Counselling in Sorrento, WA

Photo of Yolanda Strydom - Insightful Awakening, PACFA, Counsellor
Insightful Awakening
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
If you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or seeking clarity and emotional healing, I’m here to support you. I work with a variety of presenting problems across different age groups, helping individuals navigate trauma, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. My goal is to help you take control of your mental and emotional well-being, so you can live a more authentic and fulfilling life. Together, we’ll unlock your potential, heal past wounds, and build the confidence you need to reach your goals
If you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or seeking clarity and emotional healing, I’m here to support you. I work with a variety of presenting problems across different age groups, helping individuals navigate trauma, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. My goal is to help you take control of your mental and emotional well-being, so you can live a more authentic and fulfilling life. Together, we’ll unlock your potential, heal past wounds, and build the confidence you need to reach your goals
(08) 6206 8539 View (08) 6206 8539
Photo of Regina Gerlach, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Regina Gerlach
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
In my private psychology practice I am working with adults who are experiencing anxiety, chronic pain, conflict, depression, stress and trauma. I am working with clients who are interested in a different way of relating to their experiences, and willing to taking steps between our sessions to practice and apply a particular way of being - being present. I am seeing individuals, couples and I am also offering group-based treatment (MBCT, MiCBT, MSC). It is very important that the client feels safe and connected to me as a clinician as this forms a secure base for working together and through difficulty.
In my private psychology practice I am working with adults who are experiencing anxiety, chronic pain, conflict, depression, stress and trauma. I am working with clients who are interested in a different way of relating to their experiences, and willing to taking steps between our sessions to practice and apply a particular way of being - being present. I am seeing individuals, couples and I am also offering group-based treatment (MBCT, MiCBT, MSC). It is very important that the client feels safe and connected to me as a clinician as this forms a secure base for working together and through difficulty.
(08) 6244 5498 View (08) 6244 5498
Photo of Dianne Kerridge - Crossway Counselling, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Crossway Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
My ideal client is someone struggling with life. The struggle could be with marriage/relationship difficulties, anxiety, depression, working through trauma, grief and loss, self-esteem issues, or maybe they just need to talk through a concern, or a major life decision. Whatever the issue they are seeking a good and caring listener who will help them to set clear goals in order to move forward with their life. They are ready for change and the work that’s required to bring it about.
My ideal client is someone struggling with life. The struggle could be with marriage/relationship difficulties, anxiety, depression, working through trauma, grief and loss, self-esteem issues, or maybe they just need to talk through a concern, or a major life decision. Whatever the issue they are seeking a good and caring listener who will help them to set clear goals in order to move forward with their life. They are ready for change and the work that’s required to bring it about.
(08) 6206 8849 View (08) 6206 8849
Photo of Louise Knight, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Louise Knight
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
Not accepting new clients
Finding a counsellor that is a good fit for you is important, and not always easy. Sometimes we have a clear idea of what we need, we just don't know how to get there. Other times we have no sense of what we need to change, only that something needs to. I will provide a safe space for you to learn about yourself so that you can develop knowledge and skills that you can use in your everyday life.
Finding a counsellor that is a good fit for you is important, and not always easy. Sometimes we have a clear idea of what we need, we just don't know how to get there. Other times we have no sense of what we need to change, only that something needs to. I will provide a safe space for you to learn about yourself so that you can develop knowledge and skills that you can use in your everyday life.
(08) 6219 3603 View (08) 6219 3603
Photo of Anita Blackwell, PACFA, Counsellor
Anita Blackwell
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
I have been working in this space for over 15 years, predominately with adults who struggle with knowing what type of relationship they want with self and/or others. Part of your journey is understanding what outcomes are most suited to you and your unique circumstance, be it change, growth and development, or to dissolve a relationship or to assist in making a key decision moving forward. The techniques used will assist in finding what is needed to feel more secure within self, or in a relationship and works to differentiate those individual needs, creating a more secure attachment. If this resonates with you, book in a time.
I have been working in this space for over 15 years, predominately with adults who struggle with knowing what type of relationship they want with self and/or others. Part of your journey is understanding what outcomes are most suited to you and your unique circumstance, be it change, growth and development, or to dissolve a relationship or to assist in making a key decision moving forward. The techniques used will assist in finding what is needed to feel more secure within self, or in a relationship and works to differentiate those individual needs, creating a more secure attachment. If this resonates with you, book in a time.
(08) 9521 4195 View (08) 9521 4195
Photo of Vanessa Bye, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Vanessa Bye
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
I am a psychologist with extensive experience working with people across the lifespan. Currently I work exclusively with women. I understand that women navigate many stages of life that can cause psychological distress. If you feel overwhelmed by your circumstances, are struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, grief, childhood trauma, work stress, postpartum depression, parenting, menopause, or chronic illness, please reach out. I am warm, empathetic & real. I have extensive life & professional experience; from your first call you will speak directly with me & you will be welcomed & understood.
I am a psychologist with extensive experience working with people across the lifespan. Currently I work exclusively with women. I understand that women navigate many stages of life that can cause psychological distress. If you feel overwhelmed by your circumstances, are struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, grief, childhood trauma, work stress, postpartum depression, parenting, menopause, or chronic illness, please reach out. I am warm, empathetic & real. I have extensive life & professional experience; from your first call you will speak directly with me & you will be welcomed & understood.
(08) 6219 3671 View (08) 6219 3671
Photo of Tristan Stein - Tristan Stein Therapy & Wellbeing , MA, PACFA, Counsellor
Tristan Stein Therapy & Wellbeing
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
Painful events and transitions can make us feel like the ground has been pulled out from under us. Moving forwards can feel daunting. We can feel stuck, overwhelmed and fearful. It takes courage to reach out to find a supportive therapist who can help you recover (or uncover) your self-trust and confidence. I am committed to creating a collaborative space that honours your uniqueness. I will bring me – my presence, compassion, experience and perspective – and I invite you to bring you – wherever you are at. Together, we will meet your challenges, finding a way forward that reflects who you truly are and what you want from life.
Painful events and transitions can make us feel like the ground has been pulled out from under us. Moving forwards can feel daunting. We can feel stuck, overwhelmed and fearful. It takes courage to reach out to find a supportive therapist who can help you recover (or uncover) your self-trust and confidence. I am committed to creating a collaborative space that honours your uniqueness. I will bring me – my presence, compassion, experience and perspective – and I invite you to bring you – wherever you are at. Together, we will meet your challenges, finding a way forward that reflects who you truly are and what you want from life.
(08) 6219 3667 View (08) 6219 3667
Photo of Wayne Leonard Hill - Black Swan Health Psychology, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Black Swan Health Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
Feeling overwhelmed by family conflict, anxiety, or a child's struggles? You're not alone. At Black Swan Health, we empathise and assist individuals and families in overcoming challenges and reclaiming their well-being. Perhaps you're a concerned parent observing shifts in your child's eating habits or behaviour. Maybe you're a couple seeking to rekindle the passion in your relationship. Or you could be a family grappling with communication obstacles, conflicts, or emotional distance. Whether you're battling anxiety, depression, or the weight of hoarding tendencies, our experienced and understanding team is here to support you.
Feeling overwhelmed by family conflict, anxiety, or a child's struggles? You're not alone. At Black Swan Health, we empathise and assist individuals and families in overcoming challenges and reclaiming their well-being. Perhaps you're a concerned parent observing shifts in your child's eating habits or behaviour. Maybe you're a couple seeking to rekindle the passion in your relationship. Or you could be a family grappling with communication obstacles, conflicts, or emotional distance. Whether you're battling anxiety, depression, or the weight of hoarding tendencies, our experienced and understanding team is here to support you.
(08) 6493 7398 View (08) 6493 7398
Photo of Jo Crothers - Jo Lauren Counselling, MA, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Jo Lauren Counselling
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
Hello, I am a qualified and experienced Mental Health Counsellor, EMDR practitioner and Clinical Hypnotherapist, specialising in working with people who have experienced trauma, anxiety, depression and relationships difficulties. I invite people to work with me in an environment that is stable, supportive and that is free from judgement allowing you to express who you are openly and freely. Your journey is the most important part of our sessions together and we work together to support your vision for who you are in your future and your life.
Hello, I am a qualified and experienced Mental Health Counsellor, EMDR practitioner and Clinical Hypnotherapist, specialising in working with people who have experienced trauma, anxiety, depression and relationships difficulties. I invite people to work with me in an environment that is stable, supportive and that is free from judgement allowing you to express who you are openly and freely. Your journey is the most important part of our sessions together and we work together to support your vision for who you are in your future and your life.
(08) 6219 3884 View (08) 6219 3884
Photo of Michelle Skor, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Michelle Skor
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
Not accepting new clients
Michelle is an experienced Psychologist. She is registered with the Psychology Board of Australia and a Member of the EMDR Association of Australia (EMDRAA). She works with adults, adolescents and children (12yrs+). Areas of experience: trauma, dissociation, phobias, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, work related problems, adjustment to chronic illness, grief, low self-esteem. Michelle utilises effective psychological treatments including CBT, Schema Therapy, ACT, DBT, Narrative & Solution Focussed Brief Therapy & Eye Movement Desensitistion and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Michelle is an experienced Psychologist. She is registered with the Psychology Board of Australia and a Member of the EMDR Association of Australia (EMDRAA). She works with adults, adolescents and children (12yrs+). Areas of experience: trauma, dissociation, phobias, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, work related problems, adjustment to chronic illness, grief, low self-esteem. Michelle utilises effective psychological treatments including CBT, Schema Therapy, ACT, DBT, Narrative & Solution Focussed Brief Therapy & Eye Movement Desensitistion and Reprocessing (EMDR)
(08) 6219 3992 View (08) 6219 3992
Photo of Louise Jane Manger, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Louise Jane Manger
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
Louise is passionate about working collaboratively with clients to develop an individualised understanding of clients needs, creating personalised long-term goals that facilitate sustainable changes, enabling clients to achieve and maintain their desired outcomes. With a warm, welcoming approach, Louise strives to create a safe space for her clients and has extensive experience in the therapeutic field working with adults from diverse backgrounds and life experiences.
Louise is passionate about working collaboratively with clients to develop an individualised understanding of clients needs, creating personalised long-term goals that facilitate sustainable changes, enabling clients to achieve and maintain their desired outcomes. With a warm, welcoming approach, Louise strives to create a safe space for her clients and has extensive experience in the therapeutic field working with adults from diverse backgrounds and life experiences.
(08) 6206 8416 View (08) 6206 8416
Photo of Daniela Kolundzija - The Kindful Counsellor, ACA-L2, Counsellor
The Kindful Counsellor
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sorrento, WA 6020
My name is Daniela Kolundzija, I am devoted to promoting kindness and mindfulness in every aspect of your therapeutic journey. Are you a woman who is feeling isolated and alone in your grief due to stressful life changes, eg. employment/career, relationships, living arrangements, physical and mental health? You are not alone. Change often requires us to lose someone or something. I am here to help you navigate through change, grief and loss in a safe and nurturing way, and offer effective strategies to cope so that you may find solace and resilience as you journey through grief.
My name is Daniela Kolundzija, I am devoted to promoting kindness and mindfulness in every aspect of your therapeutic journey. Are you a woman who is feeling isolated and alone in your grief due to stressful life changes, eg. employment/career, relationships, living arrangements, physical and mental health? You are not alone. Change often requires us to lose someone or something. I am here to help you navigate through change, grief and loss in a safe and nurturing way, and offer effective strategies to cope so that you may find solace and resilience as you journey through grief.
(08) 6245 0301 View (08) 6245 0301
Photo of Philip Colin Roggio, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Philip Colin Roggio
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
I work with clients across the lifespan in the assessment and treatment of psychological concerns, exploring their origins and the self-limiting beliefs and self-sabotaging behaviours that often keep clients stuck, while building a capacity to experience and feel emotion as pathway to healing.
I work with clients across the lifespan in the assessment and treatment of psychological concerns, exploring their origins and the self-limiting beliefs and self-sabotaging behaviours that often keep clients stuck, while building a capacity to experience and feel emotion as pathway to healing.
(08) 6490 9205 View (08) 6490 9205
Photo of Chantal Vander Kraats, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Chantal Vander Kraats
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Sorrento, WA 6020
(08) 7078 7882 View (08) 7078 7882

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Wendy Holdaway, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Wendy Holdaway
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Churchlands, WA 6018
Wendy feels privileged to work with adults and older adults to navigate disruption in psychological wellness and life transitions across domains such as relationships, parenthood, career, health, illness, loss and ageing, as well as difficult relationships with food and eating and childhood trauma. Drawing on over 20 years of experience in health care, Wendy has particular interest in health - related psychology including preparing, adjusting and rehabilitation from illness, injury, and surgical procedures and supporting clients living with chronic health conditions and those in caregiving roles.
Wendy feels privileged to work with adults and older adults to navigate disruption in psychological wellness and life transitions across domains such as relationships, parenthood, career, health, illness, loss and ageing, as well as difficult relationships with food and eating and childhood trauma. Drawing on over 20 years of experience in health care, Wendy has particular interest in health - related psychology including preparing, adjusting and rehabilitation from illness, injury, and surgical procedures and supporting clients living with chronic health conditions and those in caregiving roles.
(08) 6490 9405 View (08) 6490 9405
Julie Hall
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Hillarys, WA 6025  (Online Only)
As an Accredited Counsellor that has over 28+ years Counselling experience I offer a Confidential, caring space to work through any of your problems/concerns. You may have relationship issues, or loss, grief, anxiety/stress, trauma from the past, self esteem, life changes and so forth, we can explore this together at your own pace in Counselling. I also can offer to Employers - Monthly Supervisory Support Sessions for Staff or Managers working with 'trauma' this can help to reduce work stress and fatigue by processing feelings and impact in a Confidential Online Setting (Please contact for more info and fees on this service).
As an Accredited Counsellor that has over 28+ years Counselling experience I offer a Confidential, caring space to work through any of your problems/concerns. You may have relationship issues, or loss, grief, anxiety/stress, trauma from the past, self esteem, life changes and so forth, we can explore this together at your own pace in Counselling. I also can offer to Employers - Monthly Supervisory Support Sessions for Staff or Managers working with 'trauma' this can help to reduce work stress and fatigue by processing feelings and impact in a Confidential Online Setting (Please contact for more info and fees on this service).
(08) 6244 5885 View (08) 6244 5885
Photo of Julie Sparrow, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie Sparrow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Churchlands, WA 6018
Waitlist for new clients
Life can be hard and it takes courage to seek help and work for change. I enjoy working with adults of all ages, and provide a safe, confidential space to support you with current challenges. I have significant experience working with people affected by cancer and chronic illness, anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual abuse, loneliness, relationship and family challenges, and grief. I have considerable cross-cultural experience, both in Australia and overseas, and really enjoy working with people from different backgrounds.
Life can be hard and it takes courage to seek help and work for change. I enjoy working with adults of all ages, and provide a safe, confidential space to support you with current challenges. I have significant experience working with people affected by cancer and chronic illness, anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual abuse, loneliness, relationship and family challenges, and grief. I have considerable cross-cultural experience, both in Australia and overseas, and really enjoy working with people from different backgrounds.
(08) 6490 9072 View (08) 6490 9072
Photo of Sara Mazzucchi, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Sara Mazzucchi
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Carine, WA 6020
Clients come to see me with a variety of needs, including managing stress, overcoming anxiety, dealing with depression, and addressing relationship issues. I strive to create a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your thoughts and feelings without judgment. My goal is to empower you with the tools and strategies necessary to achieve emotional well-being and personal growth.
Clients come to see me with a variety of needs, including managing stress, overcoming anxiety, dealing with depression, and addressing relationship issues. I strive to create a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your thoughts and feelings without judgment. My goal is to empower you with the tools and strategies necessary to achieve emotional well-being and personal growth.
(08) 6493 7672 View (08) 6493 7672
Photo of Christine Davis - Christine Davis Psychology Services, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Christine Davis Psychology Services
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Duncraig, WA 6023
Chris has a broad experience working with children, adolescents and their families. She has a special interest in assisting young people with learning and emotional difficulties. Actively developing her knowledge and skills in psychometric and educational assessment to diagnosis specific learning disorders and screen for ADHD. She collaborates with teachers and parents to support these students to access the curriculum and fulfill their potential.
Chris has a broad experience working with children, adolescents and their families. She has a special interest in assisting young people with learning and emotional difficulties. Actively developing her knowledge and skills in psychometric and educational assessment to diagnosis specific learning disorders and screen for ADHD. She collaborates with teachers and parents to support these students to access the curriculum and fulfill their potential.
(08) 6206 8841 View (08) 6206 8841
Photo of Sarah Holloway, MAPS, Psychologist
Sarah Holloway
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Karrinyup, WA 6018
Starting therapy or linking in with a new therapist can feel like a big step, and I hope that I may be able to make it an enjoyable and very worthwhile step. I work with adults and adolescents for a range of emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, difficulty regulating emotions, BPD/EUPD, self-harming and suicidal ideation, and low self-worth. I aim to work collaboratively with my clients to find the right way to improve the quality of their daily life in a sustainable way, to minimise discomfort. This is a welcoming space, free of judgement.
Starting therapy or linking in with a new therapist can feel like a big step, and I hope that I may be able to make it an enjoyable and very worthwhile step. I work with adults and adolescents for a range of emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, difficulty regulating emotions, BPD/EUPD, self-harming and suicidal ideation, and low self-worth. I aim to work collaboratively with my clients to find the right way to improve the quality of their daily life in a sustainable way, to minimise discomfort. This is a welcoming space, free of judgement.
(08) 6493 7133 View (08) 6493 7133

See more therapy options for Sorrento

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Sorrento, WA

10+

Average cost per session

$195

Counsellors in Sorrento, WA who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
79% Relationship Issues
79% Depression
79% Trauma and PTSD
71% Bereavement
71% Self Esteem
71% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Bupa
63% Medicare Rebates
63% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in Sorrento, WA see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Sorrento?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.