Trauma and PTSD Counselling in Richmond, VIC

Photo of Tim Campiciano, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Tim Campiciano
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Richmond, VIC 3121
My therapeutic orientation is grounded in person-centred therapy principles: Reflective listening, empathy, and acceptance. I aim to create an environment that enables you to feel safe to discuss your past, current, or future challenges openly. I will work collaboratively with you to set therapeutic goals to ensure session content, discussions, and interventions meet therapeutic objectives.
My therapeutic orientation is grounded in person-centred therapy principles: Reflective listening, empathy, and acceptance. I aim to create an environment that enables you to feel safe to discuss your past, current, or future challenges openly. I will work collaboratively with you to set therapeutic goals to ensure session content, discussions, and interventions meet therapeutic objectives.
(03) 7036 8795 View (03) 7036 8795
Photo of Tiffany Valente - Brainspotting, EMDR, IFS ClinPsy- Tiffany Valente , Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Brainspotting, EMDR, IFS ClinPsy- Tiffany Valente
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I integrate EMDR, Brainspotting, Internal Family Systems (IFS), somatic therapy, ACT and DBT to help you process trauma, shift long-standing patterns, and reconnect with your inner strength.
More than just a chat, I stay on the forefront of what psychology has to offer, combining tools from evidence-based treatments such as EMDR, Brainspotting, Internal Family Systems (Level 2 trained), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) & Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) - so I can empower you with practical tools to create lasting change.
I integrate EMDR, Brainspotting, Internal Family Systems (IFS), somatic therapy, ACT and DBT to help you process trauma, shift long-standing patterns, and reconnect with your inner strength.
More than just a chat, I stay on the forefront of what psychology has to offer, combining tools from evidence-based treatments such as EMDR, Brainspotting, Internal Family Systems (Level 2 trained), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) & Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) - so I can empower you with practical tools to create lasting change.
(03) 7003 2560 View (03) 7003 2560
Photo of Myles William Medwell, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Myles William Medwell
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121
Some are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, OCD, or unresolved experiences yet to be spoken.
My work is grounded in Lacanian psychoanalysis, meaning the focus is not on quick fixes or symptom control. Areas I often work with include anxiety, depression, complex trauma, personality difficulties (including BPD), grief, sexual concerns, FND, and other forms of personal suffering. This is long-term, reflective work aimed at meaningful and lasting change
Some are struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, OCD, or unresolved experiences yet to be spoken.
My work is grounded in Lacanian psychoanalysis, meaning the focus is not on quick fixes or symptom control. Areas I often work with include anxiety, depression, complex trauma, personality difficulties (including BPD), grief, sexual concerns, FND, and other forms of personal suffering. This is long-term, reflective work aimed at meaningful and lasting change
0466 509 179 View 0466 509 179
Photo of Julian Motha, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Julian Motha
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Richmond, VIC 3121
Over this time, I have worked on presentations including grief, trauma, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurodevelopmental concerns.
I work with my clients in a person-centred way, which includes warmth, genuineness, understanding and non-judgement. In my work, I’ve found humour to be a powerful therapeutic technique, which can build a strong therapeutic alliance and help us make contact with painful thoughts and feelings.
Over this time, I have worked on presentations including grief, trauma, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurodevelopmental concerns.
I work with my clients in a person-centred way, which includes warmth, genuineness, understanding and non-judgement. In my work, I’ve found humour to be a powerful therapeutic technique, which can build a strong therapeutic alliance and help us make contact with painful thoughts and feelings.
(03) 7036 8795 View (03) 7036 8795
Photo of Mia Gentle, Psychologist, PsychD
Mia Gentle
Psychologist, PsychD
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121
With the foundation of a safe and non-judgmental space, Mia has helped clients presenting with adjustment and life transitions, anxiety, depression, phobias, low self-worth, loss, trauma/abuse, workplace issues, anger management and more.
As all people are different, Mia’s collaborative approach is tailored to the individual, informed by the client’s own unique situation, preferences and needs. She draws on a number of modalities for a client-centred experience.
With the foundation of a safe and non-judgmental space, Mia has helped clients presenting with adjustment and life transitions, anxiety, depression, phobias, low self-worth, loss, trauma/abuse, workplace issues, anger management and more.
As all people are different, Mia’s collaborative approach is tailored to the individual, informed by the client’s own unique situation, preferences and needs. She draws on a number of modalities for a client-centred experience.
(03) 7003 2475 View (03) 7003 2475
Photo of Chris Wallace, Psychologist, MAPS
Chris Wallace
Psychologist, MAPS
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121
My specialties include child and adolescent mental health, disability, dual diagnosis, schizophrenia, trauma, wellbeing, and recovery from complex and chronic mental health challenges.
I help with complex presentations by building wellbeing and quality of life. I am warm, conversational and collaborative. I’ll work with you to understand your story, your current challenges and what you’re seeking to change. I enjoy providing the space and tools for individuals who want to better their lives. We will work together and identify barriers, recurring patterns and limitations in the way of finding purpose and building a quality of life. The aim is to help you do more of what matters to take you towards living the life you want.
My specialties include child and adolescent mental health, disability, dual diagnosis, schizophrenia, trauma, wellbeing, and recovery from complex and chronic mental health challenges.
I help with complex presentations by building wellbeing and quality of life. I am warm, conversational and collaborative. I’ll work with you to understand your story, your current challenges and what you’re seeking to change. I enjoy providing the space and tools for individuals who want to better their lives. We will work together and identify barriers, recurring patterns and limitations in the way of finding purpose and building a quality of life. The aim is to help you do more of what matters to take you towards living the life you want.
(03) 7003 2748 View (03) 7003 2748
Photo of Marie-Claire McCubbery, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Marie-Claire McCubbery
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Richmond, VIC 3121
Marie-Claire McCubbery has extensive experience providing evidence-based therapeutic interventions to clients across the lifespan, individuals 14 years and over, and couples. Her special interest areas include individuals with trauma, coping/adjustment issues, life transition issues, relationship difficulties, parenting issues and couples counselling (Emotional Focus Therapy). Using a person-centred approach, Marie-Claire works collaboratively with the individual and/or couple's needs to increase their self-awareness and facilitate change in behaviour, entrenched thinking patterns and more deeply ingrained emotional difficulties.
Marie-Claire McCubbery has extensive experience providing evidence-based therapeutic interventions to clients across the lifespan, individuals 14 years and over, and couples. Her special interest areas include individuals with trauma, coping/adjustment issues, life transition issues, relationship difficulties, parenting issues and couples counselling (Emotional Focus Therapy). Using a person-centred approach, Marie-Claire works collaboratively with the individual and/or couple's needs to increase their self-awareness and facilitate change in behaviour, entrenched thinking patterns and more deeply ingrained emotional difficulties.
(03) 7003 2060 View (03) 7003 2060
Photo of Clara Pizzorno, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Clara Pizzorno
Psychotherapist, PACFA
5 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121
I offer sessions in both English and Spanish and work with issues including, but not limited to: low self-esteem, emotional dysregulation, somatic disturbances, trauma and PTSD, migration and reacculturation challenges, exit counselling (post-cult recovery), parenting struggles, addictions, suicidal ideation and self-harm, anxiety, depression, grief, and loss.
Psychology from the University of Buenos Aires. My approach is integrative, with a special interest for trauma and attachment repair, somatic and mindfulness practices, and cultural awareness. Life is rich with challenges, profound emotions, and questions that can feel overwhelming to navigate alone. I believe that, with a trusted guide at your side, these
I offer sessions in both English and Spanish and work with issues including, but not limited to: low self-esteem, emotional dysregulation, somatic disturbances, trauma and PTSD, migration and reacculturation challenges, exit counselling (post-cult recovery), parenting struggles, addictions, suicidal ideation and self-harm, anxiety, depression, grief, and loss.
Psychology from the University of Buenos Aires. My approach is integrative, with a special interest for trauma and attachment repair, somatic and mindfulness practices, and cultural awareness. Life is rich with challenges, profound emotions, and questions that can feel overwhelming to navigate alone. I believe that, with a trusted guide at your side, these
0414 264 630 View 0414 264 630
Photo of Michelle Sophia Karipidis, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Michelle Sophia Karipidis
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Richmond, VIC 3121
I help people navigate anxiety, low mood, trauma, and self-doubt using a practical and compassionate approach.
Life can be challenging, and sometimes our thoughts become the hardest part to manage. I help people untangle these patterns, strengthen emotional resilience, and find long-term calm. With master’s degrees in Communications and Media and in Professional Psychology, I bring a balanced mix of human insight and clinical skill. My approach is grounded, collaborative, and inclusive of all identities and backgrounds, drawing from Schema Therapy, CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and Psychodynamic frameworks. I recently explored this in my blog When I Asked ChatGPT to Be My Therapist on The Three Seas website.
I help people navigate anxiety, low mood, trauma, and self-doubt using a practical and compassionate approach.
Life can be challenging, and sometimes our thoughts become the hardest part to manage. I help people untangle these patterns, strengthen emotional resilience, and find long-term calm. With master’s degrees in Communications and Media and in Professional Psychology, I bring a balanced mix of human insight and clinical skill. My approach is grounded, collaborative, and inclusive of all identities and backgrounds, drawing from Schema Therapy, CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and Psychodynamic frameworks. I recently explored this in my blog When I Asked ChatGPT to Be My Therapist on The Three Seas website.
(03) 7003 2394 View (03) 7003 2394
Photo of Sweeney O'Heare-Young, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Sweeney O'Heare-Young
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I enjoy helping people with OCD and rumination to regain a sense of agency over their mind, people with depression to understand what is happening inside themselves that is causing their suffering and free themselves from it, people with PTSD to feel safe again and gain self-compassion and heal their nervous system, people with difficulty in relationships to understand what is happening and operate more smoothly, and helping people with many other difficulties to heal and move forward.
I mainly practice psychodynamically using Intensive Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP), and I integrate the very effective EMDR. In ISTDP relief is found by identifying & putting aside defences & reconciling with feelings and anxiety underneath. I trained with Dr Michael J Greenberg to deliver Rumination Focussed-ERP (RF-ERP) for rumination/OCD/Pure O.
I enjoy helping people with OCD and rumination to regain a sense of agency over their mind, people with depression to understand what is happening inside themselves that is causing their suffering and free themselves from it, people with PTSD to feel safe again and gain self-compassion and heal their nervous system, people with difficulty in relationships to understand what is happening and operate more smoothly, and helping people with many other difficulties to heal and move forward.
I mainly practice psychodynamically using Intensive Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP), and I integrate the very effective EMDR. In ISTDP relief is found by identifying & putting aside defences & reconciling with feelings and anxiety underneath. I trained with Dr Michael J Greenberg to deliver Rumination Focussed-ERP (RF-ERP) for rumination/OCD/Pure O.
(03) 7003 2205 View (03) 7003 2205
Photo of Sarah Langlet, Psychologist, MA, MACPA
Sarah Langlet
Psychologist, MA, MACPA
Serves Area
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist who works with adults experiencing a range of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, trauma, stress, emotional instability and conflict in relationships; I have a special interest in working with women in the perinatal period who are struggling with anxiety, depression or trauma.
I work in an empathic, collaborative and transparent way to support clients to understand how they got to where they are now, reduce their suffering, increase resilience and confidence, find meaning and realize their goals.
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist who works with adults experiencing a range of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, trauma, stress, emotional instability and conflict in relationships; I have a special interest in working with women in the perinatal period who are struggling with anxiety, depression or trauma.
I work in an empathic, collaborative and transparent way to support clients to understand how they got to where they are now, reduce their suffering, increase resilience and confidence, find meaning and realize their goals.
(03) 7003 2483 View (03) 7003 2483
Photo of Peter Streker, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Peter Streker
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Serves Area
He has worked with people experiencing complex trauma from experiences such as family violence, homelessness, street sex work, racism and alcohol and drug use for more than 25 years.
Peter uses a range of therapeutic styles and draws upon his experience as a community psychologist to help people find and connect with additional social and practical resources that empower them and prevent future problems. Peter works in an evidence-based, trauma informed style and has trained thousands of professionals working with complex trauma.
He has worked with people experiencing complex trauma from experiences such as family violence, homelessness, street sex work, racism and alcohol and drug use for more than 25 years.
Peter uses a range of therapeutic styles and draws upon his experience as a community psychologist to help people find and connect with additional social and practical resources that empower them and prevent future problems. Peter works in an evidence-based, trauma informed style and has trained thousands of professionals working with complex trauma.
(03) 9994 1789 View (03) 9994 1789
Photo of Ronnie Adamowicz, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Ronnie Adamowicz
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
I specialize in somatic therapy, an approach that dives deep into the core of unresolved trauma within the body, facilitating rapid healing.
In my practice, I offer comprehensive therapy that sheds light on your patterns, empowering you to transform your life and reclaim happiness. I integrate traditional psychotherapy with somatic experiential therapies, providing a holistic approach. By addressing unresolved trauma in the body through somatic therapy, we facilitate rapid healing.
I specialize in somatic therapy, an approach that dives deep into the core of unresolved trauma within the body, facilitating rapid healing.
In my practice, I offer comprehensive therapy that sheds light on your patterns, empowering you to transform your life and reclaim happiness. I integrate traditional psychotherapy with somatic experiential therapies, providing a holistic approach. By addressing unresolved trauma in the body through somatic therapy, we facilitate rapid healing.
(03) 7037 6993 View (03) 7037 6993
Photo of Dr Alexandra Petrik, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Alexandra Petrik
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Alexandra works with both adults and adolescents to achieve progress with a range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, abuse, grief and loss, workplace issues, relationship difficulties, self-esteem/confidence, and a broad range of mental health and wellbeing challenges.
Alexandra has extensive training in a range of therapeutic modalities to suit the specific needs of the client. These include Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Schema Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Strength-Based Therapy, Anger Management, and Mindfulness-Based Approaches.
Alexandra works with both adults and adolescents to achieve progress with a range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, abuse, grief and loss, workplace issues, relationship difficulties, self-esteem/confidence, and a broad range of mental health and wellbeing challenges.
Alexandra has extensive training in a range of therapeutic modalities to suit the specific needs of the client. These include Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Schema Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Strength-Based Therapy, Anger Management, and Mindfulness-Based Approaches.
(03) 7003 2878 View (03) 7003 2878
Photo of Sheshia Arellano - Transformative Therapy for Women, Counsellor, PACFA
Transformative Therapy for Women
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
I work holistically specializing in the areas of Complex Trauma, Abuse, Depression & Anxiety, Life transitioning, Self-awareness & Self-worth, Relationship issues, Confidence, PTSD.
Transformative Therapy is a special sanctuary for women. This is a safe, trusting, and inclusive space for you to share your concerns, challenges or complex situations in confidence. Past experiences can impact our thoughts, our actions, and all our relationships. It can feel lonely in your world as you try to navigate through the confusion & challenges. As a counselling psychotherapist, I work closely beside you as we explore what it means to be you in your experience. I assist you through deep empathy in accessing your strengths & skills to begin transforming your life into one which is meaningful and fulfilling to you.
I work holistically specializing in the areas of Complex Trauma, Abuse, Depression & Anxiety, Life transitioning, Self-awareness & Self-worth, Relationship issues, Confidence, PTSD.
Transformative Therapy is a special sanctuary for women. This is a safe, trusting, and inclusive space for you to share your concerns, challenges or complex situations in confidence. Past experiences can impact our thoughts, our actions, and all our relationships. It can feel lonely in your world as you try to navigate through the confusion & challenges. As a counselling psychotherapist, I work closely beside you as we explore what it means to be you in your experience. I assist you through deep empathy in accessing your strengths & skills to begin transforming your life into one which is meaningful and fulfilling to you.
(03) 8686 8319 View (03) 8686 8319
Photo of Jessica Lyons, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jessica Lyons
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
Jessica is a compassionate and approachable psychologist dedicated to creating a safe, non-judgmental space where clients feel truly heard and supported. With an empathetic and open-minded approach, she meets each client where they are, tailoring therapy to their unique needs and goals. She gently challenges when appropriate, encouraging growth and deeper self-awareness. Jessica provides evidence-based, client centered care whilst building on your strengths and values to help you navigate life's challenges with confidence and clarity.
Jessica is a compassionate and approachable psychologist dedicated to creating a safe, non-judgmental space where clients feel truly heard and supported. With an empathetic and open-minded approach, she meets each client where they are, tailoring therapy to their unique needs and goals. She gently challenges when appropriate, encouraging growth and deeper self-awareness. Jessica provides evidence-based, client centered care whilst building on your strengths and values to help you navigate life's challenges with confidence and clarity.
(03) 7040 8197 View (03) 7040 8197
Photo of Pip Moore, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Pip Moore
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
My telehealth service provides thorough assessment and treatment for many severe conditions, such as depression, anxiety, OCD, bipolar disorder, psychosis, personality disorders, complex trauma, and PTSD.
I have over 15 years of professional experience working with adolescents, adults and families within community mental health teams (e.g. CAMHS), hospitals, online and in private practice. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Attachment-Based Family Therapy.
My telehealth service provides thorough assessment and treatment for many severe conditions, such as depression, anxiety, OCD, bipolar disorder, psychosis, personality disorders, complex trauma, and PTSD.
I have over 15 years of professional experience working with adolescents, adults and families within community mental health teams (e.g. CAMHS), hospitals, online and in private practice. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Attachment-Based Family Therapy.
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Photo of Dr Cassie Roberts - Dr Cassie Roberts - Clinical Psychologist, Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Cassie Roberts - Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
The main areas I work with are; Anxiety, Low Mood, Perfectionism, OCD, Low Self-Esteem and Trauma.
My approach is tailored to your needs and providing a sense of relief, healing and empowerment. I will listen, understand and reflect on what you say in order for you to see things more clearly, or from a different perspective. I offer long- or short-term therapy, depending on your needs.
The main areas I work with are; Anxiety, Low Mood, Perfectionism, OCD, Low Self-Esteem and Trauma.
My approach is tailored to your needs and providing a sense of relief, healing and empowerment. I will listen, understand and reflect on what you say in order for you to see things more clearly, or from a different perspective. I offer long- or short-term therapy, depending on your needs.
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Photo of Marina Salambasis, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Marina Salambasis
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
If you suffer from trauma, ADHD, ASD/Autism, depression, anxiety, substance use, sleep issues, relationship issues, eating disorders, low self-esteem, or bereavement, please email me to arrange a free 10-minute consultation.
I believe in a collaborative approach, working to set treatment goals and utilise a diverse array of treatment modalities tailored to you in an integrative approach. These modalities include: EMDR, IFS, ACT, CBT, somatic therapy, compassion focused therapy, person-centred therapy, emotion-focused therapy, motivational interviewing, and psychodynamic therapy.
If you suffer from trauma, ADHD, ASD/Autism, depression, anxiety, substance use, sleep issues, relationship issues, eating disorders, low self-esteem, or bereavement, please email me to arrange a free 10-minute consultation.
I believe in a collaborative approach, working to set treatment goals and utilise a diverse array of treatment modalities tailored to you in an integrative approach. These modalities include: EMDR, IFS, ACT, CBT, somatic therapy, compassion focused therapy, person-centred therapy, emotion-focused therapy, motivational interviewing, and psychodynamic therapy.
(03) 7003 2085 View (03) 7003 2085
Photo of Walter Carter, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Walter Carter
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Serves Area
I collaborate with clients experiencing ADHD, bipolar, anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma, PTSD, sexual dysfunction, relationship issues and eating disorders.
Sometimes we require a helping hand when adjusting to an ever-changing world. I want to help you develop skills and tools to create sustainable fulfilment within your life. Common challenges we all face include issues with self-esteem, processing negative or strong emotions, work-life balance, adjusting to change, developing meaningful relationships, and discovering our purpose. In addition, stress, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and interpersonal conflict can obstruct our ability to experience life to its fullest potential. You have the ability to unlock your own power, and I want to help you discover that inner strength.
I collaborate with clients experiencing ADHD, bipolar, anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma, PTSD, sexual dysfunction, relationship issues and eating disorders.
Sometimes we require a helping hand when adjusting to an ever-changing world. I want to help you develop skills and tools to create sustainable fulfilment within your life. Common challenges we all face include issues with self-esteem, processing negative or strong emotions, work-life balance, adjusting to change, developing meaningful relationships, and discovering our purpose. In addition, stress, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and interpersonal conflict can obstruct our ability to experience life to its fullest potential. You have the ability to unlock your own power, and I want to help you discover that inner strength.
0480 137 195 View 0480 137 195
Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.