Psychologists and Therapists in Melbourne, VIC

Photo of Elke Ponczek, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Elke Ponczek
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
Currently accepting new clients. Elke is offering telehealth psychological services (via videoconferencing and telephone). With more than 20 years of experience, she has worked with people from all walks of life. Working collaboratively, she takes a client-centred approach to help individuals identify and make the changes required to achieve their goals. Elke has an accepting and non-judgemental manner. Her friendly and warm approach facilitates openness as people explore their thoughts, feelings and behaviours in a safe space. Her practices are trauma focused and Elke is an LGBTIQA+ affirming practitioner.
Currently accepting new clients. Elke is offering telehealth psychological services (via videoconferencing and telephone). With more than 20 years of experience, she has worked with people from all walks of life. Working collaboratively, she takes a client-centred approach to help individuals identify and make the changes required to achieve their goals. Elke has an accepting and non-judgemental manner. Her friendly and warm approach facilitates openness as people explore their thoughts, feelings and behaviours in a safe space. Her practices are trauma focused and Elke is an LGBTIQA+ affirming practitioner.
(03) 7003 2763 View (03) 7003 2763
Photo of Daria Sizenko, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Daria Sizenko
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Melbourne, VIC 3000
I am a registered psychologist experienced in working with mood and anxiety disorders, trauma and stress-related disorders, impulse control and behavioural regulation issues, problematic substance use and addictive behaviours, issues related to intimacy and sexuality, as well as providing general mental health support.
I am a registered psychologist experienced in working with mood and anxiety disorders, trauma and stress-related disorders, impulse control and behavioural regulation issues, problematic substance use and addictive behaviours, issues related to intimacy and sexuality, as well as providing general mental health support.
0413 569 767 View 0413 569 767
Photo of Douglas James Kirk - Douglas Kirk - People Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Douglas Kirk - People Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Get help by seeing Doug, who has extensive experience with: Anger Management Antisocial Personality Anxiety Bi-polar Borderline Personality Disorder Depression, Domestic Violence Gambling Intellectual Disability Life Transitions Relationship Issues Self-esteem Stress Suicidal Ideation Trauma PTSD Douglas Kirk is a registered psychologist with AHPRA. With a background in the corporate sector, he has spent the past decade working with community services and mental health providers, delivering support to the most vulnerable members of society.
Get help by seeing Doug, who has extensive experience with: Anger Management Antisocial Personality Anxiety Bi-polar Borderline Personality Disorder Depression, Domestic Violence Gambling Intellectual Disability Life Transitions Relationship Issues Self-esteem Stress Suicidal Ideation Trauma PTSD Douglas Kirk is a registered psychologist with AHPRA. With a background in the corporate sector, he has spent the past decade working with community services and mental health providers, delivering support to the most vulnerable members of society.
(03) 9133 0996 View (03) 9133 0996
Photo of Dr Emily Hines - Dr Emily Hines - Clin Psych - People Psychology, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Emily Hines - Clin Psych - People Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Get help by seeing Emily, who has extensive experience with: Anxiety, Depression, Grief & Loss, Trauma and PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), Relationship Issues & Communication Issues, Interpersonal Difficulties Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder, Phobias (Fear of specific things / situations), OCD, Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Social Anxiety Disorder Low Mood Study Stress Workplace Stress & Issues Workplace Bullying Self-Esteem & Self Development Eating Disorders Body Image Coping with Illness Loneliness & Social Isolation Coping with Failure Women’s Issues Adjustment Disorder Life Goals (Meaning and Direction)
Get help by seeing Emily, who has extensive experience with: Anxiety, Depression, Grief & Loss, Trauma and PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), Relationship Issues & Communication Issues, Interpersonal Difficulties Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder, Phobias (Fear of specific things / situations), OCD, Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Social Anxiety Disorder Low Mood Study Stress Workplace Stress & Issues Workplace Bullying Self-Esteem & Self Development Eating Disorders Body Image Coping with Illness Loneliness & Social Isolation Coping with Failure Women’s Issues Adjustment Disorder Life Goals (Meaning and Direction)
(03) 9133 0996 View (03) 9133 0996
Photo of Emmy Fitz-Gerald, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Emmy Fitz-Gerald
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a queer and nonbinary clinical psychologist with a background in providing trauma-informed, neurodivergent-affirming, person-centred therapies. Belonging to groups that are outside the mainstream of society, can add a lot of additional burden - and psychological therapy is not always set up to take an intersectional approach to understanding your issues. At all times, I want to celebrate your unique identity and not apply a one-size-fits-most response to support you. I have, however, also recently trained in EMDR and am looking forward to meeting clients who may be specifically seeking this model of care.
I am a queer and nonbinary clinical psychologist with a background in providing trauma-informed, neurodivergent-affirming, person-centred therapies. Belonging to groups that are outside the mainstream of society, can add a lot of additional burden - and psychological therapy is not always set up to take an intersectional approach to understanding your issues. At all times, I want to celebrate your unique identity and not apply a one-size-fits-most response to support you. I have, however, also recently trained in EMDR and am looking forward to meeting clients who may be specifically seeking this model of care.
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Photo of Julian Andrew Thompson, Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Julian Andrew Thompson
Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
1 Endorsed
Melbourne, VIC 3004
I feel passionate about helping people make meaningful, sustainable, and healthy changes in their lives. I aim to work respectfully and collaboratively with people so that clients build their own independence and develop ways to manage life stressors more effectively, in addition to their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. A comfortable, empathetic and supportive therapeutic relationship is also very important in my approach, and research shows that this is essential in best outcomes for clients. I generally work on a wide range of mental health and life issues and the approaches I work with are all evidence-based interventions.
I feel passionate about helping people make meaningful, sustainable, and healthy changes in their lives. I aim to work respectfully and collaboratively with people so that clients build their own independence and develop ways to manage life stressors more effectively, in addition to their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. A comfortable, empathetic and supportive therapeutic relationship is also very important in my approach, and research shows that this is essential in best outcomes for clients. I generally work on a wide range of mental health and life issues and the approaches I work with are all evidence-based interventions.
(03) 7003 2333 View (03) 7003 2333
Photo of Jana Fugaro, Social Worker, AASW
Jana Fugaro
Social Worker, AASW
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Through my business 'Re-New You Therapy' I provide compassionate Individual Counselling to adults at any stage of life, specialising in Women & Families. Helping with Relationships & Communication, Anxiety & Depression, Trauma & Abuse including Family Violence, Stress & Life Transitions, Grief & Loss & Infertility struggles. In partnership I work with individuals towards empowering them to achieve personal growth & building resilience in coping with life's challenges. I focus on building trust & a non-judgemental & safe space that supports exploration of life's challenges & further support towards healing & recovery.
Through my business 'Re-New You Therapy' I provide compassionate Individual Counselling to adults at any stage of life, specialising in Women & Families. Helping with Relationships & Communication, Anxiety & Depression, Trauma & Abuse including Family Violence, Stress & Life Transitions, Grief & Loss & Infertility struggles. In partnership I work with individuals towards empowering them to achieve personal growth & building resilience in coping with life's challenges. I focus on building trust & a non-judgemental & safe space that supports exploration of life's challenges & further support towards healing & recovery.
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Photo of Peter Thomas Kueffer, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Peter Thomas Kueffer
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
I specialize in working with individuals affected by trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and the unique challenges faced by emergency service personnel and veterans. My approach is grounded in empathy, respect and evidence based methodologies in a safe and supportive space for recovery and growth.
I specialize in working with individuals affected by trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and the unique challenges faced by emergency service personnel and veterans. My approach is grounded in empathy, respect and evidence based methodologies in a safe and supportive space for recovery and growth.
(03) 8595 5401 View (03) 8595 5401
Photo of Anne Teoh - Anne-Lynn Teoh, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Anne-Lynn Teoh
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Waitlist for new clients
I understand what its like to carry the pressure of work, identity and expectations, while trying your best to hold everything together — career, relationships, family — while slowly feeling disconnected to yourself. Many of my clients are navigating burnout, anxiety, trauma, or a relationship that feels stuck, complicated, or quietly falling apart, alongside inherited patterns and gendered pressures that shape how they relate.
I understand what its like to carry the pressure of work, identity and expectations, while trying your best to hold everything together — career, relationships, family — while slowly feeling disconnected to yourself. Many of my clients are navigating burnout, anxiety, trauma, or a relationship that feels stuck, complicated, or quietly falling apart, alongside inherited patterns and gendered pressures that shape how they relate.
0412 389 968 View 0412 389 968
Photo of Dr Eva M Davis - Agape Family Counselling, Counsellor
Dr. Eva Davis of Agape Family Counselling & Wellness will look at the connection you have with the "here and now"...whilst exploring the tools needed to move forward in a proactive, productive, and positive way.
Dr. Eva Davis of Agape Family Counselling & Wellness will look at the connection you have with the "here and now"...whilst exploring the tools needed to move forward in a proactive, productive, and positive way.
0401 579 383 View 0401 579 383
Photo of Kanak Dube, Psychologist, PsyBA Prov
Kanak Dube
Psychologist, PsyBA Prov
Melbourne, VIC 3000
You may feel overwhelmed by life’s transitions or disconnected from your sense of self and at this time many are looking for understanding, practical coping strategies, and greater clarity during times of change or overwhelm. Having lived across India, the US, and Malaysia before moving to Melbourne, I bring a deeply lived multicultural perspective to our work. I understand the complexities of identity and belonging firsthand. My approach of therapy focuses on strengthening emotional regulation, self-understanding, and resilience within a trauma-informed, culturally sensitive space.
You may feel overwhelmed by life’s transitions or disconnected from your sense of self and at this time many are looking for understanding, practical coping strategies, and greater clarity during times of change or overwhelm. Having lived across India, the US, and Malaysia before moving to Melbourne, I bring a deeply lived multicultural perspective to our work. I understand the complexities of identity and belonging firsthand. My approach of therapy focuses on strengthening emotional regulation, self-understanding, and resilience within a trauma-informed, culturally sensitive space.
(03) 9663 9168 View (03) 9663 9168
Photo of Arlan Ruslins, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Arlan Ruslins
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Melbourne, VIC 3000
My perspective is based on meeting a person where they are, without judgment. No two humans have the same experiences, beliefs, and strengths. Starting from a holistic person-centred overview I work together with clients to discover what they want and how to move in that direction. To help clients achieve their goals I collaboratively use a range of evidence-based techniques from approaches including cognitive behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy
My perspective is based on meeting a person where they are, without judgment. No two humans have the same experiences, beliefs, and strengths. Starting from a holistic person-centred overview I work together with clients to discover what they want and how to move in that direction. To help clients achieve their goals I collaboratively use a range of evidence-based techniques from approaches including cognitive behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy
(03) 7036 8795 View (03) 7036 8795
Photo of Dr Bonny Cassidy, Counsellor, PhD
Dr Bonny Cassidy
Counsellor, PhD
Online Only
You may be seeking support and guidance to address past experiences, present obstacles and future goals. I am able to hear your side of things and explore the overlooked strengths in your story. In doing so we can work on reducing the noise of your problems, tuning in to what matters to you, and finding new paths towards it. I am a neuro-affirming and gender-affirming practitioner.
You may be seeking support and guidance to address past experiences, present obstacles and future goals. I am able to hear your side of things and explore the overlooked strengths in your story. In doing so we can work on reducing the noise of your problems, tuning in to what matters to you, and finding new paths towards it. I am a neuro-affirming and gender-affirming practitioner.
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Photo of Vasiliki Garuli - Neuranova Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Neuranova Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi, my name is Vasiliki and I am a fully registered psychologist with AHPRA and a Medicare provider under the Better Access program. I currently offer online sessions only, working mainly with adults across Australia. My approach is warm and compassionate, and I draw on different evidence-based modalities such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. I believe that each person is unique, so I adapt my approach to meet your individual needs rather than taking a one-size-fits-all model.
Hi, my name is Vasiliki and I am a fully registered psychologist with AHPRA and a Medicare provider under the Better Access program. I currently offer online sessions only, working mainly with adults across Australia. My approach is warm and compassionate, and I draw on different evidence-based modalities such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. I believe that each person is unique, so I adapt my approach to meet your individual needs rather than taking a one-size-fits-all model.
0415 299 472 View 0415 299 472
Photo of Patricia Ann Boyhan, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Patricia Ann Boyhan
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Melbourne, VIC 3004
I am an experienced Psychologist and Family Therapist. I have worked for many years with an NGO, and for the past 15 years, I have been in private practice. I am a published author and have contributed to several journal publications. I work with a range of presentations including couples' counselling, family therapy and individuals. I believe I am a warm and empathetic practitioner which is reflected in the ways in which I engage with clients. I use a range of therapeutic treatments, some of which include; Grief Counselling, Gestalt , Compassion Focused Therapy for Complex Trauma, CBT, Family Therapy, in a humanistic style.
I am an experienced Psychologist and Family Therapist. I have worked for many years with an NGO, and for the past 15 years, I have been in private practice. I am a published author and have contributed to several journal publications. I work with a range of presentations including couples' counselling, family therapy and individuals. I believe I am a warm and empathetic practitioner which is reflected in the ways in which I engage with clients. I use a range of therapeutic treatments, some of which include; Grief Counselling, Gestalt , Compassion Focused Therapy for Complex Trauma, CBT, Family Therapy, in a humanistic style.
0419 588 150 View 0419 588 150
Photo of Reece Flowers, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Reece Flowers
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Melbourne, VIC 3004
Reece is an experienced Psychologist who works with people presenting with a wide variety of presenting concerns. He finds meaning in helping people to overcome borderline personality disorder, depression, PTSD, addictions and anxiety. In recent years Reece has turned his attention towards the treatment of treatment resistant depression and treatment resistant PTSD using psychedelic medications. He focuses on these conditions with his work at the mind medicine clinic in Abbotsford, Vic. He is now also the head of training and education at mind medicine Australia.
Reece is an experienced Psychologist who works with people presenting with a wide variety of presenting concerns. He finds meaning in helping people to overcome borderline personality disorder, depression, PTSD, addictions and anxiety. In recent years Reece has turned his attention towards the treatment of treatment resistant depression and treatment resistant PTSD using psychedelic medications. He focuses on these conditions with his work at the mind medicine clinic in Abbotsford, Vic. He is now also the head of training and education at mind medicine Australia.
(07) 3132 1834 View (07) 3132 1834
Photo of Sarai Dee, Social Worker, AMHSW
Sarai Dee
Social Worker, AMHSW
Melbourne, VIC 3000
I am a social work counsellor and Sensorimotor art therapist with experience working with women, children, adolescents and people from the LGBTQIA+ communities to improve their mental health and wellbeing. I offer in person and telehealth appointments
I am a social work counsellor and Sensorimotor art therapist with experience working with women, children, adolescents and people from the LGBTQIA+ communities to improve their mental health and wellbeing. I offer in person and telehealth appointments
(03) 8104 9134 View (03) 8104 9134
Photo of Hoa Pham - Hoa Pham - People Psychology, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Hoa Pham - People Psychology
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Hoa is a fully registered counselling Psychologist who works with adults with a wide range of presenting issues including stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and relationship difficulties. She is passionate about providing a safe space for clients to explore their situations and investigate ways for change. How can Hoa help you? Whether you need support, guidance, motivation or counselling, she can assist you in your journey. Please feel free to book an initial consultation with her.
Hoa is a fully registered counselling Psychologist who works with adults with a wide range of presenting issues including stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and relationship difficulties. She is passionate about providing a safe space for clients to explore their situations and investigate ways for change. How can Hoa help you? Whether you need support, guidance, motivation or counselling, she can assist you in your journey. Please feel free to book an initial consultation with her.
(03) 9034 6053 View (03) 9034 6053
Photo of Anine Cummins - Anine Cummins (they/them), Counsellor, ACA-L2
Anine Cummins (they/them)
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Online Only
I work with LGBTIQ+ clients, including trans and non-binary people, people with traumatic histories, including sexual assault and abuse, people with dissociative disorders, including DID, people with ADHD, autism, and other neurodiverse brains, activists and other people struggling with burn out. My client says 'I came to you thinking that i needed to be fixed, that i just needed to work harder on myself so that all of my problems could be solved and then i could start 'living my real life.' I'm starting to learn that maybe it's ok that i don't always have my sht together. I’m human and that’s ok."
I work with LGBTIQ+ clients, including trans and non-binary people, people with traumatic histories, including sexual assault and abuse, people with dissociative disorders, including DID, people with ADHD, autism, and other neurodiverse brains, activists and other people struggling with burn out. My client says 'I came to you thinking that i needed to be fixed, that i just needed to work harder on myself so that all of my problems could be solved and then i could start 'living my real life.' I'm starting to learn that maybe it's ok that i don't always have my sht together. I’m human and that’s ok."
(03) 8338 1789 View (03) 8338 1789
Photo of Dr Steve Dawson, Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Dr Steve Dawson
Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Online Only
Dr Steve Dawson (Ph.D. MAPS) is a clinical psychologist of over 40 years experience who has a special interest in the assessment and treatment of ADHD in adults. He also treats adults for depression, anxiety and stress using CBT, insight oriented approaches plus Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. His PhD thesis was on the neuropsychology of ADHD. He worked as a clinical neuropsychologist at Canberra Hospital and in academia at the University of Canberra along with private practice. He then worked for a number of years in Sydney before moving his private practice to Melbourne. He now works part time and runs online sessions only.
Dr Steve Dawson (Ph.D. MAPS) is a clinical psychologist of over 40 years experience who has a special interest in the assessment and treatment of ADHD in adults. He also treats adults for depression, anxiety and stress using CBT, insight oriented approaches plus Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. His PhD thesis was on the neuropsychology of ADHD. He worked as a clinical neuropsychologist at Canberra Hospital and in academia at the University of Canberra along with private practice. He then worked for a number of years in Sydney before moving his private practice to Melbourne. He now works part time and runs online sessions only.
0413 065 218 View 0413 065 218

See more therapy options for Melbourne

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Melbourne, VIC

1,000+

Average cost per session

$184

Psychologists and Therapists in Melbourne, VIC who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
81% Depression
78% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
50% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Medicare Rebates
50% Bupa
50% NDIS

How Psychologists and Therapists in Melbourne, VIC see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
23% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Melbourne?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.