past patterns and create multiple ways to get unstuck. Instead of having to form thoughts through speech, we process through imagery, in a hands on manner.
(825) 254-9918 View (825) 254-9918
Photo of Dr. Amanda de Guerre, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Dr. Amanda de Guerre
Psychologist, PhD, MA, RPsych
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
I have a passion for helping individuals facing challenges that disrupt their daily lives. I bring extensive experience to supporting Veterans, First Responders, and Emergency Personnel. I specialize in helping individuals overcome the devastating effects of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Whether it stems from combat experiences, emergency responses, or other life events. My therapeutic services span a broad spectrum of issues, including Trauma & PTSD, Addiction, Disordered Eating Behaviors, Depression, Anxiety, and various other concerns.
I have a passion for helping individuals facing challenges that disrupt their daily lives. I bring extensive experience to supporting Veterans, First Responders, and Emergency Personnel. I specialize in helping individuals overcome the devastating effects of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Whether it stems from combat experiences, emergency responses, or other life events. My therapeutic services span a broad spectrum of issues, including Trauma & PTSD, Addiction, Disordered Eating Behaviors, Depression, Anxiety, and various other concerns.
(587) 812-4481 View (587) 812-4481
Photo of Lisette A McArthur, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in St Albert, AB
Lisette A McArthur
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RegCSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
At times we feel under a lot of intangible stress, and this creates an imbalance that wears out our normal coping skills. You are not alone. Feeling tired of being tired is the first step in reaching out to achieve and master a proper life balance. A life without the limits of our pre-conditioned and other based negative self talk paradigms. Life does involve more than survival and fighting- it involves joy and happiness. I can help you achieve this transformation.
At times we feel under a lot of intangible stress, and this creates an imbalance that wears out our normal coping skills. You are not alone. Feeling tired of being tired is the first step in reaching out to achieve and master a proper life balance. A life without the limits of our pre-conditioned and other based negative self talk paradigms. Life does involve more than survival and fighting- it involves joy and happiness. I can help you achieve this transformation.
(825) 250-3418 View (825) 250-3418
Photo of Krys Wilson, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Krys Wilson
Psychologist, M Ed, R Psych
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
I am committed to providing you with the highest quality of professional services to help you attain the changes you want to make in your life. I have had the privilege of working with and supporting youth, adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I work collaboratively with clients to gain insight into thoughts, beliefs, and emotions that are no longer serving them to help them overcome struggles and identify their strengths while utilizing those strengths with individualized strategies and tools to help them reach their goals.
I am committed to providing you with the highest quality of professional services to help you attain the changes you want to make in your life. I have had the privilege of working with and supporting youth, adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I work collaboratively with clients to gain insight into thoughts, beliefs, and emotions that are no longer serving them to help them overcome struggles and identify their strengths while utilizing those strengths with individualized strategies and tools to help them reach their goals.
(825) 809-5514 View (825) 809-5514
Photo of Laura Byrtus, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Laura Byrtus
Psychologist, MA, RPsych
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Accepting personal and professional referrals and VA clients - Do you find yourself stuck in a pattern and don't know how to change? Do you find that your relationships are not working, or depression and anxiety are getting in the way of living a happy, healthy life? I see therapy as a way to answer the questions of "Why?" "Why do I make the choices I do?" "Why does this keep happening to me?"
Accepting personal and professional referrals and VA clients - Do you find yourself stuck in a pattern and don't know how to change? Do you find that your relationships are not working, or depression and anxiety are getting in the way of living a happy, healthy life? I see therapy as a way to answer the questions of "Why?" "Why do I make the choices I do?" "Why does this keep happening to me?"
(866) 688-9083 View (866) 688-9083
Photo of Danielle Newsome, Registered Provisional Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Danielle Newsome
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
Danielle is a Registered Provisional Psychologist who works with individuals & couples with their mental health, significant life events, trauma, & relationships. She understands the importance of trust, therapeutic relationship building, cultural safety, & support; & brings a strong background in the bio-psycho-social model that incorporates trauma-focused and informed care. Danielle approaches her work with a sense of humbleness as she recognizes the strength it can take to begin and maintain a journey of self-discovery and change. Having a collaborative approach will aid in helping you feel like you can talk openly and honestly.
Danielle is a Registered Provisional Psychologist who works with individuals & couples with their mental health, significant life events, trauma, & relationships. She understands the importance of trust, therapeutic relationship building, cultural safety, & support; & brings a strong background in the bio-psycho-social model that incorporates trauma-focused and informed care. Danielle approaches her work with a sense of humbleness as she recognizes the strength it can take to begin and maintain a journey of self-discovery and change. Having a collaborative approach will aid in helping you feel like you can talk openly and honestly.
(825) 608-5242 View (825) 608-5242
Photo of Anna Rissanen, Counsellor in St Albert, AB
Anna Rissanen
Counsellor, PhD, MEd, MC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
I work with individuals, families and couples in different life stages offering supportive, culturally inclusive therapy. My focus is on the wellbeing of the client(s) as we work towards your goals in life and wellbeing. I use a combination of therapy modalities to help and heal challenges with somatic experiencing, thought patterns, behaviours, emotions, trauma and learned patterns that keep you from moving forward in life. I have lived in Canada for 20 years and I speak fluent Finnish and English, I also understand Swedish and German.
I work with individuals, families and couples in different life stages offering supportive, culturally inclusive therapy. My focus is on the wellbeing of the client(s) as we work towards your goals in life and wellbeing. I use a combination of therapy modalities to help and heal challenges with somatic experiencing, thought patterns, behaviours, emotions, trauma and learned patterns that keep you from moving forward in life. I have lived in Canada for 20 years and I speak fluent Finnish and English, I also understand Swedish and German.
(825) 254-5903 View (825) 254-5903
Photo of Motion Forward Counselling, Psychiatric Nurse in St Albert, AB
Motion Forward Counselling
Psychiatric Nurse, RPN, MHT
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
I have the passion dedication and desire to help people achieve their best version of themselves. I am empathetic and pride myself in building therapeutic relationships with my clients. We want you to feel comfortable here at Motion Forward Counselling and offer mobile mental health services by video or phone. Providing services in clinic or community such as coffee shops or outside in nature. With a profound respect and understanding of cultural diversity and inclusion towards all our client is key to our practice. We are NIHB providers and work closely with the Indigenous communities providing services in English and Arabic.
I have the passion dedication and desire to help people achieve their best version of themselves. I am empathetic and pride myself in building therapeutic relationships with my clients. We want you to feel comfortable here at Motion Forward Counselling and offer mobile mental health services by video or phone. Providing services in clinic or community such as coffee shops or outside in nature. With a profound respect and understanding of cultural diversity and inclusion towards all our client is key to our practice. We are NIHB providers and work closely with the Indigenous communities providing services in English and Arabic.
(587) 805-1492 View (587) 805-1492
Photo of Brian Campbell, Pre-Licensed Professional in St Albert, AB
Brian Campbell
Pre-Licensed Professional, BSW , RSW
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with anyone who maybe curious how their early experiences maybe disrupting their current relationships, goals or dreams. I work with people who have experienced recent or historic difficult or traumatic events and need help putting the pieces back together. I also enjoy working with people who are experiencing major life transitions, either preparing for a new relationship or moving through the grief of a current relationship that is changing.
I enjoy working with anyone who maybe curious how their early experiences maybe disrupting their current relationships, goals or dreams. I work with people who have experienced recent or historic difficult or traumatic events and need help putting the pieces back together. I also enjoy working with people who are experiencing major life transitions, either preparing for a new relationship or moving through the grief of a current relationship that is changing.
(825) 609-4734 View (825) 609-4734
Photo of Lisa M Porret, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Lisa M Porret
Psychologist, RPsych, MSc, BA
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
I work with adults and youth who want to work through any kind of suffering. This may involve building a life worth living, learning healthy emotional control. to feel better overall, or stopping a nagging problem.
I work with adults and youth who want to work through any kind of suffering. This may involve building a life worth living, learning healthy emotional control. to feel better overall, or stopping a nagging problem.
(825) 606-5420 View (825) 606-5420
Photo of Dr. Lauren K. McCoy - Actualize Psychological, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Dr. Lauren K. McCoy - Actualize Psychological
Psychologist, BSc, MSc, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
Are you in a loop of self-blame, regret, or anxiety over how events in your life have gone or are going? Would those close to you say you "have it together" but, deep down, circumstances have left you feeling "not good enough"? Has the shame or disappointment eroded trust in your ability to make confident decisions for your relationships, your job, your life direction? Whether symptoms began due to unfortunate luck, a traumatic event, relationship breakdown, etc., I help identify patterns keeping you stuck and offer solution-focused, evidence based strategies to address anxiety, self-doubt, indecision, PTSD, and codependency.
Are you in a loop of self-blame, regret, or anxiety over how events in your life have gone or are going? Would those close to you say you "have it together" but, deep down, circumstances have left you feeling "not good enough"? Has the shame or disappointment eroded trust in your ability to make confident decisions for your relationships, your job, your life direction? Whether symptoms began due to unfortunate luck, a traumatic event, relationship breakdown, etc., I help identify patterns keeping you stuck and offer solution-focused, evidence based strategies to address anxiety, self-doubt, indecision, PTSD, and codependency.
(587) 857-5380 View (587) 857-5380
Photo of Laurie McCurdy, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Laurie McCurdy
Psychologist, RPsych, MEd
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
Whatever you are facing today, I welcome the opportunity to journey with you. I offer compassion, empathy and a safe place for you to explore, challenge, question and process whatever you are experiencing.
Whatever you are facing today, I welcome the opportunity to journey with you. I offer compassion, empathy and a safe place for you to explore, challenge, question and process whatever you are experiencing.
(587) 813-5976 View (587) 813-5976
Photo of Mackenzie R Carter, Registered Provisional Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Mackenzie R Carter
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
Hello! I have experience working with indigenous communities in Alberta as well as experience as a school-based helping professional! My goal is to help empower my clients and remind them of their strengths!
Hello! I have experience working with indigenous communities in Alberta as well as experience as a school-based helping professional! My goal is to help empower my clients and remind them of their strengths!
(780) 666-7555 View (780) 666-7555
Photo of Tania Roy, Registered Social Worker in St Albert, AB
Tania Roy
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, MEd
Verified Verified
St Albert, AB T8N
Quite often, we manage our biggest challenges with strength and confidence. And yet, there are times when we need an outside perspective that provides clarity, hope, and courage. Each individual has unique strengths and qualities, and my job is to help you connect with the inner strength that makes you resilient and prompts fruitful actions. I have thirteen years of experience helping individuals with depression, anxiety, stress, mood disorders, marital conflicts, workplace conflicts, and other issues. I have two Master's degrees, one in Social Work and the other in Special Education/Education Psychology.
Quite often, we manage our biggest challenges with strength and confidence. And yet, there are times when we need an outside perspective that provides clarity, hope, and courage. Each individual has unique strengths and qualities, and my job is to help you connect with the inner strength that makes you resilient and prompts fruitful actions. I have thirteen years of experience helping individuals with depression, anxiety, stress, mood disorders, marital conflicts, workplace conflicts, and other issues. I have two Master's degrees, one in Social Work and the other in Special Education/Education Psychology.
(587) 317-6952 View (587) 317-6952
Photo of Geordy Murphy, Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Geordy Murphy
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
Have you had an experience such as medical trauma, past experiences, or present circumstances that have caused you to be hypervigilant, reactive and having difficulty sleeping? With everything going on in your life it may be difficult to manage your relationships, career and the demands that are on you. Alot of men have been having trouble seeking support because they have been putting their families first; however, now it is your turn to get support. It is not worth putting your needs aside and have nothing left for others. I believe these challenges you are going through are workable and there can be hope to feel lighter.
Have you had an experience such as medical trauma, past experiences, or present circumstances that have caused you to be hypervigilant, reactive and having difficulty sleeping? With everything going on in your life it may be difficult to manage your relationships, career and the demands that are on you. Alot of men have been having trouble seeking support because they have been putting their families first; however, now it is your turn to get support. It is not worth putting your needs aside and have nothing left for others. I believe these challenges you are going through are workable and there can be hope to feel lighter.
(825) 250-3458 View (825) 250-3458
Photo of Carly Prive, Registered Provisional Psychologist in St Albert, AB
Carly Prive
Registered Provisional Psychologist, BA, MC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
St Albert, AB T8N
Hello and welcome! As a Registered Provisional Psychologist, I am deeply passionate about supporting and empowering my clients to navigate challenges with confidence and strength, while making positive changes in their lives. I am honoured to support children (5+), adolescents, and young adults who are experiencing anxiety-related disorders, neurodivergence, emotional dysregulation, life transition stress, self-esteem issues, disordered eating, body dysmorphia, shame/self-loathing, interpersonal/relational concerns, and attachment injuries.
Hello and welcome! As a Registered Provisional Psychologist, I am deeply passionate about supporting and empowering my clients to navigate challenges with confidence and strength, while making positive changes in their lives. I am honoured to support children (5+), adolescents, and young adults who are experiencing anxiety-related disorders, neurodivergence, emotional dysregulation, life transition stress, self-esteem issues, disordered eating, body dysmorphia, shame/self-loathing, interpersonal/relational concerns, and attachment injuries.
(825) 251-9167 View (825) 251-9167

See more therapy options for St Albert

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in St Albert, AB

200+

Average cost per session

$220

Counsellors in St Albert, AB who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
91% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
82% Self Esteem
79% Trauma and PTSD
78% Stress
76% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Alberta Blue Cross
63% Medavie Blue Cross
61% Green Shield Canada

How Counsellors in St Albert, AB see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in St Albert?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.