Counselling in Carramar, WA

Photo of Catherine Broughton, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Catherine Broughton
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Serves Area
Feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety or low self-worth is something many of us experience at different stages of life. Life transitions, trauma and family challenges can deeply impact our sense of safety and identity. As a registered counsellor, I offer compassionate, trauma-informed support to individuals, couples, children, teens and families. I create a safe, non-judgmental space where clients of all ages can explore emotions, build regulation skills, and reconnect with their strengths.
Feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety or low self-worth is something many of us experience at different stages of life. Life transitions, trauma and family challenges can deeply impact our sense of safety and identity. As a registered counsellor, I offer compassionate, trauma-informed support to individuals, couples, children, teens and families. I create a safe, non-judgmental space where clients of all ages can explore emotions, build regulation skills, and reconnect with their strengths.
(08) 6206 8932 View (08) 6206 8932
Photo of Sara Scheffer, Counsellor, MA
Sara Scheffer
Counsellor, MA
Serves Area
SARA provides Clinical counselling and workshop services. She has a down to earth and wholistic approach when journeying with you in a collaborative and personalized manner. Sara's passion for seeing people and marriages flourishing and regaining the bounce in their lives is remarkable, with a wide scope in experience local and abroad. She provide innovative and creative ways so that you can become the best version of yourself or as a couple and believe that greatness lies in the unique potential of the individual and the way this potential is unleashed within the context, in which the individual or couple functions.
SARA provides Clinical counselling and workshop services. She has a down to earth and wholistic approach when journeying with you in a collaborative and personalized manner. Sara's passion for seeing people and marriages flourishing and regaining the bounce in their lives is remarkable, with a wide scope in experience local and abroad. She provide innovative and creative ways so that you can become the best version of yourself or as a couple and believe that greatness lies in the unique potential of the individual and the way this potential is unleashed within the context, in which the individual or couple functions.
(08) 6219 3859 View (08) 6219 3859
Photo of Merrill Lombard, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Merrill Lombard
Psychologist, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
My clients include people who may be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to move forward. They might face challenges such as anxiety, low mood, difficulties with focus, emotional regulation, or stress in their relationships. Many are neurodivergent, or are navigating life transitions that have left them feeling disconnected from themselves or others. What they want most is clarity, relief, and a sense of direction. They’re looking for practical strategies, genuine support, and a safe, respectful space to understand themselves better. Their goal isn’t just symptom reduction. It’s to feel more confident and connected in life.
My clients include people who may be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to move forward. They might face challenges such as anxiety, low mood, difficulties with focus, emotional regulation, or stress in their relationships. Many are neurodivergent, or are navigating life transitions that have left them feeling disconnected from themselves or others. What they want most is clarity, relief, and a sense of direction. They’re looking for practical strategies, genuine support, and a safe, respectful space to understand themselves better. Their goal isn’t just symptom reduction. It’s to feel more confident and connected in life.
(08) 9329 3388 View (08) 9329 3388
Photo of Joy Curran - Aligned Living, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Aligned Living
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Serves Area
Do you love animals/nature? Want to deepen/strengthen relationships and experience intimacy? Tired of feeling pressured or restricted and unable to do what you want? Want to use your voice? Learn how to make decisions and take control of your life! Do people say you are too sensitive? Feel like something's missing from your life? If you experience PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, are a Sexual Abuse Survivor or just feel like something is holding you back we can help. Deepen or explore your spirituality; find healing, confidence and freedom, as you connect with our horses. Be supported to give & receive love again.
Do you love animals/nature? Want to deepen/strengthen relationships and experience intimacy? Tired of feeling pressured or restricted and unable to do what you want? Want to use your voice? Learn how to make decisions and take control of your life! Do people say you are too sensitive? Feel like something's missing from your life? If you experience PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, are a Sexual Abuse Survivor or just feel like something is holding you back we can help. Deepen or explore your spirituality; find healing, confidence and freedom, as you connect with our horses. Be supported to give & receive love again.
(08) 9316 6898 View (08) 9316 6898

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Danielle Dix, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Danielle Dix
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Mount Hawthorn, WA 6016
If you are looking for an experienced therapist for informed but genuine care in a warm and inviting environment, you will feel you belong when you arrive at Healing Space.
If you are looking for an experienced therapist for informed but genuine care in a warm and inviting environment, you will feel you belong when you arrive at Healing Space.
(08) 6120 1383 View (08) 6120 1383
Photo of Lijuan Chen - Snow Chen - Sunflower Mental Health and Wellbeing, Social Worker, MSc, AMHSW
Snow Chen - Sunflower Mental Health and Wellbeing
Social Worker, MSc, AMHSW
Serves Area
Are anxiety, depression, emotional distress, or relationship struggles holding you back? These issues often stem from complex trauma, shaping unhelpful patterns of self-doubt, people-pleasing, and emptiness that lower self-esteem and leave your needs unmet. Together, we’ll uncover these patterns, address the roots of your struggles, and heal your inner wounds to reclaim self-worth. I specialize in schema therapy, EMDR, psychodynamic and trauma-informed approaches, tailoring plans to your unique needs. If unresolved trauma or past therapies haven’t worked, let’s take the first step toward healing and growth together.
Are anxiety, depression, emotional distress, or relationship struggles holding you back? These issues often stem from complex trauma, shaping unhelpful patterns of self-doubt, people-pleasing, and emptiness that lower self-esteem and leave your needs unmet. Together, we’ll uncover these patterns, address the roots of your struggles, and heal your inner wounds to reclaim self-worth. I specialize in schema therapy, EMDR, psychodynamic and trauma-informed approaches, tailoring plans to your unique needs. If unresolved trauma or past therapies haven’t worked, let’s take the first step toward healing and growth together.
(08) 7008 7831 View (08) 7008 7831
Photo of Josephine Thien - Interconnect Therapy, Psychotherapist, MSc, AAFT
Interconnect Therapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, AAFT
Langford, WA 6147
Families, couples and individuals seek my services because they want help to express and explore difficult thoughts and emotions safely, they want to understand each other’s experiences and views, appreciate each other’s needs, build on strengths and make useful changes in their relationships and their lives. My clients often comment that my sessions have provided them an opportunity to reflect on themselves and how they interact in their relationships which helps them understand their own behaviours better, thus finding ways forward - either as an individual or as a couple and family.
Families, couples and individuals seek my services because they want help to express and explore difficult thoughts and emotions safely, they want to understand each other’s experiences and views, appreciate each other’s needs, build on strengths and make useful changes in their relationships and their lives. My clients often comment that my sessions have provided them an opportunity to reflect on themselves and how they interact in their relationships which helps them understand their own behaviours better, thus finding ways forward - either as an individual or as a couple and family.
(08) 7701 9554 View (08) 7701 9554
Photo of Tamra Eastough, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Tamra Eastough
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Mount Hawthorn, WA 6016
Tamra is passionate about creating stability and trust within the client and therapist relationship. I value the importance of a strength-based approach to treatment to promote growth and lasting outcomes. I welcome individuals and couples of all backgrounds, genders, identifications, or religious beliefs. I am dedicated to working collaboratively in a non-judgmental, empathic and compassionate environment to create a safe space for clients to explore and genuinely express their concerns.
Tamra is passionate about creating stability and trust within the client and therapist relationship. I value the importance of a strength-based approach to treatment to promote growth and lasting outcomes. I welcome individuals and couples of all backgrounds, genders, identifications, or religious beliefs. I am dedicated to working collaboratively in a non-judgmental, empathic and compassionate environment to create a safe space for clients to explore and genuinely express their concerns.
(08) 9521 4102 View (08) 9521 4102
Photo of Dr Amanda Chng, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Amanda Chng
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Subiaco, WA 6008
Life can throw many difficult and challenging experiences at us all. In my practice, I am passionate about helping clients who have experienced traumatic events, complex histories, life transitions and adjustments, complex pain, and major health and medical challenges. Building ways of coping, learning strategies for dealing with life when it gets overwhelming, healing wounds from traumatic past events and finding positive ways of moving forward through the use of evidence based treatment techniques is my focus as a therapist.
Life can throw many difficult and challenging experiences at us all. In my practice, I am passionate about helping clients who have experienced traumatic events, complex histories, life transitions and adjustments, complex pain, and major health and medical challenges. Building ways of coping, learning strategies for dealing with life when it gets overwhelming, healing wounds from traumatic past events and finding positive ways of moving forward through the use of evidence based treatment techniques is my focus as a therapist.
(08) 6490 9074 View (08) 6490 9074
Photo of Allie McGrath - Allie McGrath Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Allie McGrath Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Online Only
I love working with neurodivergent people! I have a passion for ADHD and ASD assessments because I believe in accessibility. If also enjoy working with people wanting to understand anxiety/depression, perfectionism, procrastination, body image or disordered eating. If you want to learn who you are, feel less stuck, find tools and gain confidence then please message me! I love working with people who are curious, open and want a psychologist who works alongside you as a team mate :)
I love working with neurodivergent people! I have a passion for ADHD and ASD assessments because I believe in accessibility. If also enjoy working with people wanting to understand anxiety/depression, perfectionism, procrastination, body image or disordered eating. If you want to learn who you are, feel less stuck, find tools and gain confidence then please message me! I love working with people who are curious, open and want a psychologist who works alongside you as a team mate :)
(07) 4074 9304 View (07) 4074 9304
Photo of Amylia Smith, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Amylia Smith
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Online Only
I have earned a Bachelor of Psychological Science (Honours) and a Master of Counselling. I have 8 years of clinical experience working with a broad range of clients, and I have spent the last few years building my private practice.
I have earned a Bachelor of Psychological Science (Honours) and a Master of Counselling. I have 8 years of clinical experience working with a broad range of clients, and I have spent the last few years building my private practice.
(07) 5515 0250 View (07) 5515 0250
Photo of Mindy Simpson, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Mindy Simpson
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Subiaco, WA 6008
Do you feel like you are not living the life you imagined, feeling overwhelmed, struggling with day to day stressors and not even close to reaching your potential? Do you suffer from anxiety and negative thinking patterns which take you away from the life you want to lead? Do you feel like there's something holding you back from performing at your best? Imagine you could wake up and you had learnt to live with your fear, anxiety, stress and life's struggles and they weren't holding you back anymore and you were able to thrive. Wouldn't that be great!
Do you feel like you are not living the life you imagined, feeling overwhelmed, struggling with day to day stressors and not even close to reaching your potential? Do you suffer from anxiety and negative thinking patterns which take you away from the life you want to lead? Do you feel like there's something holding you back from performing at your best? Imagine you could wake up and you had learnt to live with your fear, anxiety, stress and life's struggles and they weren't holding you back anymore and you were able to thrive. Wouldn't that be great!
(08) 7079 5665 View (08) 7079 5665
Photo of Sioban Laffey, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Sioban Laffey
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
Hi. I'm a women's ADHD specialist - who also has ADHD! Evening Sessions Available. I’m a psychologist with 20 years of experience, and offer ADHD assessment, treatment, and one-off strategy sessions. If you’re experiencing ADHD symptoms like overwhelm, impulsivity, time blindness, rejection sensitivity (RSD), or burnout, I can help. Many women wonder, “Do I have ADHD?”, or "Should I do therapy or ADHD medication?". I provide ADHD tests and information to help you find your answers. I blend modern research and ancient wisdom in a holistic approach. Book a free 20-min Connection Call today.
Hi. I'm a women's ADHD specialist - who also has ADHD! Evening Sessions Available. I’m a psychologist with 20 years of experience, and offer ADHD assessment, treatment, and one-off strategy sessions. If you’re experiencing ADHD symptoms like overwhelm, impulsivity, time blindness, rejection sensitivity (RSD), or burnout, I can help. Many women wonder, “Do I have ADHD?”, or "Should I do therapy or ADHD medication?". I provide ADHD tests and information to help you find your answers. I blend modern research and ancient wisdom in a holistic approach. Book a free 20-min Connection Call today.
0415 257 155 View 0415 257 155
Photo of Claire Smith, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Claire Smith
Counsellor, ACA-L1
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
My ideal client is a woman who feels like she's lost herself in the midst of motherhood, relationships, responsibilities, or just trying to keep up with life. She might be snapping over little things, feeling guilty afterward, overwhelmed by the mental load, or grieving the version of herself that existed before children. Often, she's the one holding it together for everyone else but inside, she feels like she's running on empty. She wants to stop yelling, find time to do the things she loves, stop second-guessing everything, have a conversation with her partner that lasts longer than 5 seconds, and simply just, breathe!
My ideal client is a woman who feels like she's lost herself in the midst of motherhood, relationships, responsibilities, or just trying to keep up with life. She might be snapping over little things, feeling guilty afterward, overwhelmed by the mental load, or grieving the version of herself that existed before children. Often, she's the one holding it together for everyone else but inside, she feels like she's running on empty. She wants to stop yelling, find time to do the things she loves, stop second-guessing everything, have a conversation with her partner that lasts longer than 5 seconds, and simply just, breathe!
(02) 3820 9310 View (02) 3820 9310
Photo of Brodie Cooper, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Brodie Cooper
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
West Perth, WA 6005
I am a lived experience AuDHD Clinical Psychologist. I work with self-identified and diagnosed autistic and ADHD adults in a neurodiversity-affirming, trauma-informed space. My approach is collaborative and respectful of each person’s unique experience—focusing on support, not "fixing."
I am a lived experience AuDHD Clinical Psychologist. I work with self-identified and diagnosed autistic and ADHD adults in a neurodiversity-affirming, trauma-informed space. My approach is collaborative and respectful of each person’s unique experience—focusing on support, not "fixing."
(08) 6493 7265 View (08) 6493 7265
Photo of Linda Spencer, Counsellor, ACA-L4
Linda Spencer
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Serves Area
A Space to Feel Heard Often we get caught up focusing on life, friendships, family or work that our own wellbeing can take a back seat. We can forget that if we’re not taking care of ourselves, we run the risk of burning out, becoming unwell or begrudging our responsibilities. This can result in feelings of numbness, as if you’re just going through the motions, difficulties with health, reliance on alcohol or other substances, high levels of emotional fluctuations and difficulties in relationship with others. If you'd like to reconnect with vitality and wellbeing, feel reinvigorated and engaged with life again, counselling may help.
A Space to Feel Heard Often we get caught up focusing on life, friendships, family or work that our own wellbeing can take a back seat. We can forget that if we’re not taking care of ourselves, we run the risk of burning out, becoming unwell or begrudging our responsibilities. This can result in feelings of numbness, as if you’re just going through the motions, difficulties with health, reliance on alcohol or other substances, high levels of emotional fluctuations and difficulties in relationship with others. If you'd like to reconnect with vitality and wellbeing, feel reinvigorated and engaged with life again, counselling may help.
(08) 7948 2265 View (08) 7948 2265
Photo of Louise Jane Manger, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Louise Jane Manger
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Ballajura, WA 6066
Louise is passionate about working collaboratively with clients to develop an individualised understanding of clients needs, creating personalised long-term goals that facilitate sustainable changes, enabling clients to achieve and maintain their desired outcomes. With a warm, welcoming approach, Louise strives to create a safe space for her clients and has extensive experience in the therapeutic field working with adults from diverse backgrounds and life experiences.
Louise is passionate about working collaboratively with clients to develop an individualised understanding of clients needs, creating personalised long-term goals that facilitate sustainable changes, enabling clients to achieve and maintain their desired outcomes. With a warm, welcoming approach, Louise strives to create a safe space for her clients and has extensive experience in the therapeutic field working with adults from diverse backgrounds and life experiences.
(08) 6206 8416 View (08) 6206 8416
Photo of Tenille Zekas, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Tenille Zekas
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Subiaco, WA 6008
Tenille Zekas is a Registered Psychologist with over 20 years of experience helping individuals and couples navigate life’s challenges. Her diverse background spans public, private, and community settings, allowing her to approach each client with a broad, well-rounded perspective on mental health and emotional well-being. Tenille is passionate about helping clients engage in their lives authentically, with purpose, and a strong sense of self. In her work, she creates a warm and intuitive space where individuals and couples feel empowered to embrace their vulnerabilities and explore personal growth.
Tenille Zekas is a Registered Psychologist with over 20 years of experience helping individuals and couples navigate life’s challenges. Her diverse background spans public, private, and community settings, allowing her to approach each client with a broad, well-rounded perspective on mental health and emotional well-being. Tenille is passionate about helping clients engage in their lives authentically, with purpose, and a strong sense of self. In her work, she creates a warm and intuitive space where individuals and couples feel empowered to embrace their vulnerabilities and explore personal growth.
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Photo of Rez Akbarian, Psychotherapist, MPsych, PACFA
Rez Akbarian
Psychotherapist, MPsych, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialise in supporting individuals facing addiction and co-occurring mental health challenges, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. With over 7 years of experience, I take a holistic approach, integrating mind, body, and spirit to help you achieve balance and personal growth. I also work with burnout, stress management, trauma recovery, neurodivergent conditions, spirituality, and integrating past psychedelic experiences. Together, we’ll create personalised strategies to help you thrive and live a fulfilling life.
I specialise in supporting individuals facing addiction and co-occurring mental health challenges, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. With over 7 years of experience, I take a holistic approach, integrating mind, body, and spirit to help you achieve balance and personal growth. I also work with burnout, stress management, trauma recovery, neurodivergent conditions, spirituality, and integrating past psychedelic experiences. Together, we’ll create personalised strategies to help you thrive and live a fulfilling life.
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Photo of Samantha G Long, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Samantha G Long
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Online Only
Counselling can help you gain clarity, stay focused, and discover your true purpose and meaning in your life. My approach to Counselling is not a one-size-fits-all philosophy, it is to provide a welcoming, safe, non-judgmental space and a listening ear where you feel comfortable, respected and free to explore your reasons for getting in touch in the first place. Your desire to grow, develop and explore change will ultimately lead you to live that fulfilling and happy life! Samantha is a lived experience therapist who has personal experience in mental health, providing her with a unique perspective and understanding of her clients.
Counselling can help you gain clarity, stay focused, and discover your true purpose and meaning in your life. My approach to Counselling is not a one-size-fits-all philosophy, it is to provide a welcoming, safe, non-judgmental space and a listening ear where you feel comfortable, respected and free to explore your reasons for getting in touch in the first place. Your desire to grow, develop and explore change will ultimately lead you to live that fulfilling and happy life! Samantha is a lived experience therapist who has personal experience in mental health, providing her with a unique perspective and understanding of her clients.
(02) 8074 5947 View (02) 8074 5947

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Carramar, WA

< 10

Counsellors in Carramar, WA who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Anger Management
100% Self Esteem
100% Stress
75% Parenting

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Medibank Private
75% Police Health
50% Bupa

How Counsellors in Carramar, WA see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Carramar?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.