Psychologists and Therapists in Armadale, WA

Photo of Bridget Viney, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Bridget Viney
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Armadale, WA 6112
I am a Specialist Addictions Counsellor who is currently offering support through the Medicare Mental Health Centre in Armadale WA
I am a Specialist Addictions Counsellor who is currently offering support through the Medicare Mental Health Centre in Armadale WA
Photo of Heather Lilley, Counsellor, AMHSW
Heather Lilley
Counsellor, AMHSW
Armadale, WA 6112
I am passionate about helping people live mentally and emotionally healthy lives. Having worked as a Mental Health Social Worker and Psychotherapist for 30 years, I believe in the potential of every person to heal, grow and develop a sense of ownership over the decisions in their lives. People often find themselves in my counselling room after they’ve been struggling for a while and can walk in feeling overwhelmed, anxious, uncertain what to do and feeling like life has just become too hard. The wonderful thing is that we can learn how to cope, we can learn how to manage and how to be more resilient.
I am passionate about helping people live mentally and emotionally healthy lives. Having worked as a Mental Health Social Worker and Psychotherapist for 30 years, I believe in the potential of every person to heal, grow and develop a sense of ownership over the decisions in their lives. People often find themselves in my counselling room after they’ve been struggling for a while and can walk in feeling overwhelmed, anxious, uncertain what to do and feeling like life has just become too hard. The wonderful thing is that we can learn how to cope, we can learn how to manage and how to be more resilient.
(08) 6118 7305 View (08) 6118 7305
Photo of Amaka Nwankwo, Social Worker, MSc, AMHSW
Amaka Nwankwo
Social Worker, MSc, AMHSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
My goal is to help individuals navigate life's obstacles and to improve their overall well-being. I provide therapy to address a range of challenges including Victims of Crimes, anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, and personal growth barriers. Clients are welcomed into a safe environment where they can freely express themselves, receive validation, and develop coping strategies. With empathy and compassion, I guide clients through their healing journey. My therapeutic approach is centred on identifying strengths, fostering resilience, and facilitating positive change, I am EMDR certified.
My goal is to help individuals navigate life's obstacles and to improve their overall well-being. I provide therapy to address a range of challenges including Victims of Crimes, anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, and personal growth barriers. Clients are welcomed into a safe environment where they can freely express themselves, receive validation, and develop coping strategies. With empathy and compassion, I guide clients through their healing journey. My therapeutic approach is centred on identifying strengths, fostering resilience, and facilitating positive change, I am EMDR certified.
(08) 6120 1944 View (08) 6120 1944
Photo of Fathima Shaha Hussain, Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
Fathima Shaha Hussain
Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
Serves Area
Many people seek counselling when life feels overwhelming or when they need clarity and emotional balance. I provide a calm, compassionate space where you can feel heard, understood, and supported as you work through challenges at your own pace. My approach is integrated, drawing from evidence-based therapies such as CBT and TA (Transactional Analysis) along with creative techniques like Art therapy. This flexibility allows me to tailor each session to your individual needs, helping you explore emotions, build coping strategies, and create meaningful change.
Many people seek counselling when life feels overwhelming or when they need clarity and emotional balance. I provide a calm, compassionate space where you can feel heard, understood, and supported as you work through challenges at your own pace. My approach is integrated, drawing from evidence-based therapies such as CBT and TA (Transactional Analysis) along with creative techniques like Art therapy. This flexibility allows me to tailor each session to your individual needs, helping you explore emotions, build coping strategies, and create meaningful change.
(08) 6171 3648 View (08) 6171 3648
Photo of Amit Londhe, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Amit Londhe
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Seeking psychological support amid life's challenges can be tough. As a seasoned Psychologist with experience across the lifespan within the Medicare and the NDIS framework, I aim to offer a transformative journey to bridge these challenges. Imagine your mind as a room—I'm here to declutter and organize, making life's navigation smoother. I am here to provide understanding, personalised support, and tangible progress. Unlock the potential to a brighter future with a 15-minute free phone consultation. Let's connect, understand your goals, and embark on a journey to mental wellness together.
Seeking psychological support amid life's challenges can be tough. As a seasoned Psychologist with experience across the lifespan within the Medicare and the NDIS framework, I aim to offer a transformative journey to bridge these challenges. Imagine your mind as a room—I'm here to declutter and organize, making life's navigation smoother. I am here to provide understanding, personalised support, and tangible progress. Unlock the potential to a brighter future with a 15-minute free phone consultation. Let's connect, understand your goals, and embark on a journey to mental wellness together.
(08) 6118 7713 View (08) 6118 7713
Photo of Yeukai Ruzvidzo, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Yeukai Ruzvidzo
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Serves Area
My mission is to help individuals and families navigate life’s challenges and enhance their overall well-being. I provide therapy to support people in managing anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, personal growth barriers, and the complexities of bereavement. Clients are welcomed into a safe, non-judgmental space where they can openly express themselves, receive validation, and build effective coping strategies. With empathy and compassion, I guide individuals and families through their healing journey, focusing on recognizing strengths, cultivating resilience, and creating lasting positive change.
My mission is to help individuals and families navigate life’s challenges and enhance their overall well-being. I provide therapy to support people in managing anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, personal growth barriers, and the complexities of bereavement. Clients are welcomed into a safe, non-judgmental space where they can openly express themselves, receive validation, and build effective coping strategies. With empathy and compassion, I guide individuals and families through their healing journey, focusing on recognizing strengths, cultivating resilience, and creating lasting positive change.
(08) 6171 2075 View (08) 6171 2075
Photo of Pamela Goreraza-Nkiwane, Social Worker, MSc, AASW
Pamela Goreraza-Nkiwane
Social Worker, MSc, AASW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer support to clients struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, BPD, trauma, or grief, including elderly clients experiencing loneliness, loss, or isolation. I also assist those facing domestic violence, childhood trauma, school refusal, family conflict, relationship breakdowns, or challenges navigating the NDIS or youth justice system. Additionally, I support individuals and families from CALD backgrounds who may feel misunderstood or isolated. My aim is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space where clients feel heard, supported, and empowered to build resilience and lasting positive change.
I offer support to clients struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, BPD, trauma, or grief, including elderly clients experiencing loneliness, loss, or isolation. I also assist those facing domestic violence, childhood trauma, school refusal, family conflict, relationship breakdowns, or challenges navigating the NDIS or youth justice system. Additionally, I support individuals and families from CALD backgrounds who may feel misunderstood or isolated. My aim is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space where clients feel heard, supported, and empowered to build resilience and lasting positive change.
(08) 9515 4273 View (08) 9515 4273
Photo of Fiona Rogerson, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Fiona Rogerson
Counsellor, ACA-L3
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
My work centres on trauma recovery (attachment/relational, PTSD, acute, complex), perinatal difficulties, and relational healing. I work with individuals and couples to validate and support their individual journeys, and create change in their lives. I will show you that you are not alone; that I see you and I hear you; and your struggle does not have to continue. There is a way out. I work holistically and collaboratively with you to support you in understanding your experiences; gaining insight to past and present contributing factors; increasing your self-awareness; and taking ownership of your healing and growth.
My work centres on trauma recovery (attachment/relational, PTSD, acute, complex), perinatal difficulties, and relational healing. I work with individuals and couples to validate and support their individual journeys, and create change in their lives. I will show you that you are not alone; that I see you and I hear you; and your struggle does not have to continue. There is a way out. I work holistically and collaboratively with you to support you in understanding your experiences; gaining insight to past and present contributing factors; increasing your self-awareness; and taking ownership of your healing and growth.
(08) 7078 7894 View (08) 7078 7894
Photo of Katherine Elizabeth Zuvela, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Katherine Elizabeth Zuvela
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Serves Area
Through a kind and caring approach, Katherine creates a compassionate experience in which families and individuals learn how to manage emotions differently, communicate better and develop greater coping strategies that will assist them in living life to their fullest.
Through a kind and caring approach, Katherine creates a compassionate experience in which families and individuals learn how to manage emotions differently, communicate better and develop greater coping strategies that will assist them in living life to their fullest.
(08) 6120 1248 View (08) 6120 1248
Photo of Ewuresi Ofori, Social Worker, MSc, AMHSW
Ewuresi Ofori
Social Worker, MSc, AMHSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
My goal is to assist individuals in navigating life's challenges and enhancing their overall well-being. I provide therapeutic support to address a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, and barriers to personal growth. Clients are welcomed into a secure environment where they can openly express themselves, receive affirmation, and develop effective coping strategies. With empathy and compassion, I guide clients through their healing journey. My therapeutic approach focuses on identifying strengths, building resilience, and promoting positive change.
My goal is to assist individuals in navigating life's challenges and enhancing their overall well-being. I provide therapeutic support to address a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, and barriers to personal growth. Clients are welcomed into a secure environment where they can openly express themselves, receive affirmation, and develop effective coping strategies. With empathy and compassion, I guide clients through their healing journey. My therapeutic approach focuses on identifying strengths, building resilience, and promoting positive change.
(08) 6109 8285 View (08) 6109 8285
Photo of Dan Ward, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Dan Ward
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I'm a neurodivergent affirming counsellor operating via Telehealth. My area of specialty is with adults experiencing issues around gender identity/being trans & LGBTQIA+. Many clients are Autistic and/or have ADHD. I also work with OCD and anxiety disorders. Being your authentic self in the world presents it's challenges, especially with so much ostracism and stigma. Having a safe space to talk about these challenges is an important part of wellbeing.
I'm a neurodivergent affirming counsellor operating via Telehealth. My area of specialty is with adults experiencing issues around gender identity/being trans & LGBTQIA+. Many clients are Autistic and/or have ADHD. I also work with OCD and anxiety disorders. Being your authentic self in the world presents it's challenges, especially with so much ostracism and stigma. Having a safe space to talk about these challenges is an important part of wellbeing.
(08) 6219 3785 View (08) 6219 3785
Photo of Poh Gan, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Ed. Psych.
Poh Gan
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Ed. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Blossom Care Psychology understands that every individual and family has different unique challenges; yet we are all the same in the face of common human suffering such as sadness, worry, anger, developmental challenges, illnesses, death and dying, grief, and loss. In the face of all these challenges in life, Blossom Care Psychology hopes to work alongside with you with compassion and loving kindness to find ways that work for you so that you can continue to thrive and flourish.
Blossom Care Psychology understands that every individual and family has different unique challenges; yet we are all the same in the face of common human suffering such as sadness, worry, anger, developmental challenges, illnesses, death and dying, grief, and loss. In the face of all these challenges in life, Blossom Care Psychology hopes to work alongside with you with compassion and loving kindness to find ways that work for you so that you can continue to thrive and flourish.
(08) 6120 1806 View (08) 6120 1806
Photo of Steve Halls - Keystone Therapy, PhD
Keystone Therapy
Verified Verified
Serves Area
We provide a person-centred approach to brain-based therapy that is designed to educate, empower, engage, and facilitate processes of growth, self-awareness, and self-healing. Keystone Therapy has developed a model of the root causes of behaviour. The model is holistic in that it integrates neurobiological, social and cultural impacts upon the psychological processes that underlie mental health. Introducing new learning, which brings about changes in the brain, results in concomitant changes in behaviour. Thus, through utilizing the brain’s inherent ability (“neuroplasticity”) to form new neural connections new behaviours arise.
We provide a person-centred approach to brain-based therapy that is designed to educate, empower, engage, and facilitate processes of growth, self-awareness, and self-healing. Keystone Therapy has developed a model of the root causes of behaviour. The model is holistic in that it integrates neurobiological, social and cultural impacts upon the psychological processes that underlie mental health. Introducing new learning, which brings about changes in the brain, results in concomitant changes in behaviour. Thus, through utilizing the brain’s inherent ability (“neuroplasticity”) to form new neural connections new behaviours arise.
(08) 6171 2825 View (08) 6171 2825
Photo of Kristine Halls - Belmont & Byford Counselling, Counsellor, PACFA
Belmont & Byford Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
Kris has many years of experience working in the field of clinical and mental health. Her interests relate to understanding and helping people who have experienced trauma, self-esteem issues, grief and loss. Specifically, she has been involved in the treatment of children and adults who have been subject to various types of traumatic acute and chronic abuse. Abuse may lead to anxiety, depression, relationship and self-worth issues, for example. Traumatic events have been shown to have life-long consequences. These events often lead to poor quality of life and health-related conditions.
Kris has many years of experience working in the field of clinical and mental health. Her interests relate to understanding and helping people who have experienced trauma, self-esteem issues, grief and loss. Specifically, she has been involved in the treatment of children and adults who have been subject to various types of traumatic acute and chronic abuse. Abuse may lead to anxiety, depression, relationship and self-worth issues, for example. Traumatic events have been shown to have life-long consequences. These events often lead to poor quality of life and health-related conditions.
(08) 6206 8123 View (08) 6206 8123
Photo of Carla Savannah Lobato - Carla - Relationship Specialist Australia-wide, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Carla - Relationship Specialist Australia-wide
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you feel lost in your relationships, saying "yes" when you mean "no"? Has your voice quieted over time? It’s time to reconnect with who you truly are. I’m Carla, an experienced Counsellor with 18 years in practice and the creator of 8 Selves Therapy (8ST). Offering Telehealth Counselling Australia-wide, I help you eliminate internal conflict and build self-awareness, so you can rediscover your authentic self and strengthen your connection with your inner voice.
Do you feel lost in your relationships, saying "yes" when you mean "no"? Has your voice quieted over time? It’s time to reconnect with who you truly are. I’m Carla, an experienced Counsellor with 18 years in practice and the creator of 8 Selves Therapy (8ST). Offering Telehealth Counselling Australia-wide, I help you eliminate internal conflict and build self-awareness, so you can rediscover your authentic self and strengthen your connection with your inner voice.
(08) 9473 6342 View (08) 9473 6342

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of David James Parrick - WA Psychology and Wellness, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
WA Psychology and Wellness
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Victoria Park, WA 6100
Waitlist for new clients
My practice is LGBTQI+ affirmative. I have a special interest in working with gender identity and I am able to support adolescents & adults exploring their preferred gender identification, including assisting with the transition process. I see people with a wide range of issues including depression, anxiety (phobias, social and generalised anxiety), trauma, worry and rumination, men’s health (including sexual health) and relationship difficulties (either individually or as part of couples therapy). Additionally, I work with adolescents and young adults with conduct issues who are in, or at risk of, contact with the justice system.
My practice is LGBTQI+ affirmative. I have a special interest in working with gender identity and I am able to support adolescents & adults exploring their preferred gender identification, including assisting with the transition process. I see people with a wide range of issues including depression, anxiety (phobias, social and generalised anxiety), trauma, worry and rumination, men’s health (including sexual health) and relationship difficulties (either individually or as part of couples therapy). Additionally, I work with adolescents and young adults with conduct issues who are in, or at risk of, contact with the justice system.
(08) 7078 7028 View (08) 7078 7028
Photo of Michiel Gonzales, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Michiel Gonzales
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Stirling, WA 6021
Michiel is a registered psychologist and has extensive experience working in the mental health field with a variety of presentations. ‘I have learned that deep and lasting change is possible, that long-term issues can be resolved, and people can be free of emotional pain they carry by making sense of difficult experiences together, both past and present, and moving towards a place of self-understanding’. Michiel works with adults and adolescents using an integrative approach which is based on empathy and building a strong mutual respect and working relationship with clients.
Michiel is a registered psychologist and has extensive experience working in the mental health field with a variety of presentations. ‘I have learned that deep and lasting change is possible, that long-term issues can be resolved, and people can be free of emotional pain they carry by making sense of difficult experiences together, both past and present, and moving towards a place of self-understanding’. Michiel works with adults and adolescents using an integrative approach which is based on empathy and building a strong mutual respect and working relationship with clients.
(08) 6171 3513 View (08) 6171 3513
Photo of Cori Pignatelli, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Cori Pignatelli
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Online Only
Hi. My name is Cori. I am a person-centred, neuroaffirming therapist. My approach is collaborative, respectful, and centred on what matters most to you. I bring a sense of warmth and ease to sessions and understand us to be equals in the therapeutic process. I have significant experience working with people whose identities and experiences are not as often reflected in mainstream spaces and there are no topics off-limits. I work with clients on a broad range of topics and I'm drawn to doing deep work which expands your understanding of self and creates real, lasting changes to your mental health and wellness.
Hi. My name is Cori. I am a person-centred, neuroaffirming therapist. My approach is collaborative, respectful, and centred on what matters most to you. I bring a sense of warmth and ease to sessions and understand us to be equals in the therapeutic process. I have significant experience working with people whose identities and experiences are not as often reflected in mainstream spaces and there are no topics off-limits. I work with clients on a broad range of topics and I'm drawn to doing deep work which expands your understanding of self and creates real, lasting changes to your mental health and wellness.
0476 214 102 View 0476 214 102
Photo of Sidney Mandis, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Sport Psych.
Sidney Mandis
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Sport Psych.
Online Only
I'm the founder and registered psychologist for Eunoia Performance Psychology. I work holistically with individuals and athletes presenting with various difficulties in life such as: anxiety, depression, PTSD, ADHD, sexual trauma, addiction, stress, burnout, low self-esteem, body image issues, anger management, relationship issues, ASD, injury rehabilitation, sports performance, motivation, confidence.
I'm the founder and registered psychologist for Eunoia Performance Psychology. I work holistically with individuals and athletes presenting with various difficulties in life such as: anxiety, depression, PTSD, ADHD, sexual trauma, addiction, stress, burnout, low self-esteem, body image issues, anger management, relationship issues, ASD, injury rehabilitation, sports performance, motivation, confidence.
(08) 7666 0416 View (08) 7666 0416
Photo of Deepa Venugopal, Counsellor, PACFA
Deepa Venugopal
Counsellor, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Willetton, WA 6155
If you’re feeling lonely and overwhelmed by personal or professional challenges, don’t hesitate to reach out. I offer a non-judgmental listening ear, drawing from my professional qualifications, counselling skills, and diverse life experiences. Together, we can explore different perspectives and find a way forward.
If you’re feeling lonely and overwhelmed by personal or professional challenges, don’t hesitate to reach out. I offer a non-judgmental listening ear, drawing from my professional qualifications, counselling skills, and diverse life experiences. Together, we can explore different perspectives and find a way forward.
(08) 6171 2869 View (08) 6171 2869

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Armadale, WA

10+

Average cost per session

$165

Psychologists and Therapists in Armadale, WA who prioritize treating:

87% Anxiety
80% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Family Conflict
67% Stress
67% Marriage Counselling

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Bupa
70% Medibank Private
50% NDIS

How Psychologists and Therapists in Armadale, WA see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
7% Male
7% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Armadale?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.