Therapists in Beltline, Calgary, AB

Photo of Jane Gillespie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RCSW
Jane Gillespie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RCSW
1 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
I am a Registered Clinical Social Worker in practice for over two decades, working with at-risk children and families. I have a Clinical Master of Social Work (MSW) in children's mental health and specialize in assessment and intervention where children are the subject of custody determinations or parenting disputes. I have extensive training in forensic assessment, assessment of family violence and child maltreatment. I am currently accepting clients for individual and family therapy, as well as court ordered interventions such as Practice Note 7.
I am a Registered Clinical Social Worker in practice for over two decades, working with at-risk children and families. I have a Clinical Master of Social Work (MSW) in children's mental health and specialize in assessment and intervention where children are the subject of custody determinations or parenting disputes. I have extensive training in forensic assessment, assessment of family violence and child maltreatment. I am currently accepting clients for individual and family therapy, as well as court ordered interventions such as Practice Note 7.
(587) 327-1806 View (587) 327-1806
Photo of Shannon Clark, Registered Social Worker, MSW RSW
Shannon Clark
Registered Social Worker, MSW RSW
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
Since 2008, I have been dedicated to the field of social work, helping individuals heal, grow, and discover a deeper sense of self. My approach integrates Hakomi, developmental psychology, and attachment-based principles, grounded in the belief that every person has the capacity for transformation.
Since 2008, I have been dedicated to the field of social work, helping individuals heal, grow, and discover a deeper sense of self. My approach integrates Hakomi, developmental psychology, and attachment-based principles, grounded in the belief that every person has the capacity for transformation.
(403) 668-9924 View (403) 668-9924
Photo of Kyla Brown, Psychologist, BA, MSc, RPsych
Kyla Brown
Psychologist, BA, MSc, RPsych
3 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
You Are Not Alone. Life can be challenging, and struggling does not mean you are failing. The belief that we should always have it together—or that difficulty is a sign of weakness—is simply untrue. These harmful narratives, combined with personal life experiences, can lead to disconnection from ourselves and others. I believe this disconnection is at the root of much of our suffering. I’m here to support you on your unique healing journey, helping you reconnect with the resilience, strength, and joy that have always been within you.
You Are Not Alone. Life can be challenging, and struggling does not mean you are failing. The belief that we should always have it together—or that difficulty is a sign of weakness—is simply untrue. These harmful narratives, combined with personal life experiences, can lead to disconnection from ourselves and others. I believe this disconnection is at the root of much of our suffering. I’m here to support you on your unique healing journey, helping you reconnect with the resilience, strength, and joy that have always been within you.
(825) 809-5455 View (825) 809-5455
Photo of Christine Hilts, Counsellor, BA, MACP, CCC
Christine Hilts
Counsellor, BA, MACP, CCC
11 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T3C
It takes courage to seek help, so I commend you for taking this first step. Although therapy can seem intimidating, I view it as just like any other health service, such as the dentist or chiropractor. Just like how we visit the dentist if we have severe tooth pain or need a routine cleaning, I am here for both your traumatic experiences as well as maintenance sessions. No issue is too small when working with me and my practice, Arcadia Counselling. No one is meant to struggle alone, which is where I come in. Therapy looks different for everyone whether that is a place to unload, learn techniques, or improve your quality of life.
It takes courage to seek help, so I commend you for taking this first step. Although therapy can seem intimidating, I view it as just like any other health service, such as the dentist or chiropractor. Just like how we visit the dentist if we have severe tooth pain or need a routine cleaning, I am here for both your traumatic experiences as well as maintenance sessions. No issue is too small when working with me and my practice, Arcadia Counselling. No one is meant to struggle alone, which is where I come in. Therapy looks different for everyone whether that is a place to unload, learn techniques, or improve your quality of life.
(587) 816-4360 View (587) 816-4360
Photo of Dr. Karen Colburne, Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Dr. Karen Colburne
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
Parenting is a wonderful yet potentially difficult journey. A child's early development takes place within the context of their close relationships. My work focuses on helping to optimize the parent-child relationship as the foundation for a child to reach their potential and have the best possible start in life. In my career, I have enjoyed working with children, including children with developmental differences and various medical challenges through settings such as Montreal Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, and the Alberta Children's Hospital. I look forward to connecting with you!
Parenting is a wonderful yet potentially difficult journey. A child's early development takes place within the context of their close relationships. My work focuses on helping to optimize the parent-child relationship as the foundation for a child to reach their potential and have the best possible start in life. In my career, I have enjoyed working with children, including children with developmental differences and various medical challenges through settings such as Montreal Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, and the Alberta Children's Hospital. I look forward to connecting with you!
(587) 408-3230 View (587) 408-3230
Photo of Colleen Harvey - Colleen Harvey, Calgary Counselling Services, Psychologist, MC, BA
Colleen Harvey, Calgary Counselling Services
Psychologist, MC, BA
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
You are the expert of your life, and your story and experiences are unique. Your healing journey is also unique, and your personal counselling needs and goals will be addressed through a therapeutic approach that is designed to suit you. You will be given the opportunity to share your perspective and ideas about what effective counselling looks like for you in my client-led, trauma-informed, and culturally responsive approach to therapy. A trusting therapeutic relationship is the key to successful therapy. Whether my clients are teenagers, adults, parents, or couples, all voices are respected and heard.
You are the expert of your life, and your story and experiences are unique. Your healing journey is also unique, and your personal counselling needs and goals will be addressed through a therapeutic approach that is designed to suit you. You will be given the opportunity to share your perspective and ideas about what effective counselling looks like for you in my client-led, trauma-informed, and culturally responsive approach to therapy. A trusting therapeutic relationship is the key to successful therapy. Whether my clients are teenagers, adults, parents, or couples, all voices are respected and heard.
(587) 209-4396 View (587) 209-4396
Photo of Lennie Moffatt, Psychologist, MA, R, Psych
Lennie Moffatt
Psychologist, MA, R, Psych
3 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
I am a registered psychologist who specializes in child, adolescent, and young adult therapy services for social and emotional concerns. I work with children, teens, young adults and their families. I offer evidence based treatments for a range of presenting concerns such as anxiety, low self-esteem, OCD, ADHD, depression, stress, life transitions and parent-child relational concerns. Whether you're navigating anxiety, depression, or seeking clarity for the path ahead, I offer support in addressing your concerns and determining goals. Together, we’ll explore your needs and create a personalized approach for meaningful progress.
I am a registered psychologist who specializes in child, adolescent, and young adult therapy services for social and emotional concerns. I work with children, teens, young adults and their families. I offer evidence based treatments for a range of presenting concerns such as anxiety, low self-esteem, OCD, ADHD, depression, stress, life transitions and parent-child relational concerns. Whether you're navigating anxiety, depression, or seeking clarity for the path ahead, I offer support in addressing your concerns and determining goals. Together, we’ll explore your needs and create a personalized approach for meaningful progress.
(587) 316-2952 View (587) 316-2952
Photo of David Berger-Jones, Registered Provisional Psychologist, MC, BFA, CCC
David Berger-Jones
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MC, BFA, CCC
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
Life can feel like a loop. Same struggles, same reactions, same self-doubt. Whether you’re rebuilding after addiction, comparing yourself to others' "perfect" lives on social media, learning to work with ADHD, or figuring out who you are beneath it all, I can help you move from chaos to clarity. I bring empathy, humour, and real-world strategies that make growth feel doable, not overwhelming. You’ll gain insight into how your mind works, learn tools to calm it down, and start making choices that line up with your values. I’ll meet you where you are. No judgment. No pressure. Just honest conversation and small, steady wins.
Life can feel like a loop. Same struggles, same reactions, same self-doubt. Whether you’re rebuilding after addiction, comparing yourself to others' "perfect" lives on social media, learning to work with ADHD, or figuring out who you are beneath it all, I can help you move from chaos to clarity. I bring empathy, humour, and real-world strategies that make growth feel doable, not overwhelming. You’ll gain insight into how your mind works, learn tools to calm it down, and start making choices that line up with your values. I’ll meet you where you are. No judgment. No pressure. Just honest conversation and small, steady wins.
(587) 817-2470 View (587) 817-2470
Photo of Lucas So, Psychologist, MEd, RPsych
Lucas So
Psychologist, MEd, RPsych
1 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
There’s no fixed identity or predetermined path that you or I have to follow in life. So if you’ve felt self-doubt, or if you’re questioning who you are and where you fit in society, you’re not alone. Life can be confusing, and we don’t always have the answers. Together in therapy, we can explore what it means to be you, discover your sense of self-worth, and find comfort in your individuality. I believe we’re all capable of growing as human beings, even when we’ve experienced trauma, suffering, or moments when we feel defective in some way.
There’s no fixed identity or predetermined path that you or I have to follow in life. So if you’ve felt self-doubt, or if you’re questioning who you are and where you fit in society, you’re not alone. Life can be confusing, and we don’t always have the answers. Together in therapy, we can explore what it means to be you, discover your sense of self-worth, and find comfort in your individuality. I believe we’re all capable of growing as human beings, even when we’ve experienced trauma, suffering, or moments when we feel defective in some way.
(587) 840-6712 View (587) 840-6712
Photo of Rebecca Todd, Counsellor, CCC, CT, MC, BA
Rebecca Todd
Counsellor, CCC, CT, MC, BA
3 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
Hi there! My name is Rebecca and I'm a counsellor who works with adults in varying populations in their journey through self-evolution and empowerment. I'm especially passionate about working with first responders and the LGBTQ+ community. Being someone who identifies as queer as well as the offspring of a long line of first responders, I'm aware of the many hardships and barriers that exist on a daily basis for those belonging to these communities.
Hi there! My name is Rebecca and I'm a counsellor who works with adults in varying populations in their journey through self-evolution and empowerment. I'm especially passionate about working with first responders and the LGBTQ+ community. Being someone who identifies as queer as well as the offspring of a long line of first responders, I'm aware of the many hardships and barriers that exist on a daily basis for those belonging to these communities.
(587) 816-2446 View (587) 816-2446
Photo of Megan Brown, Psychologist, MC
Megan Brown
Psychologist, MC
2 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T3C
Supporting Children & Teens on Their Unique Journey As a child and adolescent psychologist, I specialize in working with young people (ages 5–19) and their families. Life can be messy, and every child’s story is different. My passion is helping kids and teens navigate challenges—whether it’s relationship struggles, trauma, emotional ups and downs, or behavioural concerns.
Supporting Children & Teens on Their Unique Journey As a child and adolescent psychologist, I specialize in working with young people (ages 5–19) and their families. Life can be messy, and every child’s story is different. My passion is helping kids and teens navigate challenges—whether it’s relationship struggles, trauma, emotional ups and downs, or behavioural concerns.
(587) 741-0616 View (587) 741-0616
Photo of Shannon Foster, Psychologist, MC, R Psych, RCC, CCC
Shannon Foster
Psychologist, MC, R Psych, RCC, CCC
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
When food, relationships, or your sense of self begin to feel overwhelming, it can be hard to know where to turn. I specialize in working with individuals and couples who are navigating eating disorders, body image concerns and relationship distress-often at the same time. These struggles rarely exist in isolation, patterns around food, control, conflict and communication are deeply intertwined. My approach is warm, collaborative and is grounded in evidence-based couples, trauma and eating disorder therapy methods.
When food, relationships, or your sense of self begin to feel overwhelming, it can be hard to know where to turn. I specialize in working with individuals and couples who are navigating eating disorders, body image concerns and relationship distress-often at the same time. These struggles rarely exist in isolation, patterns around food, control, conflict and communication are deeply intertwined. My approach is warm, collaborative and is grounded in evidence-based couples, trauma and eating disorder therapy methods.
(587) 870-5813 View (587) 870-5813
Photo of Ashley Wanamaker, Psychologist, MC
Ashley Wanamaker
Psychologist, MC
1 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
Offering daytime and evening appointments in Calgary's beltine! I am a Registered Psychologist working in an individual, one-to-one private setting. I have a specialized focus working with trauma, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, OCD, and body image concerns with adolescent and adult clients.
Offering daytime and evening appointments in Calgary's beltine! I am a Registered Psychologist working in an individual, one-to-one private setting. I have a specialized focus working with trauma, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, OCD, and body image concerns with adolescent and adult clients.
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Photo of Aiyman Vassanji, Pre-Licensed Professional
Aiyman Vassanji
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
There are times in life when you start to feel disconnected from others, from your direction, or even from yourself. Maybe your relationships feel harder to navigate, or you’ve lost touch with a sense of meaning that once felt clear. When who you are or where you’re headed starts to feel uncertain, it can leave you feeling stuck and restless, searching for clarity and connection.
There are times in life when you start to feel disconnected from others, from your direction, or even from yourself. Maybe your relationships feel harder to navigate, or you’ve lost touch with a sense of meaning that once felt clear. When who you are or where you’re headed starts to feel uncertain, it can leave you feeling stuck and restless, searching for clarity and connection.
(587) 325-0720 View (587) 325-0720
Photo of Andre Benoit, Psychologist, MSc
Andre Benoit
Psychologist, MSc
3 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
Are you looking for more than talk therapy and usual workbook activities? Struggle with stress, mood, anxiety, or motivation? Do you feel disconnected from yourself, your body, spirituality and/or your relationships? Do you feel lonely, awkward, or struggle to connect with others? Imagine a therapy experience where you feel more rooted in yourself, feel calmer, energized and motivated to connect with the human and more-than-human world. Available in-person for Individuals and Couples Therapy in West Cochrane (www.theyurt.ca), Downtown Calgary (Beltlne), and for virtual appointments. 403.354.0423 or www.deeprootstherapies.com.
Are you looking for more than talk therapy and usual workbook activities? Struggle with stress, mood, anxiety, or motivation? Do you feel disconnected from yourself, your body, spirituality and/or your relationships? Do you feel lonely, awkward, or struggle to connect with others? Imagine a therapy experience where you feel more rooted in yourself, feel calmer, energized and motivated to connect with the human and more-than-human world. Available in-person for Individuals and Couples Therapy in West Cochrane (www.theyurt.ca), Downtown Calgary (Beltlne), and for virtual appointments. 403.354.0423 or www.deeprootstherapies.com.
(587) 412-2703 View (587) 412-2703
Photo of Kyle Graham, Psychologist, MC, RPsych
Kyle Graham
Psychologist, MC, RPsych
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
I am keen to collaborate with Individuals and couples wanting to discover and understand the underlying factors which may be contributing to their symptoms of distress and conflict in their lives and in their relationships. Together we will develop a therapeutic alliance: influenced by curiosity; mindfulness; and self-compassion; that will focus on creating, and trying to achieve, your unique treatment goals. I am passionate about mental and emotional health, and I enjoy guiding and supporting clients while they strive to improve and change their lives.
I am keen to collaborate with Individuals and couples wanting to discover and understand the underlying factors which may be contributing to their symptoms of distress and conflict in their lives and in their relationships. Together we will develop a therapeutic alliance: influenced by curiosity; mindfulness; and self-compassion; that will focus on creating, and trying to achieve, your unique treatment goals. I am passionate about mental and emotional health, and I enjoy guiding and supporting clients while they strive to improve and change their lives.
(587) 329-8566 View (587) 329-8566
Photo of Anmol Hajraw, Psychologist, MC
Anmol Hajraw
Psychologist, MC
1 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
Hi, I’m Anmol and I’m currently accepting new clients. I provide Neurodivergent-Affirming Counselling, with a focus on Autism and ADHD. Over the years, I’ve had the privilege of working closely with the Autism community, and I understand how important it is to be seen and supported for who you are - not for how well you fit into neurotypical expectations. As someone with South Asian heritage, I also understand the unique challenges that come with growing up in immigrant households - navigating family expectations, managing feelings of guilt or shame, or juggling multiple cultures.
Hi, I’m Anmol and I’m currently accepting new clients. I provide Neurodivergent-Affirming Counselling, with a focus on Autism and ADHD. Over the years, I’ve had the privilege of working closely with the Autism community, and I understand how important it is to be seen and supported for who you are - not for how well you fit into neurotypical expectations. As someone with South Asian heritage, I also understand the unique challenges that come with growing up in immigrant households - navigating family expectations, managing feelings of guilt or shame, or juggling multiple cultures.
(403) 560-0997 View (403) 560-0997
Photo of Maria Wing, Marriage & Family Therapist, BA, MSc, APC
Maria Wing
Marriage & Family Therapist, BA, MSc, APC
1 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T3M
Whether you are facing life transitions, trauma, loss, depression, or anxiety, having someone to journey with can make all the difference in your journey towards healing and flourishing.
Whether you are facing life transitions, trauma, loss, depression, or anxiety, having someone to journey with can make all the difference in your journey towards healing and flourishing.
(587) 818-6211 View (587) 818-6211
Photo of Rebeca Tejada, Registered Provisional Psychologist, MC
Rebeca Tejada
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MC
2 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
Hi there! I’m a Registered Provisional Psychologist in Alberta, passionate about supporting children, teens, and adults with authenticity and warmth. My priority is creating an open and comfortable space where people can be their truest selves. For children navigating big emotions or changes, I use play-based approaches to ease the process and work alongside parents as extra support. With teens and adults, I aim to meet you where you are and collaborate to help you move toward your goals at your own pace. For everyone I work with, I am to infuse care with trauma and culturally informed approaches.
Hi there! I’m a Registered Provisional Psychologist in Alberta, passionate about supporting children, teens, and adults with authenticity and warmth. My priority is creating an open and comfortable space where people can be their truest selves. For children navigating big emotions or changes, I use play-based approaches to ease the process and work alongside parents as extra support. With teens and adults, I aim to meet you where you are and collaborate to help you move toward your goals at your own pace. For everyone I work with, I am to infuse care with trauma and culturally informed approaches.
(587) 209-3621 View (587) 209-3621
Photo of Aaron Mark Smelski, Psychologist, MA
Aaron Mark Smelski
Psychologist, MA
1 Endorsed
Beltline, Calgary, AB T2R
My purpose is to help those with trauma find peace. Trauma has many faces. From haunting memories, and dreams to feeling anxious, angry, and depressed. Ties with friends and family can also be hurt. As much as trauma is painful, it is treatable. Over my 25 years of work, I have become an expert at building coping skills and helping others heal. I have had the honour to work with Canadian military veterans, RCMP, Calgary police, Paramedics and other professionals. I am also experienced working with persons who have been abused by their family and loved ones, motor vehicle accidents and other serious traumas.
My purpose is to help those with trauma find peace. Trauma has many faces. From haunting memories, and dreams to feeling anxious, angry, and depressed. Ties with friends and family can also be hurt. As much as trauma is painful, it is treatable. Over my 25 years of work, I have become an expert at building coping skills and helping others heal. I have had the honour to work with Canadian military veterans, RCMP, Calgary police, Paramedics and other professionals. I am also experienced working with persons who have been abused by their family and loved ones, motor vehicle accidents and other serious traumas.
(587) 507-4378 View (587) 507-4378

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Beltline, Calgary, AB

200+

Average cost per session

$220

Counsellors in Beltline, Calgary, AB who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
86% Depression
81% Self Esteem
79% Stress
78% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Alberta Blue Cross
71% Green Shield Canada
71% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Beltline, Calgary, AB see their clients

84% In Person and Online
16% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Beltline, Calgary?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.