Counselling in Brabham, WA

Photo of Shannan Marano - Lavender Sky Counselling, Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Lavender Sky Counselling
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Brabham, WA 6055
Are you seeking a safe space to explore your emotions, thoughts, and experiences? My name is Shannan, and I am here to guide you on a path of self-discovery and personal growth. As a dedicated person-centered therapist, I believe that every individual has the innate capacity for healing and personal transformation. Embark on a journey of self-discovery, self-acceptance, and growth with me. Together, we will unlock the potential within you and pave the way for a brighter future. Take the first step toward a happier and more fulfilling life by scheduling your Free Consult today.
Are you seeking a safe space to explore your emotions, thoughts, and experiences? My name is Shannan, and I am here to guide you on a path of self-discovery and personal growth. As a dedicated person-centered therapist, I believe that every individual has the innate capacity for healing and personal transformation. Embark on a journey of self-discovery, self-acceptance, and growth with me. Together, we will unlock the potential within you and pave the way for a brighter future. Take the first step toward a happier and more fulfilling life by scheduling your Free Consult today.
(08) 6120 1467 View (08) 6120 1467

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Claudia Maio - Holistic Mental Health Counselling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Holistic Mental Health Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I have a passion for working with clients to resolve trauma. Making sense of traumatic experiences, their effect on our mental health and relationships, and processing these safely, allows for us to be our most authentic and integrated self. I also work with individuals, parents and carers supporting their children or loved ones with acute mental health and traumatic experiences.
I have a passion for working with clients to resolve trauma. Making sense of traumatic experiences, their effect on our mental health and relationships, and processing these safely, allows for us to be our most authentic and integrated self. I also work with individuals, parents and carers supporting their children or loved ones with acute mental health and traumatic experiences.
(02) 8000 0834 View (02) 8000 0834
Photo of Lea McDonald - Horse Connection, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Horse Connection
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Lea is a dedicated counsellor and psychotherapist who offers a safe, non-judgmental space for your healing and growth. Her diverse therapeutic approach combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Transactional Analysis, Gestalt Therapy, Schema Therapy, and the transformative power of Equine Assisted Psychotherapy. Currently advancing her expertise with a Master of Counselling, Lea is committed to providing holistic, personalised support tailored to your unique needs.
Lea is a dedicated counsellor and psychotherapist who offers a safe, non-judgmental space for your healing and growth. Her diverse therapeutic approach combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Transactional Analysis, Gestalt Therapy, Schema Therapy, and the transformative power of Equine Assisted Psychotherapy. Currently advancing her expertise with a Master of Counselling, Lea is committed to providing holistic, personalised support tailored to your unique needs.
(08) 6727 9991 View (08) 6727 9991
Photo of Stuart Burling - The Bear Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Stuart Burling - The Bear Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Wembley, WA 6014
If you are struggling, feeling lost, in conflict with yourself or loved ones, grieving or looking for meaning and purpose, please reach out. I aim to support people in need, to listen, and hold space for sharing difficult life experiences. I, too, have endured adversity, and in my darkest hours, I found the courage to reach out and seek the support I needed. Through lived experience of addiction, suicide, FDV, narcissism, divorce, and parent alienation combined with expertise in counselling and specialist therapy knowledge, I focus on rebuilding lives and relationships, instilling hope when all seems lost.
If you are struggling, feeling lost, in conflict with yourself or loved ones, grieving or looking for meaning and purpose, please reach out. I aim to support people in need, to listen, and hold space for sharing difficult life experiences. I, too, have endured adversity, and in my darkest hours, I found the courage to reach out and seek the support I needed. Through lived experience of addiction, suicide, FDV, narcissism, divorce, and parent alienation combined with expertise in counselling and specialist therapy knowledge, I focus on rebuilding lives and relationships, instilling hope when all seems lost.
(08) 6120 1781 View (08) 6120 1781
Photo of Francisca Lessa-Stewart, Psychologist, PsyBA Prov
Francisca Lessa-Stewart
Psychologist, PsyBA Prov
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Applecross, WA 6153
Francisca is an experienced psychotherapist and counsellor (over 6 years experience), she provide trauma-informed psychotherapy and counselling for a variety of concerns. Franciscas services address complex trauma, abuse, emotional distress, depression, anxiety, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Francisca also supports individuals navigating significant life events, relationship challenges, and transitions. Francisca can help those struggling to find meaning, purpose, and direction in life. Francisca holds a Masters in Jungian Psychology (obtained in Uruguay) and Masters in Counselling and Psychotherapy (Curtin University)
Francisca is an experienced psychotherapist and counsellor (over 6 years experience), she provide trauma-informed psychotherapy and counselling for a variety of concerns. Franciscas services address complex trauma, abuse, emotional distress, depression, anxiety, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Francisca also supports individuals navigating significant life events, relationship challenges, and transitions. Francisca can help those struggling to find meaning, purpose, and direction in life. Francisca holds a Masters in Jungian Psychology (obtained in Uruguay) and Masters in Counselling and Psychotherapy (Curtin University)
(08) 6490 9208 View (08) 6490 9208
Photo of Emma Wilkinson, Counsellor, PACFA
Emma Wilkinson
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Rockingham, WA 6168
Emma has 14 years of experience working with people who are healing and overcoming complex trauma, C-PTSD, depression, anxiety, attachment and dissociative disorders. She is especially interested in people resolving past hurts and trauma from childhood abuse and neglect. Emma is a wise, genuine, compassionate, gentle and non-judgmental, creating safety and trust within the therapeutic relationship, working collaboratively to achieve your goals. Emma is passionate about journeying with you to discover freedom from the past and living in a manner that allows you to be seen, heard, validated and known as a person with worth and value.
Emma has 14 years of experience working with people who are healing and overcoming complex trauma, C-PTSD, depression, anxiety, attachment and dissociative disorders. She is especially interested in people resolving past hurts and trauma from childhood abuse and neglect. Emma is a wise, genuine, compassionate, gentle and non-judgmental, creating safety and trust within the therapeutic relationship, working collaboratively to achieve your goals. Emma is passionate about journeying with you to discover freedom from the past and living in a manner that allows you to be seen, heard, validated and known as a person with worth and value.
(08) 6490 9045 View (08) 6490 9045
Photo of James Vlahov, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
James Vlahov
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Beaconsfield, WA 6162
I practice a unique blend of clinical and organisational psychology. My therapy sessions are conversational, personal, playful, and guiding. Therapy is about a client and a psychologist starting from an idea: That things could be better. Maybe by a lot, maybe just by a little; either way, something worth working for. Something that justifies facing challenges, shaking things up, taking some risks. As a therapist I don't pretend to know all the answers. My skill is to ask the right questions.
I practice a unique blend of clinical and organisational psychology. My therapy sessions are conversational, personal, playful, and guiding. Therapy is about a client and a psychologist starting from an idea: That things could be better. Maybe by a lot, maybe just by a little; either way, something worth working for. Something that justifies facing challenges, shaking things up, taking some risks. As a therapist I don't pretend to know all the answers. My skill is to ask the right questions.
View
Photo of Bianca Winter-Mallari, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Bianca Winter-Mallari
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Online Only
I specialise in supporting adult survivors of childhood trauma in healing from CPTSD. Listen to my podcast Healing CPTSD, available on Spotify and Apple Podcasts, for more resources and information.
I specialise in supporting adult survivors of childhood trauma in healing from CPTSD. Listen to my podcast Healing CPTSD, available on Spotify and Apple Podcasts, for more resources and information.
View
Photo of Dr Jessica Dove, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Jessica Dove
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
West Perth, WA 6005
I have over a decade of international experience working with children and adults who are experiencing difficulties such as anxiety, disordered eating, body image concerns, low self-esteem, depression and relationship issues. Together, we achieve specific treatment goals, through understanding experiences and developing new, lasting skills. Through our work, individuals gain a deeper understanding of themselves, a clearer idea of their hopes for the future and feel better equipped to manage their lives.
I have over a decade of international experience working with children and adults who are experiencing difficulties such as anxiety, disordered eating, body image concerns, low self-esteem, depression and relationship issues. Together, we achieve specific treatment goals, through understanding experiences and developing new, lasting skills. Through our work, individuals gain a deeper understanding of themselves, a clearer idea of their hopes for the future and feel better equipped to manage their lives.
(08) 6493 7224 View (08) 6493 7224
Photo of Janet Gallagher, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Janet Gallagher
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Wanneroo, WA 6065
Janet provides support to clients using a strength based perspective. She has experience working across the lifespan, with most of her experience being in the area of childhood trauma. She likes to use various evidenced based therapeutic frameworks including Schema Therapy, EMDR and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
Janet provides support to clients using a strength based perspective. She has experience working across the lifespan, with most of her experience being in the area of childhood trauma. She likes to use various evidenced based therapeutic frameworks including Schema Therapy, EMDR and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
(08) 6206 8143 View (08) 6206 8143
Photo of Allan Bell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AASW
Allan Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hello! I'm Ally, a registered social worker and the owner of Rainbow Inclusions Disability Support Services in Brisbane. I am deeply passionate about supporting the LGBTQ+ community, with a particular focus on gay men's health, transgender health, gender dysphoria, and individuals who are navigating intergenerational or religious trauma. The brain is part of the central nervous system and requires on-going maintenance and stress reduction outlets. I am dedicated to offering compassionate care and providing personalised mental health support that meets the unique needs of each client, drawing on my psychotherapeutic expertise.
Hello! I'm Ally, a registered social worker and the owner of Rainbow Inclusions Disability Support Services in Brisbane. I am deeply passionate about supporting the LGBTQ+ community, with a particular focus on gay men's health, transgender health, gender dysphoria, and individuals who are navigating intergenerational or religious trauma. The brain is part of the central nervous system and requires on-going maintenance and stress reduction outlets. I am dedicated to offering compassionate care and providing personalised mental health support that meets the unique needs of each client, drawing on my psychotherapeutic expertise.
0432 145 195 View 0432 145 195
Photo of Yoann Roy, Counsellor, MC, PACFA
Yoann Roy
Counsellor, MC, PACFA
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Due to my experience in the workforce before I pursued my passion for mental health, I have a particular interest in men’s mental health. I encountered men from a variety of backgrounds who struggled with their mental health, but hesitated to seek help. The challenge for many in starting therapy is sharing parts of themselves, especially parts that may not have been shown before. With this in mind, my focus will always be fostering and maintaining a space where you feel valued and safe to explore your feelings and thoughts.
Due to my experience in the workforce before I pursued my passion for mental health, I have a particular interest in men’s mental health. I encountered men from a variety of backgrounds who struggled with their mental health, but hesitated to seek help. The challenge for many in starting therapy is sharing parts of themselves, especially parts that may not have been shown before. With this in mind, my focus will always be fostering and maintaining a space where you feel valued and safe to explore your feelings and thoughts.
(08) 6171 3416 View (08) 6171 3416
Photo of Carla Savannah Lobato - Carla's Realignments and Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Carla's Realignments and Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Telehealth Counselling skilled in Relationship, Family, Pregnancy, Post-Natal, Menopause, Grief, Trauma, Dementia and Neurodivergent challenges. Don’t let ADHD, ASD, ODD or OCD hold you back from creating an abundant life. Registered with ACA for the benefit of NDIS participants.
Telehealth Counselling skilled in Relationship, Family, Pregnancy, Post-Natal, Menopause, Grief, Trauma, Dementia and Neurodivergent challenges. Don’t let ADHD, ASD, ODD or OCD hold you back from creating an abundant life. Registered with ACA for the benefit of NDIS participants.
(08) 9473 6342 View (08) 9473 6342
Photo of Merrill Lombard, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Merrill Lombard
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Stirling, WA 6021
I am registered psychologist who is empathetic while also solution-focused. I work collaboratively with clients to support and empower them on their journey towards health and wellbeing. I am committed to guiding clients on their journey towards a satisfying and rewarding life. With a genuine and authentic approach, I support clients to become more self-aware, empowering them with the resources they need to overcome challenges they may face, working with clients across the lifespan from adolescence. Areas of interest include autism, ADHD, relationship counselling and depression. Medicare rebates available.
I am registered psychologist who is empathetic while also solution-focused. I work collaboratively with clients to support and empower them on their journey towards health and wellbeing. I am committed to guiding clients on their journey towards a satisfying and rewarding life. With a genuine and authentic approach, I support clients to become more self-aware, empowering them with the resources they need to overcome challenges they may face, working with clients across the lifespan from adolescence. Areas of interest include autism, ADHD, relationship counselling and depression. Medicare rebates available.
(08) 9329 3388 View (08) 9329 3388
Photo of Chris Pastor, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Chris Pastor
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Waitlist for new clients
I take an integrated, person-centred, and flexible approach to therapy; understanding and appreciating the varied and individual circumstances that may bring someone to therapy. I encourage curiosity and authenticity in my practice, inviting clients to explore their concerns and difficulties together, recognise their innate strengths and capabilities, and investigate how we may feel and respond to the things that challenge us. I believe we all have the power to heal our wounds.
I take an integrated, person-centred, and flexible approach to therapy; understanding and appreciating the varied and individual circumstances that may bring someone to therapy. I encourage curiosity and authenticity in my practice, inviting clients to explore their concerns and difficulties together, recognise their innate strengths and capabilities, and investigate how we may feel and respond to the things that challenge us. I believe we all have the power to heal our wounds.
(08) 6490 9473 View (08) 6490 9473
Photo of Michelle Zietsman, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Michelle Zietsman
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Butler, WA 6036
As a therapist, I offer Individual & Couples Therapy for Adults. Relationships encompass both hurt & healing. Establishing secure therapeutic connection fosters confidentiality, empathy, & understanding, facilitating change & solutions for personal issues. People possess the ability to solve problems, but this can be hindered by trauma, depression, anxiety, self-criticism, low self-esteem, relational conflict, or general life problems. I believe in every person's potential to explore their inner being, find courage, direct their lives & relationships meaningfully - ultimately, the cornerstone of our existence is meaning & purpose!
As a therapist, I offer Individual & Couples Therapy for Adults. Relationships encompass both hurt & healing. Establishing secure therapeutic connection fosters confidentiality, empathy, & understanding, facilitating change & solutions for personal issues. People possess the ability to solve problems, but this can be hindered by trauma, depression, anxiety, self-criticism, low self-esteem, relational conflict, or general life problems. I believe in every person's potential to explore their inner being, find courage, direct their lives & relationships meaningfully - ultimately, the cornerstone of our existence is meaning & purpose!
(08) 6219 3065 View (08) 6219 3065
Photo of Desi Karalis, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Desi Karalis
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Online Only
Life can be overwhelming, and sometimes we all need support to navigate challenges, gain clarity, and find a way forward. As a psychologist with over 19 years experience, I provide compassionate, evidence-based counselling to help individuals manage stress, low mood, anxiety, menopause, life transitions, burnout, low self-esteem, and emotional and mental well-being.
Life can be overwhelming, and sometimes we all need support to navigate challenges, gain clarity, and find a way forward. As a psychologist with over 19 years experience, I provide compassionate, evidence-based counselling to help individuals manage stress, low mood, anxiety, menopause, life transitions, burnout, low self-esteem, and emotional and mental well-being.
(08) 7100 9284 View (08) 7100 9284
Photo of Lisa Cregan - Counselling with Lisa Cregan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Counselling with Lisa Cregan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Attadale, WA 6156
Not accepting new clients
Do you require support and guidance with disability, ageing or chronic health-related conditions? I am a registered Counsellor and Accredited Social Worker. My background includes providing counselling and disability and aged-care service delivery with State and Local government agencies.
Do you require support and guidance with disability, ageing or chronic health-related conditions? I am a registered Counsellor and Accredited Social Worker. My background includes providing counselling and disability and aged-care service delivery with State and Local government agencies.
(08) 9468 6034 View (08) 9468 6034
Photo of Sarah Dakhili, Counsellor, AMHSW
Sarah Dakhili
Counsellor, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Sarah is a Psychotherapist and Mental Health Social Worker. She has been working within the field of mind-body disorders (MBD) for over 14 years, specialising in Pain Reprocessing Therapy (PRT) chronic pain, trauma recovery and Tension Myositis Syndrome (TMS), including other challenges such as stress, anxiety, depression, Fibromyalgia and PTSD. Her motto is simple: “Supporting clients in creating authentic power within themselves and in turn being able to make what was once difficult, easier”.
Sarah is a Psychotherapist and Mental Health Social Worker. She has been working within the field of mind-body disorders (MBD) for over 14 years, specialising in Pain Reprocessing Therapy (PRT) chronic pain, trauma recovery and Tension Myositis Syndrome (TMS), including other challenges such as stress, anxiety, depression, Fibromyalgia and PTSD. Her motto is simple: “Supporting clients in creating authentic power within themselves and in turn being able to make what was once difficult, easier”.
(07) 3130 0085 View (07) 3130 0085
Photo of Nicole Cowper, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Nicole Cowper
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Osborne Park, WA 6017
Coming to therapy can be daunting so it is important to me to make sure I get to know you and what you want from the experience. I am an open person with a keen interest in birds, video games and a wry sense of humour who is happy to discuss the absurdities of life. I generally work with ADHD, trauma, adjustment difficulties, grief and loss, anxiety, depression and much more. I am passionate about working with neurodiverse people in particular to help improve day-to-day function, meet goals, and improve overall wellbeing. I can provide assessment for neurodiversity for those who are unsure or wanting to find out more.
Coming to therapy can be daunting so it is important to me to make sure I get to know you and what you want from the experience. I am an open person with a keen interest in birds, video games and a wry sense of humour who is happy to discuss the absurdities of life. I generally work with ADHD, trauma, adjustment difficulties, grief and loss, anxiety, depression and much more. I am passionate about working with neurodiverse people in particular to help improve day-to-day function, meet goals, and improve overall wellbeing. I can provide assessment for neurodiversity for those who are unsure or wanting to find out more.
(08) 6493 7208 View (08) 6493 7208

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Brabham, WA

< 10

Counsellors in Brabham, WA who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Addiction
100% Eating Disorders
100% Bereavement
100% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

2 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Non-Binary

How Counsellors in Brabham, WA see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Brabham?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.