Counselling in Pakenham, VIC

Photo of Rosie Batten, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Rosie Batten
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Pakenham, VIC 3810
I believe that connection is the most important part of therapy, and I take the time to really get to know my clients in a style that is warm, curious and non-judgemental. Through creating an environment of security and acceptance, I work alongside you to identify what brings you to therapy now and to develop goals for your future. My work is trauma informed, and I have a special interest in complex trauma and dissociation. I am an experienced EMDR therapist and I love to share the amazing results that this treatment can make for my clients.
I believe that connection is the most important part of therapy, and I take the time to really get to know my clients in a style that is warm, curious and non-judgemental. Through creating an environment of security and acceptance, I work alongside you to identify what brings you to therapy now and to develop goals for your future. My work is trauma informed, and I have a special interest in complex trauma and dissociation. I am an experienced EMDR therapist and I love to share the amazing results that this treatment can make for my clients.
(03) 5910 7792 View (03) 5910 7792
Ashlee Edwards
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Pakenham, VIC 3810
I am enthusiastic about supporting children and adolescents. I have a specific interest in supporting neurodiverse young people and their families, as well as providing neurodevelopmental assessments.
I am enthusiastic about supporting children and adolescents. I have a specific interest in supporting neurodiverse young people and their families, as well as providing neurodevelopmental assessments.
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Photo of Kelly Morrish - Mindful Ways Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Mindful Ways Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Pakenham, VIC 3810
Your story matters, and I am here to help you navigate life's challenges with compassion and understanding. To be human is to experience a full range of emotions and unique personal conditions and together we can build a safe space to share your journey of growth and healing on your path to resilience, meaning, and fulfilment.
Your story matters, and I am here to help you navigate life's challenges with compassion and understanding. To be human is to experience a full range of emotions and unique personal conditions and together we can build a safe space to share your journey of growth and healing on your path to resilience, meaning, and fulfilment.
(03) 5910 1889 View (03) 5910 1889
Photo of Cassie Eckard, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Cassie Eckard
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Pakenham, VIC 3810
Cassie is a registered Psychologist with the Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Cassie works at The Psychological Pause in Pakenham, where she sees adults only. Cassie sees clients under Medicare, TAC, Workcover and Private funding.
Cassie is a registered Psychologist with the Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Cassie works at The Psychological Pause in Pakenham, where she sees adults only. Cassie sees clients under Medicare, TAC, Workcover and Private funding.
(03) 5910 5511 View (03) 5910 5511
Photo of Carly Pickering - Carly Pickering Counselling, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Carly Pickering Counselling
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Online Only
I’m Carly, a master’s-qualified counsellor specialising in couples therapy. I’m passionate about helping individuals and couples deepen connection, navigate conflict, and heal emotional wounds. With over a decade of experience in both youth and adult drug and alcohol services, I bring a trauma-informed lens and a down-to-earth approach to the work we do together. Whether you’re facing relationship challenges, feeling overwhelmed, or seeking personal growth, I offer a supportive, non-judgmental space to explore what matters most to you. My goal is to walk alongside you—at your pace—toward meaningful and lasting change.
I’m Carly, a master’s-qualified counsellor specialising in couples therapy. I’m passionate about helping individuals and couples deepen connection, navigate conflict, and heal emotional wounds. With over a decade of experience in both youth and adult drug and alcohol services, I bring a trauma-informed lens and a down-to-earth approach to the work we do together. Whether you’re facing relationship challenges, feeling overwhelmed, or seeking personal growth, I offer a supportive, non-judgmental space to explore what matters most to you. My goal is to walk alongside you—at your pace—toward meaningful and lasting change.
(03) 5905 9401 View (03) 5905 9401
Photo of Emma Fuller, Psychologist, MA, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Emma Fuller
Psychologist, MA, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Pakenham, VIC 3810
Emma has been working as a psychologist in the Casey/ Cardinia area for many years. She loves learning about people and helping them create the lives they want, learning how to live with compassion for self and freedom to choose your future. Over the years she has developed a compassionate and effective therapeutic approach to working with her clients. Her main goal is for her clients to understand their psychological needs and be able to use the skills and tools necessary to create good psychological health.
Emma has been working as a psychologist in the Casey/ Cardinia area for many years. She loves learning about people and helping them create the lives they want, learning how to live with compassion for self and freedom to choose your future. Over the years she has developed a compassionate and effective therapeutic approach to working with her clients. Her main goal is for her clients to understand their psychological needs and be able to use the skills and tools necessary to create good psychological health.
(03) 5910 7894 View (03) 5910 7894
Photo of Gabrielle Autard-Barry, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Gabrielle Autard-Barry
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Pakenham, VIC 3810
Effective therapy is about facilitating change. If you are reading this page, chances are you are looking to change something important about your life and how you live it. My name is Dr Gabrielle Autard-Barry. As a clinical psychologist with 20 years’ experience, I enjoy helping my clients overcome obstacles and live a fuller life. Whether you want to resolve trauma, improve your ability to manage life’s challenges, master addictive behaviours and compulsions, improve confidence, enjoy greater emotional balance and inner security, manage anxiety or depression, you-name-it, it involves change.
Effective therapy is about facilitating change. If you are reading this page, chances are you are looking to change something important about your life and how you live it. My name is Dr Gabrielle Autard-Barry. As a clinical psychologist with 20 years’ experience, I enjoy helping my clients overcome obstacles and live a fuller life. Whether you want to resolve trauma, improve your ability to manage life’s challenges, master addictive behaviours and compulsions, improve confidence, enjoy greater emotional balance and inner security, manage anxiety or depression, you-name-it, it involves change.
(03) 5905 9603 View (03) 5905 9603
Photo of Jessica Louise Hall, Psychotherapist
Jessica Louise Hall
Psychotherapist
Pakenham, VIC 3810
I am a Holistic counselor and Psychotherapist specializing in Somatic therapy. I work in a 1-1 therapeutic setting, run online workshops, and facilitate women's circles and embodied movement classes. My work is aimed at helping clients unravel disempowering beliefs, painful narratives, cultural conditioning & trauma that prevents them from living a fully expressed life. I weave together the many different healing modalities I have studied over the past ten years. (Inc studies in women’s health, yoga, embodiment, counseling, somatic therapy, and psychotherapy)
I am a Holistic counselor and Psychotherapist specializing in Somatic therapy. I work in a 1-1 therapeutic setting, run online workshops, and facilitate women's circles and embodied movement classes. My work is aimed at helping clients unravel disempowering beliefs, painful narratives, cultural conditioning & trauma that prevents them from living a fully expressed life. I weave together the many different healing modalities I have studied over the past ten years. (Inc studies in women’s health, yoga, embodiment, counseling, somatic therapy, and psychotherapy)
(03) 7003 2836 View (03) 7003 2836
Photo of Phil Burns - Osmosis Family Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Osmosis Family Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Pakenham, VIC 3810
Phil Burns is a highly skilled and regarded counsellor with many years of experience in the field. Phil is committed to allowing clients the space and time to discover who they really are and what makes them unique. By assisting them to see their attributes and define their personal values, they are able to view life through a new lens and overcome the challenges they face. By allowing clients to define what works and doesn’t work for them, they are then able to decide the next step in their journey
Phil Burns is a highly skilled and regarded counsellor with many years of experience in the field. Phil is committed to allowing clients the space and time to discover who they really are and what makes them unique. By assisting them to see their attributes and define their personal values, they are able to view life through a new lens and overcome the challenges they face. By allowing clients to define what works and doesn’t work for them, they are then able to decide the next step in their journey
(03) 7500 5062 View (03) 7500 5062
Photo of Komal Rani - Lighthouse Growth Centre Pty Ltd, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L1
Lighthouse Growth Centre Pty Ltd
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L1
Pakenham, VIC 3810
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure about your next steps in life? You might be facing challenges like stress, anxiety, trauma, or complex family dynamics, such as domestic violence or co-parenting after divorce. Maybe you need support for your child’s emotional or developmental needs. Perhaps you’re looking to build confidence, strengthen relationships, or navigate significant life transitions. You want to feel understood, supported, and empowered to take control of your life. Your goal is to gain clarity, develop strategies, and find balance and independence.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure about your next steps in life? You might be facing challenges like stress, anxiety, trauma, or complex family dynamics, such as domestic violence or co-parenting after divorce. Maybe you need support for your child’s emotional or developmental needs. Perhaps you’re looking to build confidence, strengthen relationships, or navigate significant life transitions. You want to feel understood, supported, and empowered to take control of your life. Your goal is to gain clarity, develop strategies, and find balance and independence.
(03) 8771 4560 View (03) 8771 4560
Photo of Holly Mosse - MyND-MAP Integrative Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
MyND-MAP Integrative Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Online Only
I’ve been a Psychologist for 21 years and I’ve been NeuroDiverse (ADHD) my whole life. I’ve specialised in complex trauma, mood disorders, relationship and attachment issues, self-harm and NeuroDiversity. My approach to therapy is trauma-informed, integrative and client centred- we work on the goals you want to focus on, and I respect your preference for how we work together. I use a range of evidence-informed interventions tailored to best support your needs and preferences. I welcome clients from all genders, sexualities, cultures, abilities and professions.
I’ve been a Psychologist for 21 years and I’ve been NeuroDiverse (ADHD) my whole life. I’ve specialised in complex trauma, mood disorders, relationship and attachment issues, self-harm and NeuroDiversity. My approach to therapy is trauma-informed, integrative and client centred- we work on the goals you want to focus on, and I respect your preference for how we work together. I use a range of evidence-informed interventions tailored to best support your needs and preferences. I welcome clients from all genders, sexualities, cultures, abilities and professions.
(03) 5910 7722 View (03) 5910 7722
Photo of Janis Ritchie, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Janis Ritchie
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is paramount to effective therapy, and I approach therapy in an empathetic way with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel free to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, personalised to best suit each individual client. I am open and upfront with my clients and aim to walk beside them on their journey. Note that I run a waitlist, but if you can't wait, we have several skilled clinicians at The May Clinic with immediate availability.
I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is paramount to effective therapy, and I approach therapy in an empathetic way with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel free to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, personalised to best suit each individual client. I am open and upfront with my clients and aim to walk beside them on their journey. Note that I run a waitlist, but if you can't wait, we have several skilled clinicians at The May Clinic with immediate availability.
(03) 8771 5207 View (03) 8771 5207
Photo of Janis Lee, Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Janis Lee
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
With more than 20 years experience working in trauma, community mental health, and as a former school psychologist & Headspace clinician, I offer powerful psychological therapies and tools to overcome whatever issues are causing distress and impact negatively on your ability to cope with your life. I work with people struggling to cope with depression & anxiety, family & domestic violence & trauma including first responders & victims of crime, or needing help with a new direction or career, school-based issues including bullying, identity and parenting, serious illness & chronic pain, or wanting to be the best version of yourself.
With more than 20 years experience working in trauma, community mental health, and as a former school psychologist & Headspace clinician, I offer powerful psychological therapies and tools to overcome whatever issues are causing distress and impact negatively on your ability to cope with your life. I work with people struggling to cope with depression & anxiety, family & domestic violence & trauma including first responders & victims of crime, or needing help with a new direction or career, school-based issues including bullying, identity and parenting, serious illness & chronic pain, or wanting to be the best version of yourself.
(03) 5924 0082 View (03) 5924 0082
Photo of Jenny Lord - South Eastern Play & Creative Therapies, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
South Eastern Play & Creative Therapies
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Serves Area
Jenny can support children, young people and adults with bereavement/grief and loss, anxiety, depression, complex trauma (e.g. family violence, sexual abuse), single event trauma, ASD/ADHD, social/peer relationship difficulties, eating disorders, self harm/suicidal ideation.
Jenny can support children, young people and adults with bereavement/grief and loss, anxiety, depression, complex trauma (e.g. family violence, sexual abuse), single event trauma, ASD/ADHD, social/peer relationship difficulties, eating disorders, self harm/suicidal ideation.
(02) 4504 0199 View (02) 4504 0199
Photo of Grace Peter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Grace Peter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Serves Area
I am an accredited mental health social worker and work collaboratively with clients to address their goals. I draw on a range of evidence-based interventions to tailor treatment plans to individual needs. I work with adults across a range of different mental health and relational needs. I am particularly interested in working with people experiencing mood and anxiety challenges, depression, and general life stress. I will support you to explore your feelings and behaviours’ through reflection.
I am an accredited mental health social worker and work collaboratively with clients to address their goals. I draw on a range of evidence-based interventions to tailor treatment plans to individual needs. I work with adults across a range of different mental health and relational needs. I am particularly interested in working with people experiencing mood and anxiety challenges, depression, and general life stress. I will support you to explore your feelings and behaviours’ through reflection.
(03) 8771 5747 View (03) 8771 5747
Photo of Nicholas Findley, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Nicholas Findley
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Serves Area
Embarking on a journey of self-discovery and emotional well-being is a courageous step, and I'm here to guide you through it with warmth and understanding. With a rich background of 10 years as an educator, I've honed my skills in teaching, educating, and supporting the well-being of young minds facing neurodiversity challenges. My decision to transition into the world of counselling stems from a profound desire to make a more direct impact on the lives of individuals navigating the complexities of their emotions.
Embarking on a journey of self-discovery and emotional well-being is a courageous step, and I'm here to guide you through it with warmth and understanding. With a rich background of 10 years as an educator, I've honed my skills in teaching, educating, and supporting the well-being of young minds facing neurodiversity challenges. My decision to transition into the world of counselling stems from a profound desire to make a more direct impact on the lives of individuals navigating the complexities of their emotions.
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Photo of Gorica Boskovski - Mindspace Psychology, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Mindspace Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Serves Area
At Mindspace Psychology we provide a range of therapies and assessments depending on your individual needs for children, adolescents, couples and adults. These sessions are usually 50mins in length. At your first appointment, a thorough assessment is conducted with your treating Psychologist, to allow the development of the best treatment plan. Treatment options will be discussed during the initial appointment and these will form the basis for future sessions. Our Psychologists are able to provide therapy to clients experiencing a number of difficulties using a warm and empathetic approach to help them reach their full potential.
At Mindspace Psychology we provide a range of therapies and assessments depending on your individual needs for children, adolescents, couples and adults. These sessions are usually 50mins in length. At your first appointment, a thorough assessment is conducted with your treating Psychologist, to allow the development of the best treatment plan. Treatment options will be discussed during the initial appointment and these will form the basis for future sessions. Our Psychologists are able to provide therapy to clients experiencing a number of difficulties using a warm and empathetic approach to help them reach their full potential.
(03) 9788 6802 View (03) 9788 6802
Photo of Christina David, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Christina David
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
Compassionate, kind & competent Counsellor to individuals, & couples of all ages and stages of life. I specialise in CBT & EMDR which are evidence- based gold standard therapies. I provide therapy to clients who experience complex trauma, relationship issues, sexual abuse, domestic violence, divorce, autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, stress, sleep issues, addiction and other mental health problems. I also provide psych education & anger management training to court mandated clients & CaLD clients such as international students & asylum seekers who may face personal/ legal setbacks when assimilating into Australian society.
Compassionate, kind & competent Counsellor to individuals, & couples of all ages and stages of life. I specialise in CBT & EMDR which are evidence- based gold standard therapies. I provide therapy to clients who experience complex trauma, relationship issues, sexual abuse, domestic violence, divorce, autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, stress, sleep issues, addiction and other mental health problems. I also provide psych education & anger management training to court mandated clients & CaLD clients such as international students & asylum seekers who may face personal/ legal setbacks when assimilating into Australian society.
(03) 8771 5535 View (03) 8771 5535
Photo of Dominic James Lawrenson - Dom Lawrenson Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L4
Dom Lawrenson Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L4
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Dom brings a friendly and relaxed atmosphere to counselling with individuals & couples. Since 2018 he has conducted counselling sessions with clients from very diverse backgrounds and experiences on a weekly basis. He is an enthusiastic member of the ACA (Australian Counselling Association), PACFA and an accredited Supervisor to other counsellors. He continually builds on his expertise and knowledge to provide the highest level of care and assistance. In providing a non-judgmental space Dom always strives to create an encouraging environment that helps his clients be heard.
Dom brings a friendly and relaxed atmosphere to counselling with individuals & couples. Since 2018 he has conducted counselling sessions with clients from very diverse backgrounds and experiences on a weekly basis. He is an enthusiastic member of the ACA (Australian Counselling Association), PACFA and an accredited Supervisor to other counsellors. He continually builds on his expertise and knowledge to provide the highest level of care and assistance. In providing a non-judgmental space Dom always strives to create an encouraging environment that helps his clients be heard.
(03) 8797 5423 View (03) 8797 5423
Photo of Ashna Arun Mangharam - Mangrove Counselling Co., Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Mangrove Counselling Co.
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
Looking for a safe space to unpack and reflect? Welcome to Mangrove Counselling Co. With a masters degree in Counselling and a background in Psychology, I have worked in the field of mental health for over 10 years, most recently working as a trauma counsellor in the community sector. I work with adolescents and adults who have experienced trauma, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and childhood abuse & neglect. I am also happy to offer a space to individuals navigating through neurodivergence, questioning their gender identity or those wanting to explore and rediscover their authentic selves after a loss or big life transition.
Looking for a safe space to unpack and reflect? Welcome to Mangrove Counselling Co. With a masters degree in Counselling and a background in Psychology, I have worked in the field of mental health for over 10 years, most recently working as a trauma counsellor in the community sector. I work with adolescents and adults who have experienced trauma, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and childhood abuse & neglect. I am also happy to offer a space to individuals navigating through neurodivergence, questioning their gender identity or those wanting to explore and rediscover their authentic selves after a loss or big life transition.
(03) 5615 2616 View (03) 5615 2616

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Pakenham, VIC

40+

Average cost per session

$156

Counsellors in Pakenham, VIC who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
76% Trauma and PTSD
74% Depression
74% Stress
69% Relationship Issues
69% Self Esteem
52% ADHD

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% NDIS
48% Medicare Rebates
30% Bupa

How Counsellors in Pakenham, VIC see their clients

95% In Person and Online
5% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Pakenham?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.