Support Groups in L8V

This social skills program is specifically designed to meet the learning needs of children impacted by ADHD, Aspergers/ASD, Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities, and other struggles that negatively impact social skills. Help your child learn conflict resolution, anger management, how to get along with adults, how to handle teasing, and how to read social cues. Next group begins April 28th. Limit of 6 children per session, so register early!
Photo of Meghan Maynard, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BCW, CYW, RP
Hosted by Meghan Maynard
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BCW, CYW, RP
Group meets in Hamilton, ON L8V
This social skills program is specifically designed to meet the learning needs of children impacted by ADHD, Aspergers/ASD, Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities, and other struggles that negatively impact social skills. Help your child learn conflict resolution, anger management, how to get along with adults, how to handle teasing, and how to read social cues. Next group begins April 28th. Limit of 6 children per session, so register early!
(365) 906-2553 x2 View (365) 906-2553 x2
Through this 10 week coping skills group, teen participants 12-17 will learn the skills to manage and cope with intense emotions in a safe and productive manner. This group program is ideal for teens struggling with feelings of depression or anxiety, self-harm, peer &/or parent relationship issues, self-esteem, or anger concerns. Program begins April 25th, 2012. Spaces are limited. Please register early.
Photo of Meghan Maynard, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BCW, CYW, RP
Hosted by Meghan Maynard
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BCW, CYW, RP
Group meets in Hamilton, ON L8V
Through this 10 week coping skills group, teen participants 12-17 will learn the skills to manage and cope with intense emotions in a safe and productive manner. This group program is ideal for teens struggling with feelings of depression or anxiety, self-harm, peer &/or parent relationship issues, self-esteem, or anger concerns. Program begins April 25th, 2012. Spaces are limited. Please register early.
(365) 906-2553 x2 View (365) 906-2553 x2
Photo of Maryam Rostami - Maryam Rostami, EMDR and IFS Therapist., Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, Psych
Hosted by Maryam Rostami, EMDR and IFS Therapist.
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, Psych
Group meets in Hamilton, ON L8V
(289) 422-0731 View (289) 422-0731

More Groups Nearby

This group is intended for those seeking group support while dealing with the aftermath of trauma. That might include struggling with trust, difficulty bonding, an inability to sustain relationships, a tendency to withdraw, or ongoing feelings of guilt, shame, inadequacy, or low self-worth. If that sounds familiar, come join the group. Healing doesn’t happen in isolation - it happens in relationship. The group will start as soon as the number of participants is met. It is a closed group, running in 10-session blocks. Meets every week for 2 hours. 5-6 participants. $60 per session.
Photo of Olga Klimenkova, Registered Psychotherapist, RP, GIT Dip
Hosted by Olga Klimenkova
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, GIT Dip
Group meets in Oakville, ON L6J
This group is intended for those seeking group support while dealing with the aftermath of trauma. That might include struggling with trust, difficulty bonding, an inability to sustain relationships, a tendency to withdraw, or ongoing feelings of guilt, shame, inadequacy, or low self-worth. If that sounds familiar, come join the group. Healing doesn’t happen in isolation - it happens in relationship. The group will start as soon as the number of participants is met. It is a closed group, running in 10-session blocks. Meets every week for 2 hours. 5-6 participants. $60 per session.
(289) 277-3472 View (289) 277-3472
as an imam i am very familiar with Muslim culture and faith. many of my clients chose to come to me as they look for someone who can help them within the frame of reference of their culture and religious principles.
Photo of Ayman Taher, Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Hosted by Ayman Taher
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Group meets in Mississauga, ON L5C
as an imam i am very familiar with Muslim culture and faith. many of my clients chose to come to me as they look for someone who can help them within the frame of reference of their culture and religious principles.
(289) 271-9698 View (289) 271-9698
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment to help folks who grapple with emotional ups and downs tied to mood disorders, anxiety, addictions, and tough emotions such as grief, or shame. This DBT skills group is all about teaching practical tools to: 1) Ease emotional pain by practising mindfulness. 2) Handle intense emotions without making things worse. 3) Recognize, understand, and accept their emotions, which can lessen their intensity and improve problem-solving skills for more thoughtful responses rather than knee-jerk reactions. 4) Build better relationships through setting healthier boundaries, working through problems, and communicating assertively.
Photo of Rebecca Woodall - Hamilton Trauma Therapy Centre , Registered Social Worker, MSW, RP(Q), RP
Hosted by Hamilton Trauma Therapy Centre
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RP(Q), RP
Group meets in Hamilton, ON L9H
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment to help folks who grapple with emotional ups and downs tied to mood disorders, anxiety, addictions, and tough emotions such as grief, or shame. This DBT skills group is all about teaching practical tools to: 1) Ease emotional pain by practising mindfulness. 2) Handle intense emotions without making things worse. 3) Recognize, understand, and accept their emotions, which can lessen their intensity and improve problem-solving skills for more thoughtful responses rather than knee-jerk reactions. 4) Build better relationships through setting healthier boundaries, working through problems, and communicating assertively.
(289) 217-8859 View (289) 217-8859
Are you a practicum student, new grad, or early-career therapist looking for a relaxed, supportive supervision space that’s also practical and growth-focused? This spring/summer, join a small, closed group where you can build skills, gain confidence, and feel supported in your journey. My style is warm, collaborative, and rooted in real-world tools—not perfection. We’ll draw from EMDR, Brainspotting, ACT, EFT, Gottman, IFS-informed work, and more. Group runs 1–3 PM on May 1, 15, 29, June 12, and July 3. $80 per 2 hours! Email for more info!
Photo of Rina Reddy, Registered Psychotherapist
Hosted by Rina Reddy
Registered Psychotherapist
Group meets in Dundas, ON L9H
Are you a practicum student, new grad, or early-career therapist looking for a relaxed, supportive supervision space that’s also practical and growth-focused? This spring/summer, join a small, closed group where you can build skills, gain confidence, and feel supported in your journey. My style is warm, collaborative, and rooted in real-world tools—not perfection. We’ll draw from EMDR, Brainspotting, ACT, EFT, Gottman, IFS-informed work, and more. Group runs 1–3 PM on May 1, 15, 29, June 12, and July 3. $80 per 2 hours! Email for more info!
(365) 801-5812 View (365) 801-5812
DBT-informed Skills Group meets weekly for 13 weeks and focuses on skill-building. You will learn: Emotion Regulation, Distress Tolerance, Mindfulness, Interpersonal effectiveness. DBT helps if you have experienced any of the following: • Intense emotions • Chronic feelings of emptiness, shame, self-criticism • Urges or behaviors to harm yourself • Volatile relationships • Borderline Personality Disorder or traits • Low mood and high anxiety • Trauma and Impulse control This is a stand-alone service which is offered to individuals who are expected to have individual therapy sessions weekly, either in the commu
Photo of Paolo Mazzonetto - The Halton Centre for CBT & Stress Reduction, PsyD, CPsych
Hosted by The Halton Centre for CBT & Stress Reduction
Verified Verified
Group meets in Oakville, ON L6H
DBT-informed Skills Group meets weekly for 13 weeks and focuses on skill-building. You will learn: Emotion Regulation, Distress Tolerance, Mindfulness, Interpersonal effectiveness. DBT helps if you have experienced any of the following: • Intense emotions • Chronic feelings of emptiness, shame, self-criticism • Urges or behaviors to harm yourself • Volatile relationships • Borderline Personality Disorder or traits • Low mood and high anxiety • Trauma and Impulse control This is a stand-alone service which is offered to individuals who are expected to have individual therapy sessions weekly, either in the commu
(289) 312-8329 x1 View (289) 312-8329 x1
Our ADHD Skills group is designed for adults who have been diagnosed with ADHD by our centre or elsewhere. Over the course of 11 weeks, you will learn key skills such as Time Management, Organization and Planning to help you improve your life. By learning skills to help compensate for your ADHD, you will be more productive! And happier too!
Photo of Paolo Mazzonetto - The Halton Centre for CBT & Stress Reduction, PsyD, CPsych
Hosted by The Halton Centre for CBT & Stress Reduction
Verified Verified
Group meets in Oakville, ON L6H
Our ADHD Skills group is designed for adults who have been diagnosed with ADHD by our centre or elsewhere. Over the course of 11 weeks, you will learn key skills such as Time Management, Organization and Planning to help you improve your life. By learning skills to help compensate for your ADHD, you will be more productive! And happier too!
(289) 312-8329 x1 View (289) 312-8329 x1
Discover empowerment through Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) Skills Training at True North Psychotherapy. Our group sessions, rooted in evidence-based practices, offer a structured and supportive environment to cultivate essential life skills. Led by skilled facilitators, our DBT Skills Training focuses on four key modules: Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation, and Interpersonal Effectiveness. Learn practical tools to navigate life's challenges, enhance emotional resilience, and build meaningful connections. Whether you're seeking personal growth or managing specific challenges, our DBT Skills Training Group provides a transformative journey towards a more balanced and fulfilling life.
Photo of Frank Pew - True North Psychotherapy, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Hosted by True North Psychotherapy
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Group meets in Guelph, ON N1H
Discover empowerment through Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) Skills Training at True North Psychotherapy. Our group sessions, rooted in evidence-based practices, offer a structured and supportive environment to cultivate essential life skills. Led by skilled facilitators, our DBT Skills Training focuses on four key modules: Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation, and Interpersonal Effectiveness. Learn practical tools to navigate life's challenges, enhance emotional resilience, and build meaningful connections. Whether you're seeking personal growth or managing specific challenges, our DBT Skills Training Group provides a transformative journey towards a more balanced and fulfilling life.
(226) 457-6629 View (226) 457-6629
This group is for teens (ages 13-17) who experience trouble managing their emotions, thoughts & behaviours. As well as those that struggle with any or all of the following: impulsive/disruptive behaviours, frequent mood swings, self-harm/injurious behaviours, depression & anxiety, family & peer conflict, anger outbursts, & poor coping skills. DBT skills training is facilitated by an RSW in a format that is supportive and engaging. The primary goal is to introduce effective and practical skills which are meant to replace other unhealthy behaviours. 8 weeks of teen sessions + 1 week of parent session. Beginning Tuesday Feb 4 - April 1, 2025.
Photo of Stefanie Peachey - Peachey Counselling & Family Support, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, AccFM
Hosted by Peachey Counselling & Family Support
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, AccFM
Group meets in Oakville, ON L6L
This group is for teens (ages 13-17) who experience trouble managing their emotions, thoughts & behaviours. As well as those that struggle with any or all of the following: impulsive/disruptive behaviours, frequent mood swings, self-harm/injurious behaviours, depression & anxiety, family & peer conflict, anger outbursts, & poor coping skills. DBT skills training is facilitated by an RSW in a format that is supportive and engaging. The primary goal is to introduce effective and practical skills which are meant to replace other unhealthy behaviours. 8 weeks of teen sessions + 1 week of parent session. Beginning Tuesday Feb 4 - April 1, 2025.
(289) 802-2293 View (289) 802-2293
10 Week virtual educational support group for women who are in any stage of Menopause.
Photo of Marcie Richardson, Registered Social Service Worker, RSW
Hosted by Marcie Richardson
Registered Social Service Worker, RSW
Group meets in Hamilton, ON L8R
10 Week virtual educational support group for women who are in any stage of Menopause.
(365) 803-0170 View (365) 803-0170
Weekly therapy/support group for men (closed to members). Personal issues and dynamics are discussed. Call for details.
Photo of Lori Kay - Lori Kay Counselling, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RNCP, RP
Hosted by Lori Kay Counselling
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RNCP, RP
Group meets in Burlington, ON L7R
Weekly therapy/support group for men (closed to members). Personal issues and dynamics are discussed. Call for details.
(905) 331-0750 View (905) 331-0750
WeOCD is a group therapy program blending Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with Exposure and Response Prevention, tailored for individuals battling OCD. ACT fosters acceptance of obsessive thoughts without reacting compulsively. WeOCD emphasizes accepting uncomfortable feelings, committing to value-aligned actions despite intrusive thoughts, and nurturing a supportive community. Sessions include education, mindfulness exercises, experiential practices, and group discussions, all aimed at promoting learning, growth, and practical application. Facilitated by experienced clinicians, WeOCD is more than symptom management; it’s about living a full, meaningful life amidst OCD. Together, we navigate the complexities of OCD, fostering hope and resilience.
Photo of Elisha Schafer - Lotus Counselling Services, Elisha Schafer, Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP, BA
Hosted by Lotus Counselling Services, Elisha Schafer
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP, BA
Group meets in Hamilton, ON L0R
WeOCD is a group therapy program blending Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with Exposure and Response Prevention, tailored for individuals battling OCD. ACT fosters acceptance of obsessive thoughts without reacting compulsively. WeOCD emphasizes accepting uncomfortable feelings, committing to value-aligned actions despite intrusive thoughts, and nurturing a supportive community. Sessions include education, mindfulness exercises, experiential practices, and group discussions, all aimed at promoting learning, growth, and practical application. Facilitated by experienced clinicians, WeOCD is more than symptom management; it’s about living a full, meaningful life amidst OCD. Together, we navigate the complexities of OCD, fostering hope and resilience.
(289) 272-8520 View (289) 272-8520
Mind your business is centred on the importance of mental resilience, stress management, emotional regulation, & overall wellbeing in enhancing & optimizing performance in all facets of professional life. The workshops blend educational content, mindfulness practices, coping strategies, & open discussions to foster a supportive atmosphere that nurtures both mental & professional strength. Not only do the workshops aim to empower employees with skills to manage their mental health effectively, they aim to cultivate a culture of empathy, understanding, & mutual support within the corporate sphere.
Photo of Lauren Mallon, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BSc
Hosted by Lauren Mallon
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, BSc
Group meets in Burlington, ON L7T
Mind your business is centred on the importance of mental resilience, stress management, emotional regulation, & overall wellbeing in enhancing & optimizing performance in all facets of professional life. The workshops blend educational content, mindfulness practices, coping strategies, & open discussions to foster a supportive atmosphere that nurtures both mental & professional strength. Not only do the workshops aim to empower employees with skills to manage their mental health effectively, they aim to cultivate a culture of empathy, understanding, & mutual support within the corporate sphere.
(289) 276-1339 View (289) 276-1339
A transformation program designed from the lens of Holistic Wellbeing! This program brings you: A holistic journey to reawaken your relationship with your true essence – The Self, while giving you the knowledge, tools and exercises that will strengthen your emotional, social and spiritual well-being rooted in evidence-based research. It's a step-by-step program that leads you to experience real transformation and helps you route out of procrastination, self-sabotage and other everyday habits that are obstructing your growth. “I created this program for You!”
Photo of Asiya Z Shaikh - Nafs Healing, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Hosted by Nafs Healing
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Group meets in Mississauga, ON L5M
A transformation program designed from the lens of Holistic Wellbeing! This program brings you: A holistic journey to reawaken your relationship with your true essence – The Self, while giving you the knowledge, tools and exercises that will strengthen your emotional, social and spiritual well-being rooted in evidence-based research. It's a step-by-step program that leads you to experience real transformation and helps you route out of procrastination, self-sabotage and other everyday habits that are obstructing your growth. “I created this program for You!”
(289) 216-7036 View (289) 216-7036
For children 8-11 years old who are scared, worried, and withdrawn. We will work together to help them build courage, confidence, and feeling more calm. With the help of parents (who will be involved in some of the sessions and have additional parenting support around child anxiety), we will engage in fun and novel ways to learn about the anxiety cycle, develop coping skills and strategies, and face fears. Learn more at www.acorncounselling.org/worry
Photo of Chantal Gray - Acorn Counselling, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CYC-P
Hosted by Acorn Counselling
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CYC-P
Group meets in Hamilton, ON L9C
For children 8-11 years old who are scared, worried, and withdrawn. We will work together to help them build courage, confidence, and feeling more calm. With the help of parents (who will be involved in some of the sessions and have additional parenting support around child anxiety), we will engage in fun and novel ways to learn about the anxiety cycle, develop coping skills and strategies, and face fears. Learn more at www.acorncounselling.org/worry
(365) 400-8284 View (365) 400-8284
Mindful Self Compassion is a online 8 week group that teaches you how to be your own best friend especially in those hard moments and wondering where you fit in. Mindful Self Compassion teaches you tools that you can call upon when you are experiencing difficulty without losing your self.
Photo of Jamie Clare Mccarthy - Mutual Help, Registered Social Worker, MBCT, MSC , CBS, DSW, RSSW
Hosted by Mutual Help
Registered Social Worker, MBCT, MSC , CBS, DSW, RSSW
Group meets in Hamilton, ON L8T
Mindful Self Compassion is a online 8 week group that teaches you how to be your own best friend especially in those hard moments and wondering where you fit in. Mindful Self Compassion teaches you tools that you can call upon when you are experiencing difficulty without losing your self.
(844) 899-7447 View (844) 899-7447
Do you often feel stressed, agitated, angry, emotionally reactive, and drained of energy? Would you like to learn useful tools to help you feel more grounded and balanced? Embrace your own healing journey alongside like- minded individuals on a similar path! Join Registered Psychotherapist and yoga teacher Tala Barrage in healing, nourishing, and balancing practices that will help you feel harmonious, relaxed, and renewed. • Themed discussions on the body/mind connection • Specific breathing practices to soothe your body and mind • Gentle movement to improve physical and emotional health • Guided deep relaxation to heal and provide inner peace
Photo of Tala Barrage, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Hosted by Tala Barrage
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Group meets in Mississauga, ON L4Z
Do you often feel stressed, agitated, angry, emotionally reactive, and drained of energy? Would you like to learn useful tools to help you feel more grounded and balanced? Embrace your own healing journey alongside like- minded individuals on a similar path! Join Registered Psychotherapist and yoga teacher Tala Barrage in healing, nourishing, and balancing practices that will help you feel harmonious, relaxed, and renewed. • Themed discussions on the body/mind connection • Specific breathing practices to soothe your body and mind • Gentle movement to improve physical and emotional health • Guided deep relaxation to heal and provide inner peace
(289) 274-0592 View (289) 274-0592
Couples if you are feeling stuck, confused or disconnected in your relationship. If you feel you have just hit a big bump in your relationship? Getting frustrated in our relationships and blaming each other? Lets look for options. Find solutions and lets look at the deeper issues that is causing the distance. Join our couples group.
Photo of Nirmala Sharma - Seva Counselling, Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Hosted by Seva Counselling
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Group meets in Oakville, ON L6M
Couples if you are feeling stuck, confused or disconnected in your relationship. If you feel you have just hit a big bump in your relationship? Getting frustrated in our relationships and blaming each other? Lets look for options. Find solutions and lets look at the deeper issues that is causing the distance. Join our couples group.
(289) 985-1317 View (289) 985-1317

See more therapy options for L8V

FAQs - About Group Therapy and Support Groups

How can I find a support group in L8V?

To find a support group in your area, start by entering your city, postal code, or the name of the group into the search bar at the top of the page. When searching, consider whether you prefer an in-person or virtual group. This can help you decide how broad your geographic search should be. If you are open to virtual groups, you might want to search by state instead of just your city, especially if there are limited options nearby.

Once you complete your search, you can use the filters to narrow the results by selecting specialties (such as grief, trauma, or eating disorders), therapeutic approaches, age groups, and other criteria to find a group that best fits your needs.

How does group therapy work?

Group therapy is led by one or more trained therapists and provides a space where participants can process their experiences and learn from others facing similar challenges. Groups may focus on a specific issue—such as addiction, grief, physical illnesses, parenting, or caregiving—or they may center around a particular therapeutic approach, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), social skill development, or Exposure Therapy. Some groups are also designed for specific populations, such as teens, veterans, or LGBTQ+ individuals.

It’s also important to distinguish group therapy from peer-led support groups, like Alcoholics Anonymous. While both can offer valuable support, therapy groups are typically led by licensed professionals and follow a more structured format. Therapy groups often meet for a fixed length of time with a consistent group of members, while many peer support groups meet for an indefinite period of time with members coming and going.

What are the benefits of group therapy?

Group therapy offers several important benefits. It brings together people facing similar challenges—whether related to mental health, physical health, or life transitions—and creates a supportive environment where participants can exchange feedback, share experiences, and learn from one another. Hearing different perspectives can help individuals discover new coping strategies and practical tools they may not have encountered on their own. Sharing personal experiences, such as coping with a serious illness or navigating family struggles, can also reduce feelings of isolation and foster a sense of connection and understanding. In addition to emotional support, group members often gain useful, real-world advice from peers who have faced similar situations.

Group therapy is typically more affordable than individual therapy and, for certain conditions, can be equally effective. Many groups also include structured activities—such as guided journaling, cognitive-behavioural exercises, or role-playing—to help participants develop concrete skills they can apply in daily life.

Is group therapy as effective as individual therapy?

It is difficult to make a blanket statement about the effectiveness of support groups, as they vary widely in focus and the conditions they address. However, support groups can be highly valuable in helping individuals gain emotional support and achieve meaningful treatment outcomes. For certain conditions, such as substance use, research has shown that group therapy can be particularly effective—sometimes just as effective as individual therapy—in supporting long-term recovery.

Many professionals attribute the effectiveness of group therapy to the unique benefits of the group setting, which fosters peer-to-peer learning and a sense of connection through shared experiences. Group settings also offer accountability and encouragement from both facilitators and fellow participants, which helps sustain motivation and supports continued progress. These factors together play a key role in promoting the overall effectiveness of group therapy.

How much does group therapy cost?

Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy, with sessions typically costing between $90 and $100 each. In comparison, individual therapy can cost anywhere from $100 to $200 or more per session, even with insurance. Some therapists or organisations offer low-cost or free group therapy options, particularly through community centers or non-profit organisations. In some cases, groups may require payment upfront for a set number of sessions, such as paying for six weekly sessions at the first meeting. However, many providers offer payment plans to help make participation more accessible if this upfront payment is required.

Does insurance cover group therapy?

If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your group therapy sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for group therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

How long does group therapy last?

The length of each group therapy session typically ranges from 45 minutes to two hours, depending on the therapy approach, the group’s goals, and how often the group meets. In some cases, group therapy is part of a larger treatment program, such as an Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), where group sessions complement individual therapy and are scheduled as part of the program’s overall structure.

The duration of participation in a group also varies. Some groups are designed to be short-term, lasting anywhere from 6 to 24 weeks—for example, bereavement groups or skills-based groups like those using Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT). Other groups may be longer-term, lasting a year or more, and some ongoing support groups meet indefinitely, allowing participants to stay as long as they find the group helpful.

What are the limitations of support groups?

Support groups offer many benefits, but they also have certain limitations. Unlike therapy groups, many support groups do not provide formal therapeutic treatment and are not led by licensed mental health professionals. For individuals seeking clinical treatment for specific mental health diagnoses—such as depression, eating disorders, or substance use—individual therapy or group therapy led by a licensed professional may offer more personalised and specialised care.

The effectiveness of a support group also depends heavily on the group’s participants and the overall group dynamic. When members engage respectfully and offer constructive support, the group can foster valuable peer-to-peer learning. However, if certain participants dominate discussions, provide inaccurate advice, or create conflict, it can disrupt the group’s sense of safety and reduce its effectiveness. Confidentiality can also be harder to maintain in support groups, particularly in open groups where participants can join or leave at any time. With new members regularly entering the group, it can be more difficult to build and sustain a consistent sense of trust and privacy.