Therapists in Toronto, ON

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Photo of Moustafa Abdelrahman, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Moustafa Abdelrahman
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MBA
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6J
Therapy takes courage. My approach is supportive, collaborative, and genuine. I balance my knowledge of theory and technique with a non-judgemental, compassionate and affirming environment to support goals and work towards where you want to be in life. I work with adults of various ages, ethnicities, races, religions, sexual orientations, and gender identities. I have extensive experience working with and supporting LGBTQIA+ individuals. I am also proficient in both English and Arabic. Having lived in the Middle East a significant part of my life, I am familiar with the cultural issues.
Therapy takes courage. My approach is supportive, collaborative, and genuine. I balance my knowledge of theory and technique with a non-judgemental, compassionate and affirming environment to support goals and work towards where you want to be in life. I work with adults of various ages, ethnicities, races, religions, sexual orientations, and gender identities. I have extensive experience working with and supporting LGBTQIA+ individuals. I am also proficient in both English and Arabic. Having lived in the Middle East a significant part of my life, I am familiar with the cultural issues.
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Photo of Kevin Chiao, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Kevin Chiao
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP, RCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5B  (Online Only)
Change is hard, especially when you are doing it on your own. As a psychotherapist and clinical counsellor, I'm passionate about using effective, evidence-based treatments to help clients overcome life challenges, improve emotional wellbeing, and build the life they want. I specialize in working with clients who struggles with emotions, self-judgements, overcontrol, and habitual people pleasing. I work from a compassionate, person-centered approach that focuses on your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. I believe that everyone is doing the best they can AND have the potential to grow, heal, and move towards a life they want.
Change is hard, especially when you are doing it on your own. As a psychotherapist and clinical counsellor, I'm passionate about using effective, evidence-based treatments to help clients overcome life challenges, improve emotional wellbeing, and build the life they want. I specialize in working with clients who struggles with emotions, self-judgements, overcontrol, and habitual people pleasing. I work from a compassionate, person-centered approach that focuses on your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. I believe that everyone is doing the best they can AND have the potential to grow, heal, and move towards a life they want.
(289) 514-2351 View (289) 514-2351
Photo of Sabrina Yau, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Sabrina Yau
Registered Psychotherapist, MCP:AT, RP, RCAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5C  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
“Stepping into the world of therapy can be a scary and challenging experience.” Why? It may be because you grew up in an environment or culture where “talking” about your mental health did not exist, was not accepted, or when you did, it was not validated. Know that I actively try to de-stigmatize “going to therapy” as part of my practice. I believe that therapy can look different for everyone. Some individuals engage in therapy to maintain their emotional well-being and balance in their life and/or some want to actively address debilitating mental health concerns. My approach is to meet you where you are at.
“Stepping into the world of therapy can be a scary and challenging experience.” Why? It may be because you grew up in an environment or culture where “talking” about your mental health did not exist, was not accepted, or when you did, it was not validated. Know that I actively try to de-stigmatize “going to therapy” as part of my practice. I believe that therapy can look different for everyone. Some individuals engage in therapy to maintain their emotional well-being and balance in their life and/or some want to actively address debilitating mental health concerns. My approach is to meet you where you are at.
(647) 697-5966 View (647) 697-5966
Photo of Katya Sisler Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Katya Sisler Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6P  (Online Only)
A long road led us here along with past experience, inner torment, discoveries, joys and scars from previous relationships. Perhaps a crisis brought you here - when the old has already died and the new has not yet been born. We will go on a journey together and, instead of a map and a compass, we will create clear contract that tells where we want to go and how our adventure will end.
A long road led us here along with past experience, inner torment, discoveries, joys and scars from previous relationships. Perhaps a crisis brought you here - when the old has already died and the new has not yet been born. We will go on a journey together and, instead of a map and a compass, we will create clear contract that tells where we want to go and how our adventure will end.
(647) 952-6020 View (647) 952-6020
Photo of Rabea Murtaza, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Rabea Murtaza
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4K
Are you looking for a warm and caring therapist? Please get in touch! I am a Registered Social Worker and Psychotherapist. Broadly, I support teens, adults, couples and families with neurodivergence (ADHD and Autism), grief, anxiety, depression, relationship stress, and navigating school and work. I also support people with issues related to migration, religion and culture, gender and sexualities. The heart of our work together is our 'click,' so please feel free to call or email me for a no-commitment short consult.
Are you looking for a warm and caring therapist? Please get in touch! I am a Registered Social Worker and Psychotherapist. Broadly, I support teens, adults, couples and families with neurodivergence (ADHD and Autism), grief, anxiety, depression, relationship stress, and navigating school and work. I also support people with issues related to migration, religion and culture, gender and sexualities. The heart of our work together is our 'click,' so please feel free to call or email me for a no-commitment short consult.
(647) 695-9058 View (647) 695-9058
Photo of Karin Francis, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Karin Francis
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, DVATI, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6R
Welcome! I've worked as a mental health professional for over 25 years with a variety of clients in various settings. I enjoy working with women's issues and some of the challenges we face on this journey: life transitions, grief, anxiety, depression, relationships, parenting, special needs parenting, autism, exploring single motherhood, wellness, midlife & work/life balance, My approach is holistic, trauma informed, client centred and relational in nature. I take an integrated approach and intuitively weave a variety of modalities into my practice working towards freeing clients up to live in their highest expression of self.
Welcome! I've worked as a mental health professional for over 25 years with a variety of clients in various settings. I enjoy working with women's issues and some of the challenges we face on this journey: life transitions, grief, anxiety, depression, relationships, parenting, special needs parenting, autism, exploring single motherhood, wellness, midlife & work/life balance, My approach is holistic, trauma informed, client centred and relational in nature. I take an integrated approach and intuitively weave a variety of modalities into my practice working towards freeing clients up to live in their highest expression of self.
(647) 560-3843 View (647) 560-3843
Photo of Michelle Winterburn, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Michelle Winterburn
Registered Social Worker, BA Hons, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6R
Are you ready to change? to become ‘unstuck’? to cease being shackled by your past, by others and their opinions? to establish and embrace your autonomy? I can help.
Are you ready to change? to become ‘unstuck’? to cease being shackled by your past, by others and their opinions? to establish and embrace your autonomy? I can help.
(289) 210-7009 View (289) 210-7009
Photo of Ariette Hung | Noun Therapy (Online Only), Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Ariette Hung | Noun Therapy (Online Only)
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MDiv
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5C  (Online Only)
Accepting new patients! Life can be distressing at times. Certain experiences, stress and unhealthy relationships can get the best of anyone. I help my clients process difficult emotions and experiences in a safe space. I work with adolescent and adults and support them with navigating emotional/mental challenges and a variety of life issues. My areas of focus includes: Healing anxious/avoidant attachment, generalized anxiety, codependency, limerance, relationship issues, self-esteem, inner child, boundaries, self-esteem and stress. If you're ready to do the heartwork and heal, let's connect!
Accepting new patients! Life can be distressing at times. Certain experiences, stress and unhealthy relationships can get the best of anyone. I help my clients process difficult emotions and experiences in a safe space. I work with adolescent and adults and support them with navigating emotional/mental challenges and a variety of life issues. My areas of focus includes: Healing anxious/avoidant attachment, generalized anxiety, codependency, limerance, relationship issues, self-esteem, inner child, boundaries, self-esteem and stress. If you're ready to do the heartwork and heal, let's connect!
(289) 274-9385 View (289) 274-9385
Photo of Jonathan Anderson, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Jonathan Anderson
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5S
Whether you’re new to therapy or continuing on your journey, I’m here to support you on your way to a more fulfilling life. I’ve had a lot of experience finding the gold in challenging circumstances, and it’s an honour to share that possibility with others. I was trained in Gestalt therapy, so my approach involves providing a space that supports expanded awareness and authentic contact. I believe warmth, trust, and curiosity go a long way when connecting with someone.
Whether you’re new to therapy or continuing on your journey, I’m here to support you on your way to a more fulfilling life. I’ve had a lot of experience finding the gold in challenging circumstances, and it’s an honour to share that possibility with others. I was trained in Gestalt therapy, so my approach involves providing a space that supports expanded awareness and authentic contact. I believe warmth, trust, and curiosity go a long way when connecting with someone.
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Photo of Zachary Templeman, Pre-Licensed Professional in Toronto, ON
Zachary Templeman
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4K  (Online Only)
I work with folks going through life transitions, having difficulty in relationships, dealing with low self-esteem, or experiencing depression or anxiety. The folks I work with often find that patterns or feelings from their past are coming into their present in ways that no longer serve them.
I work with folks going through life transitions, having difficulty in relationships, dealing with low self-esteem, or experiencing depression or anxiety. The folks I work with often find that patterns or feelings from their past are coming into their present in ways that no longer serve them.
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Photo of Maureen Donlevy, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Maureen Donlevy
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), RP (Q)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5B  (Online Only)
Do you desire to live a full life? Are you experiencing challenging times? Sometimes plans simply don’t work out. Other times, the people close to you don’t play their part. This can leave you stressed and disappointed. Self-doubt can creep in, and focus and purpose can be lost, obscuring what’s most important. Acknowledging the need for help is a brave first step. In therapy, you will find a warm, compassionate partnership to help you find your path. Here, you will explore your past and present patterns and discover new possibilities. Let's work together to find joy and peace by accepting what can change and what can be let go.
Do you desire to live a full life? Are you experiencing challenging times? Sometimes plans simply don’t work out. Other times, the people close to you don’t play their part. This can leave you stressed and disappointed. Self-doubt can creep in, and focus and purpose can be lost, obscuring what’s most important. Acknowledging the need for help is a brave first step. In therapy, you will find a warm, compassionate partnership to help you find your path. Here, you will explore your past and present patterns and discover new possibilities. Let's work together to find joy and peace by accepting what can change and what can be let go.
(437) 372-5559 View (437) 372-5559
Photo of Afrah Ahmed, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Afrah Ahmed
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA, BSc
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5R
Do you feel disconnected or overwhelmed with life? I welcome you to our shared therapeutic space, where we walk together to explore your challenges and regain a sense of safety and resilience. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, identity issues, addictions, or traumatic experiences, I hold an open, empathic, non-judgemental environment where we collaborate on the approach that matches your needs. This is your journey, and your input matters deeply to me.
Do you feel disconnected or overwhelmed with life? I welcome you to our shared therapeutic space, where we walk together to explore your challenges and regain a sense of safety and resilience. Whether you struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, identity issues, addictions, or traumatic experiences, I hold an open, empathic, non-judgemental environment where we collaborate on the approach that matches your needs. This is your journey, and your input matters deeply to me.
(437) 747-8791 View (437) 747-8791
Photo of Farhat Shabbir, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Farhat Shabbir
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4X  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself worrying a lot or feeling anxious? Do you go through a significant life change, and you do not feel comfortable with your current situation? If you are tired of struggling with a hectic and overwhelming life, and you are ready to make meaningful changes in your life, I would be honored to walk alongside you through this journey. I believe together we can create success.
Do you find yourself worrying a lot or feeling anxious? Do you go through a significant life change, and you do not feel comfortable with your current situation? If you are tired of struggling with a hectic and overwhelming life, and you are ready to make meaningful changes in your life, I would be honored to walk alongside you through this journey. I believe together we can create success.
(647) 952-6306 View (647) 952-6306
Photo of Jacalyn Caswell, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Jacalyn Caswell
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MACP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4J
I work with adults and youth who experience depression, anxiety, work-related stress, self-esteem concerns, relationship conflict, loss, and grief. Knowing how challenging life can be, it is important that we have a safe community and people to assist us when sometimes we cannot manage our experiences alone. Thus, together within therapy, we will work as a team to explore present patterns and behaviours that result in feelings we wish to change and build a strong and compassionate belief of self, exploring new strategies and techniques along the way.
I work with adults and youth who experience depression, anxiety, work-related stress, self-esteem concerns, relationship conflict, loss, and grief. Knowing how challenging life can be, it is important that we have a safe community and people to assist us when sometimes we cannot manage our experiences alone. Thus, together within therapy, we will work as a team to explore present patterns and behaviours that result in feelings we wish to change and build a strong and compassionate belief of self, exploring new strategies and techniques along the way.
(289) 302-0464 View (289) 302-0464
Photo of Charlie Parker-McKay, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Charlie Parker-McKay
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, HBA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4P  (Online Only)
I am a neurodivergent non-binary lesbian therapist that operates a 2SLGBTQ+ and neurodiversity-affirming trauma-focused practice. I work from culturally informed, intersectional, anti-racist, feminist, and HAES values. I provide strengths-based, client-centered holistic therapy that fosters connection to the whole self. We can explore your values and intersecting identities, build self-compassion, set boundaries, explore access and accommodations, and heal from complex traumas. Together we can build a relationship based on trust and compassion that recognizes and empowers your lived experiences and authentic self.
I am a neurodivergent non-binary lesbian therapist that operates a 2SLGBTQ+ and neurodiversity-affirming trauma-focused practice. I work from culturally informed, intersectional, anti-racist, feminist, and HAES values. I provide strengths-based, client-centered holistic therapy that fosters connection to the whole self. We can explore your values and intersecting identities, build self-compassion, set boundaries, explore access and accommodations, and heal from complex traumas. Together we can build a relationship based on trust and compassion that recognizes and empowers your lived experiences and authentic self.
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Photo of Ashley Major, Psychologist in Toronto, ON
Ashley Major
Psychologist, PhD, CPsych
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6H  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Dr. Ashley. Over the past 10 years, I've had the privilege of working with children and adolescents to help improve their social-emotional health and well-being. I also help parents navigate various parenting challenges and learn how to best support their child's development from toddlerhood and beyond. I’ve had the benefit of working in a number of different settings, including hospitals, schools, community mental health clinics, and private practice. I currently own a virtual practice where I offer social-emotional assessment, individual therapy, and parent consultation to families across Ontario.
Hi! I'm Dr. Ashley. Over the past 10 years, I've had the privilege of working with children and adolescents to help improve their social-emotional health and well-being. I also help parents navigate various parenting challenges and learn how to best support their child's development from toddlerhood and beyond. I’ve had the benefit of working in a number of different settings, including hospitals, schools, community mental health clinics, and private practice. I currently own a virtual practice where I offer social-emotional assessment, individual therapy, and parent consultation to families across Ontario.
(365) 398-0734 View (365) 398-0734
Photo of Richard Bloch, Counsellor in Toronto, ON
Richard Bloch
Counsellor, MC, RP, CCC
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5R
I am a Registered Psychotherapist who specializes in helping people cope with depression, panic, OCD, social anxiety, chronic worry, irritable bowel syndrome, perfectionism, insomnia, anger, and other life stressors. My primary orientation is cognitive behaviour therapy. I trained at McGill University, University of Calgary, and received CBT-specific training in mood and anxiety disorders at the McGill University Health Centre, and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto. My treatments are focused on helping clients through the learning of life-long skills. I am open to inquiries about the process without obligation.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist who specializes in helping people cope with depression, panic, OCD, social anxiety, chronic worry, irritable bowel syndrome, perfectionism, insomnia, anger, and other life stressors. My primary orientation is cognitive behaviour therapy. I trained at McGill University, University of Calgary, and received CBT-specific training in mood and anxiety disorders at the McGill University Health Centre, and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto. My treatments are focused on helping clients through the learning of life-long skills. I am open to inquiries about the process without obligation.
(416) 876-3059 View (416) 876-3059
Photo of Alison Couvrette, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Alison Couvrette
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5V  (Online Only)
I help women who are struggling with the same obstacles you’re facing. You are probably needing some help with anxiety, emotion regulation, and personal growth. You might be trying to navigate all the relationships in your life, or the nightmare that is dating in 2024.
I help women who are struggling with the same obstacles you’re facing. You are probably needing some help with anxiety, emotion regulation, and personal growth. You might be trying to navigate all the relationships in your life, or the nightmare that is dating in 2024.
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Photo of Sali El Sadig, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Sali El Sadig
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4T  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
What has life thrown at you? I bet it hasn’t been easy. I can support you through it. I can also help you move towards a rich and meaningful life, based on what’s important to you. Therapy based in mindfulness, acceptance and self-compassion aims to help you put down the war with yourself and find a way forward with an open heart. With the right support, many things are possible.
What has life thrown at you? I bet it hasn’t been easy. I can support you through it. I can also help you move towards a rich and meaningful life, based on what’s important to you. Therapy based in mindfulness, acceptance and self-compassion aims to help you put down the war with yourself and find a way forward with an open heart. With the right support, many things are possible.
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Photo of Christyna Schillemore, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Christyna Schillemore
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4S
To be human means we all face challenges in life. At times you can be overwhelmed by difficulties related to relationships, family, career, or health. Perhaps you feel stuck and don’t know how to change or move forward. There is no single right answer to the questions of life, but the wrong answers can sometimes lead us to anxiety, depression, or a loss of purpose. I work with clients to discover their own inner wisdom and unique gifts and help facilitate their healing.
To be human means we all face challenges in life. At times you can be overwhelmed by difficulties related to relationships, family, career, or health. Perhaps you feel stuck and don’t know how to change or move forward. There is no single right answer to the questions of life, but the wrong answers can sometimes lead us to anxiety, depression, or a loss of purpose. I work with clients to discover their own inner wisdom and unique gifts and help facilitate their healing.
(289) 205-4876 View (289) 205-4876

See more therapy options for Toronto

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Toronto, ON

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in Toronto, ON who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
84% Self Esteem
80% Stress
72% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

62% Green Shield Canada
61% SunLife
57% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Toronto, ON see their clients

51% In Person and Online
49% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Toronto?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.