Counselling in Carmel, WA

Photo of Jessica Vivien, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Jessica Vivien
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Online Only
Most people come to me purely and simply because they heard of me and they are ready to get better, to get their relationships, and personal lives, back on track. They want a gentle, fast and effective process that will get into the guts of the problem. A breakthrough that will clear away the relationship conflict, disappointment and resentment. That will clear away the anxiety, depression, PTSD, etc and other symptoms of unresolved trauma currently blighting their lives. I am an internationally trained and experienced Emotionally Focussed Couple therapist, and trauma therapist and have been working in this area for many years.
Most people come to me purely and simply because they heard of me and they are ready to get better, to get their relationships, and personal lives, back on track. They want a gentle, fast and effective process that will get into the guts of the problem. A breakthrough that will clear away the relationship conflict, disappointment and resentment. That will clear away the anxiety, depression, PTSD, etc and other symptoms of unresolved trauma currently blighting their lives. I am an internationally trained and experienced Emotionally Focussed Couple therapist, and trauma therapist and have been working in this area for many years.
(08) 9521 4198 View (08) 9521 4198

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of David Easton - David Easton Counselling, Counsellor, AASW
David Easton Counselling
Counsellor, AASW
Online Only
Navigating life’s changes itself can be challenging, as the feeling of grief and loss can be a daunting and isolating process. Your sense of emptiness and bewilderment is invisible by those around you. But when you do begin to face the significant changes in your life, the chaos can gradually transform into hope and purpose. Finding someone who deeply listens with empathy can make all the difference to being seen and heard. David's calm presence and understanding can provide you with that difference. He brings human compassion into therapy using established therapeutic tools to foster constructive and empathetic conversations.
Navigating life’s changes itself can be challenging, as the feeling of grief and loss can be a daunting and isolating process. Your sense of emptiness and bewilderment is invisible by those around you. But when you do begin to face the significant changes in your life, the chaos can gradually transform into hope and purpose. Finding someone who deeply listens with empathy can make all the difference to being seen and heard. David's calm presence and understanding can provide you with that difference. He brings human compassion into therapy using established therapeutic tools to foster constructive and empathetic conversations.
(08) 6147 0364 View (08) 6147 0364
Photo of Sarah Holloway, Psychologist, MAPS
Sarah Holloway
Psychologist, MAPS
West Perth, WA 6005
Starting therapy or linking in with a new therapist can feel like a big step, and I hope that I may be able to make it an enjoyable and very worthwhile step. I work with adults and adolescents for a range of emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, difficulty regulating emotions, BPD/EUPD, self-harming and suicidal ideation, and low self-worth. I aim to work collaboratively with my clients to find the right way to improve the quality of their daily life in a sustainable way, to minimise discomfort. This is a welcoming space, free of judgement.
Starting therapy or linking in with a new therapist can feel like a big step, and I hope that I may be able to make it an enjoyable and very worthwhile step. I work with adults and adolescents for a range of emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, difficulty regulating emotions, BPD/EUPD, self-harming and suicidal ideation, and low self-worth. I aim to work collaboratively with my clients to find the right way to improve the quality of their daily life in a sustainable way, to minimise discomfort. This is a welcoming space, free of judgement.
(08) 6493 7133 View (08) 6493 7133
Photo of Casey Reeve, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Casey Reeve
Psychologist, PsyBA General
I see a diverse range of clients from 12 years and above. While some clients come for specific treatment of a pre-existing mental health disorder, many find themselves seeking treatment for depressive feelings, significant overwhelm (physical and/or emotional), difficulty sleeping, or a general lack of coping strategies for whatever life is throwing at them. While mental health awareness has seen a major push in recent times, I find most clients just want somewhere they can feel heard. Without any judgment or fear, just heard. Through this, clients often rediscover a connection and sense safeness within.
I see a diverse range of clients from 12 years and above. While some clients come for specific treatment of a pre-existing mental health disorder, many find themselves seeking treatment for depressive feelings, significant overwhelm (physical and/or emotional), difficulty sleeping, or a general lack of coping strategies for whatever life is throwing at them. While mental health awareness has seen a major push in recent times, I find most clients just want somewhere they can feel heard. Without any judgment or fear, just heard. Through this, clients often rediscover a connection and sense safeness within.
(08) 9473 6329 View (08) 9473 6329
Photo of Emma Mansell, Counsellor, PsychD, ACA-L1
Emma Mansell
Counsellor, PsychD, ACA-L1
Serves Area
Hello, my name is Emma, and I am an LGBTQIA+ therapist specialising in mental health and addiction support. My areas of expertise include trauma, anxiety, depression, and substance misuse. I work with individuals facing challenges such as anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, grief, loss, and addiction. My practice is built on a person-centered approach, which considers each individual as a whole, encompassing their unique experiences and circumstances. As a narrative therapist, I collaborate with clients to explore their personal stories and identify behavioral patterns, guiding them toward meaningful change and growth.
Hello, my name is Emma, and I am an LGBTQIA+ therapist specialising in mental health and addiction support. My areas of expertise include trauma, anxiety, depression, and substance misuse. I work with individuals facing challenges such as anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, grief, loss, and addiction. My practice is built on a person-centered approach, which considers each individual as a whole, encompassing their unique experiences and circumstances. As a narrative therapist, I collaborate with clients to explore their personal stories and identify behavioral patterns, guiding them toward meaningful change and growth.
(02) 8403 2271 View (02) 8403 2271
Photo of Jennifer Lloyd, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jennifer Lloyd
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Ardross, WA 6153
I am a senior Clinical Psychologist with over 40 years experience in working in Public Health, Education and in private practice with adults and older adults and people from diverse backgrounds. My special interest is in helping clients conquer their OCD symptoms. I am experienced in using ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention) and I have significant experience in using EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation) and Imagery Rescripting for treatment resistant OCD and other conditions.
I am a senior Clinical Psychologist with over 40 years experience in working in Public Health, Education and in private practice with adults and older adults and people from diverse backgrounds. My special interest is in helping clients conquer their OCD symptoms. I am experienced in using ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention) and I have significant experience in using EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation) and Imagery Rescripting for treatment resistant OCD and other conditions.
(08) 6333 0775 View (08) 6333 0775
Photo of Luke Mahon, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Luke Mahon
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
I’m a clinically registered psychotherapist and counsellor with nearly a decade of experience supporting individuals, couples, and families through trauma, addiction, and mental health challenges. I specialise in couples and relationship therapy, drawing on Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Relational Life Therapy (RLT), and somatic approaches to support deeper connection and lasting change. My approach is relational, trauma-informed, and person-centred, focused on creating a compassionate space where clients feel seen, understood, and empowered to build more authentic and satisfying relationships.
I’m a clinically registered psychotherapist and counsellor with nearly a decade of experience supporting individuals, couples, and families through trauma, addiction, and mental health challenges. I specialise in couples and relationship therapy, drawing on Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), Relational Life Therapy (RLT), and somatic approaches to support deeper connection and lasting change. My approach is relational, trauma-informed, and person-centred, focused on creating a compassionate space where clients feel seen, understood, and empowered to build more authentic and satisfying relationships.
(02) 8074 5828 View (02) 8074 5828
Photo of Emily Hirshman-Smith - Emily Hirshman-Smith Counselling & Psychotherapy, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Are you experiencing difficulties in your relationship(s)? Are you feeling confused and wanting some clarity? Are you wanting to change some behaviours, but don’t know how or where to begin? Are you feeling angry, sad, lonely or overwhelmed, finding it difficult to get through the day? Perhaps you’ve answered yes to one or some of these questions. If so, it might be time to talk to a professional Counsellor in a safe and comfortable environment where you can fully explore what’s going on for you, and begin to facilitate change, at a pace that feels right for you. I offer short and long term Counselling to Couples and Individuals.
Are you experiencing difficulties in your relationship(s)? Are you feeling confused and wanting some clarity? Are you wanting to change some behaviours, but don’t know how or where to begin? Are you feeling angry, sad, lonely or overwhelmed, finding it difficult to get through the day? Perhaps you’ve answered yes to one or some of these questions. If so, it might be time to talk to a professional Counsellor in a safe and comfortable environment where you can fully explore what’s going on for you, and begin to facilitate change, at a pace that feels right for you. I offer short and long term Counselling to Couples and Individuals.
(08) 7078 8383 View (08) 7078 8383
Photo of Julie Cole, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Julie Cole
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Cottesloe, WA 6011
Waitlist for new clients
I am a warm and genuine psychotherapist trained to explore how present concerns or difficulties may be influenced by past experiences, attachment patterns or unconscious beliefs and thoughts. I see people who are working through all kinds of relationship distress or concerns as well as grief. I have a particular expertise working with couples and individuals working through life transitions. I also work on improving or changing difficult workplace relationships or dynamics.
I am a warm and genuine psychotherapist trained to explore how present concerns or difficulties may be influenced by past experiences, attachment patterns or unconscious beliefs and thoughts. I see people who are working through all kinds of relationship distress or concerns as well as grief. I have a particular expertise working with couples and individuals working through life transitions. I also work on improving or changing difficult workplace relationships or dynamics.
(08) 6219 3879 View (08) 6219 3879
Photo of Yvette Kriel - Better Life Counsellors and Psychotherapists, Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
Better Life Counsellors and Psychotherapists
Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Compassionate Support for Healing & Growth Life can feel overwhelming at times, leaving you anxious, depressed, or struggling to cope. If you’re facing challenges in your relationships, experiencing the pain of betrayal, or working through personal trauma, you don’t have to navigate it alone. I specialize in helping individuals and couples heal from marital issues, adultery, and emotional wounds while equipping them with the tools to rebuild trust and create a fulfilling future.
Compassionate Support for Healing & Growth Life can feel overwhelming at times, leaving you anxious, depressed, or struggling to cope. If you’re facing challenges in your relationships, experiencing the pain of betrayal, or working through personal trauma, you don’t have to navigate it alone. I specialize in helping individuals and couples heal from marital issues, adultery, and emotional wounds while equipping them with the tools to rebuild trust and create a fulfilling future.
(08) 9329 3397 View (08) 9329 3397
Photo of Chris Fountain, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Chris Fountain
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Subiaco, WA 6008
I am a clinical psychologist who was born and raised in Perth, Western Australia. I have a considerable amount of experience working with trauma, adversity, PTSD and Complex PTSD within adult populations. I also have experience working with mood-related issues, anxiety-related issues, personality issues and relationship issues. I use an individualised and empathic approach to each of my clients to assist in not only resolving symptoms but attaining growth and movement in valued directions.
I am a clinical psychologist who was born and raised in Perth, Western Australia. I have a considerable amount of experience working with trauma, adversity, PTSD and Complex PTSD within adult populations. I also have experience working with mood-related issues, anxiety-related issues, personality issues and relationship issues. I use an individualised and empathic approach to each of my clients to assist in not only resolving symptoms but attaining growth and movement in valued directions.
(08) 6336 9992 View (08) 6336 9992
Photo of Lauren Fricker - Perth Psychologists, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Perth Psychologists
Psychologist, PsyBA General
At Perth Psychologists, we employ a strong team of well trained psychologists and counsellors who have the necessary skills and experience to help you understand your situation better and to provide you the tools to show you to move forward. We are here to help you with what might be challenging at the moment. We believe in working practically with our clients to address issues with wisdom and kindness, and that with the right support, you can confront and successfully deal with what might be troubling you at the moment.
At Perth Psychologists, we employ a strong team of well trained psychologists and counsellors who have the necessary skills and experience to help you understand your situation better and to provide you the tools to show you to move forward. We are here to help you with what might be challenging at the moment. We believe in working practically with our clients to address issues with wisdom and kindness, and that with the right support, you can confront and successfully deal with what might be troubling you at the moment.
(08) 9488 8217 View (08) 9488 8217
Photo of Dr Amanda Chng, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Amanda Chng
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Subiaco, WA 6008
Life can throw many difficult and challenging experiences at us all. In my practice, I am passionate about helping clients who have experienced traumatic events, complex histories, life transitions and adjustments, complex pain, and major health and medical challenges. Building ways of coping, learning strategies for dealing with life when it gets overwhelming, healing wounds from traumatic past events and finding positive ways of moving forward through the use of evidence based treatment techniques is my focus as a therapist.
Life can throw many difficult and challenging experiences at us all. In my practice, I am passionate about helping clients who have experienced traumatic events, complex histories, life transitions and adjustments, complex pain, and major health and medical challenges. Building ways of coping, learning strategies for dealing with life when it gets overwhelming, healing wounds from traumatic past events and finding positive ways of moving forward through the use of evidence based treatment techniques is my focus as a therapist.
(08) 6490 9074 View (08) 6490 9074
Photo of Clementine Scott, Social Worker, AASW
Clementine Scott
Social Worker, AASW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling emotionally lost and weighed down? One of the bravest things you can do is reach out for support. I'm here to walk with you as you process and establish healthier rhythms. I help women go from overwhelmed, exhausted and anxious to calm, clear and confident. Common concerns I work with include anxiety, burnout and ADHD. I can also help with personal development and mindset. My compassionate approach prioritises your needs, values, and goals to foster positive change. I'll help you gain clarity in your thoughts, and direction that aligns with your values, empowering you to navigate life's complexities with confidence.
Are you feeling emotionally lost and weighed down? One of the bravest things you can do is reach out for support. I'm here to walk with you as you process and establish healthier rhythms. I help women go from overwhelmed, exhausted and anxious to calm, clear and confident. Common concerns I work with include anxiety, burnout and ADHD. I can also help with personal development and mindset. My compassionate approach prioritises your needs, values, and goals to foster positive change. I'll help you gain clarity in your thoughts, and direction that aligns with your values, empowering you to navigate life's complexities with confidence.
(07) 3555 7942 View (07) 3555 7942
Photo of Hanieh Tolouei - Hanieh Tolouei, Sex & Relationship Therapist Perth, Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
My clients seek deeper connection, clarity, and confidence in their relationships and sexuality. They may struggle with intimacy, desire, or communication and want a supportive space to explore these challenges. I have over 14 years of experience blending sexology with evidence-based approaches like the Gottman Method, EFT, and CBT. This allows me to create personalized strategies that help my clients overcome obstacles, strengthen emotional bonds, and cultivate fulfilling relationships.
My clients seek deeper connection, clarity, and confidence in their relationships and sexuality. They may struggle with intimacy, desire, or communication and want a supportive space to explore these challenges. I have over 14 years of experience blending sexology with evidence-based approaches like the Gottman Method, EFT, and CBT. This allows me to create personalized strategies that help my clients overcome obstacles, strengthen emotional bonds, and cultivate fulfilling relationships.
(08) 6493 7575 View (08) 6493 7575
Photo of Anine Cummins - Anine Cummins (they/them) - Ginger Cat Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L2
I work with LGBTIQ+ clients, including trans and non-binary people, people with traumatic histories, including sexual assault and abuse, people with dissociative disorders, including DID, people with ADHD, autism, and other neurodiverse brains, activists and other people struggling with burn out. My client says 'I came to you thinking that i needed to be fixed, that i just needed to work harder on myself so that all of my problems could be solved and then i could start 'living my real life.' I'm starting to learn that maybe it's ok that i don't always have my sht together. I’m human and that’s ok."
I work with LGBTIQ+ clients, including trans and non-binary people, people with traumatic histories, including sexual assault and abuse, people with dissociative disorders, including DID, people with ADHD, autism, and other neurodiverse brains, activists and other people struggling with burn out. My client says 'I came to you thinking that i needed to be fixed, that i just needed to work harder on myself so that all of my problems could be solved and then i could start 'living my real life.' I'm starting to learn that maybe it's ok that i don't always have my sht together. I’m human and that’s ok."
(03) 8338 1789 View (03) 8338 1789
Photo of Dylan Arnot, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dylan Arnot
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
Hi, I'm Dylan, a Performance and Clinical Psychologist. I support clients to connect with their meaning, purpose, and values, while managing complex challenges. I work with a diverse array of adult and adolescent clients, including high performing athletes, creatives and leaders, as well as those experiencing challenges such as burnout, life transitions, anxiety, panic attacks, ADHD and ASD. In high performance psychology, I work with AFL players, A-league, Olympians and Paralympians, professional tennis, surfing, basketball, endurance sports, to name a few.
Hi, I'm Dylan, a Performance and Clinical Psychologist. I support clients to connect with their meaning, purpose, and values, while managing complex challenges. I work with a diverse array of adult and adolescent clients, including high performing athletes, creatives and leaders, as well as those experiencing challenges such as burnout, life transitions, anxiety, panic attacks, ADHD and ASD. In high performance psychology, I work with AFL players, A-league, Olympians and Paralympians, professional tennis, surfing, basketball, endurance sports, to name a few.
(08) 6219 3777 View (08) 6219 3777
Jessica Warnock
Psychologist, MAPS
Fremantle, WA 6160
Offering assessment for specific learning disorders, cognitive, academic, giftedness, ADHD and autism in both children and adults.
Offering assessment for specific learning disorders, cognitive, academic, giftedness, ADHD and autism in both children and adults.
(08) 6206 8084 View (08) 6206 8084
Photo of Amanda Louise Marano - Amanda Marano Clinical Psychotherapist, Psychotherapist
Amanda Marano Analytic Psychotherapy and Couselling is a private practice based in Fremantle and serving satellite suburbs. We are easy to locate, central and on a number of major bus routes. The practice has been operating now for over 20 years and has a wealth of experience in the magic, wealth and lasting benefit of deeply connecting with that strange entity we call the unconscious.
Amanda Marano Analytic Psychotherapy and Couselling is a private practice based in Fremantle and serving satellite suburbs. We are easy to locate, central and on a number of major bus routes. The practice has been operating now for over 20 years and has a wealth of experience in the magic, wealth and lasting benefit of deeply connecting with that strange entity we call the unconscious.
(08) 6206 8269 View (08) 6206 8269
Photo of Carly Dober, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Carly Dober
Psychologist, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work with people of various cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds in both specialist health services (justice, family violence), schools (from Prep to Year 12) and specialist mental health services (adult residential services). I also facilitate group wellbeing programs for individuals & businesses, and have co-facilitated group workshops focused on teaching people practical skills to manage distress. I work best with people who are ready to take what we discuss in session, and implement this in their lives. I am a Director on the board with Australian Association of Psychologists Incorporated (AAPi).
I work with people of various cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds in both specialist health services (justice, family violence), schools (from Prep to Year 12) and specialist mental health services (adult residential services). I also facilitate group wellbeing programs for individuals & businesses, and have co-facilitated group workshops focused on teaching people practical skills to manage distress. I work best with people who are ready to take what we discuss in session, and implement this in their lives. I am a Director on the board with Australian Association of Psychologists Incorporated (AAPi).
1300 286 125 View 1300 286 125

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Carmel, WA

< 10

Counsellors in Carmel, WA who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Spirituality
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Other
100% Sleep or Insomnia

Average years in practice

16 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Carmel, WA see their clients

100% Online Only
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Carmel?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.