Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) Psychologists and Therapists in Kooyong, VIC

Photo of Yang Yan Poh, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Prov
Yang Yan Poh
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Prov
Serves Area
Regardless of the presenting issue, I tailors each session to the unique needs and goals of the individual and couples, drawing upon evidence-based approaches (i.e. CBT, EFT, ACT, IPSRT, Gottman) to foster self-awareness and lasting positive change.
My current clientele consist of individuals with anxiety, grief, trauma, stress, life transitions, sleep issues and mood disorders. I work with crisis interventions for the nursing population and supporting positive workplace culture. I also work with couples, as I believe that solid familial foundation is crucial to a person's development. A positive environment and support system provided by parents can greatly an individual's quality of life. In my approach to therapy, I prioritise compassion and creating a safe and supportive environment for self-exploration, as I believe that healing and growth can thrive in such a space.
Regardless of the presenting issue, I tailors each session to the unique needs and goals of the individual and couples, drawing upon evidence-based approaches (i.e. CBT, EFT, ACT, IPSRT, Gottman) to foster self-awareness and lasting positive change.
My current clientele consist of individuals with anxiety, grief, trauma, stress, life transitions, sleep issues and mood disorders. I work with crisis interventions for the nursing population and supporting positive workplace culture. I also work with couples, as I believe that solid familial foundation is crucial to a person's development. A positive environment and support system provided by parents can greatly an individual's quality of life. In my approach to therapy, I prioritise compassion and creating a safe and supportive environment for self-exploration, as I believe that healing and growth can thrive in such a space.
0459 522 142 View 0459 522 142
Photo of Sleiman Abou-Hamdan - Holistic Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Holistic Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Serves Area
People often tell me that the reason why they choose to work with me is because they can see that they can be challenged and guided to be the empowered version of themselves, while at the same time feeling safe in the knowledge they are being cared for and supported by a qualified clinical psychologist. I have been a Clinical Psychologist since 2013 and a leadership and life coach since 2009. I am passionate about working with people who are ready to change their unhelpful stories to more empowering and authentic ones.
People often tell me that the reason why they choose to work with me is because they can see that they can be challenged and guided to be the empowered version of themselves, while at the same time feeling safe in the knowledge they are being cared for and supported by a qualified clinical psychologist. I have been a Clinical Psychologist since 2013 and a leadership and life coach since 2009. I am passionate about working with people who are ready to change their unhelpful stories to more empowering and authentic ones.
(03) 8592 7028 View (03) 8592 7028
Photo of Dr Addy Dunkley-Smith - Clinical Psychologist Dr. Addy Dunkley-Smith, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Clinical Psychologist Dr. Addy Dunkley-Smith
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Choosing a psychologist is a big decision, and I suspect you've thought about this for a while. You know that therapy is an investment in yourself, and you don't make investments without doing your research. You are looking for someone you feel safe and comfortable sharing your most difficult thoughts and feelings with. You want someone to listen carefully, to respect you and your experience and to be invested in your goals providing support that is specifically tailored to who you are (otherwise you'd just be buying a self-help book). That's what you deserve!
Choosing a psychologist is a big decision, and I suspect you've thought about this for a while. You know that therapy is an investment in yourself, and you don't make investments without doing your research. You are looking for someone you feel safe and comfortable sharing your most difficult thoughts and feelings with. You want someone to listen carefully, to respect you and your experience and to be invested in your goals providing support that is specifically tailored to who you are (otherwise you'd just be buying a self-help book). That's what you deserve!
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Photo of Yisroel Barber, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Yisroel Barber
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I work with adults (20s–40s) using CBT, ACT, and coaching to navigate ADHD, anxiety, self-doubt, and messy relationships.
Let’s start with this: You are not your ADHD. You might look like you’re coping — holding down a job, keeping up appearances — but inside, it’s chaotic. The overthinking, the scattered focus, the constant sense that you're behind. Maybe it’s ADHD, anxiety, or just a brain that won’t switch off. What you want is clarity, calm, and tools that actually help. More than that, you want to feel like yourself again. I work with people like you to understand your mind, quiet the self-doubt, and build a life that feels manageable and meaningful.
I work with adults (20s–40s) using CBT, ACT, and coaching to navigate ADHD, anxiety, self-doubt, and messy relationships.
Let’s start with this: You are not your ADHD. You might look like you’re coping — holding down a job, keeping up appearances — but inside, it’s chaotic. The overthinking, the scattered focus, the constant sense that you're behind. Maybe it’s ADHD, anxiety, or just a brain that won’t switch off. What you want is clarity, calm, and tools that actually help. More than that, you want to feel like yourself again. I work with people like you to understand your mind, quiet the self-doubt, and build a life that feels manageable and meaningful.
0450 714 262 View 0450 714 262
Photo of Maya Feldman, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Maya Feldman
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Serves Area
Maya Feldman is a registered Clinical Psychologist and a Full Member of the Australian Psychological Society (APS). Over the past 16yrs she worked in private practice &held positions in Public and Private Mental Health Settings. Maya utilises evidence based psychological modalities including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Mindfulness, Relaxation Training, Motivational Interviewing. Maya works with a range of presenting problems including Stress and Worry, Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Emotional Difficulties, Relationship Issues, Grief and loss, Self Esteem and Self Improvement.
Maya Feldman is a registered Clinical Psychologist and a Full Member of the Australian Psychological Society (APS). Over the past 16yrs she worked in private practice &held positions in Public and Private Mental Health Settings. Maya utilises evidence based psychological modalities including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Mindfulness, Relaxation Training, Motivational Interviewing. Maya works with a range of presenting problems including Stress and Worry, Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Emotional Difficulties, Relationship Issues, Grief and loss, Self Esteem and Self Improvement.
(03) 9068 5852 View (03) 9068 5852
Photo of Dr Jessica Simons, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Jessica Simons
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
I am a Clinical Psychologist and a qualified Nutritionist. I have a passion for helping people find peace and contentment in their lives, free from emotional distress, and for providing clients with the tools they need to support themselves in the future. I have a particular interest in how diet influences mental health. I am open to seeing adults and adolescents with a range of mental health presentations including weight management, eating disorders, chronic pain, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep problems, anger, and psychosomatic complaints.
I am a Clinical Psychologist and a qualified Nutritionist. I have a passion for helping people find peace and contentment in their lives, free from emotional distress, and for providing clients with the tools they need to support themselves in the future. I have a particular interest in how diet influences mental health. I am open to seeing adults and adolescents with a range of mental health presentations including weight management, eating disorders, chronic pain, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep problems, anger, and psychosomatic complaints.
(03) 7500 5124 View (03) 7500 5124
Photo of Angelique Grosskopf, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Angelique Grosskopf
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I use evidence-based therapies (CBT, ACT, DBT, Schema) through a strengths-based, neuro-affirming, trauma-informed lens.
Clarity Health Care (CHC) provides comprehensive mental health care through a unified team of psychologists, clinical psychologists, and psychiatrists, all working towards your emotional well-being and mental clarity. At our Fitzroy and Hobart clinics, we offer a serene, supportive environment for individuals, couples, and families. Whether you’re managing anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship challenges, our experienced therapists are here to guide you. Our team includes some of the most skilled professionals in Melbourne and Hobart.
I use evidence-based therapies (CBT, ACT, DBT, Schema) through a strengths-based, neuro-affirming, trauma-informed lens.
Clarity Health Care (CHC) provides comprehensive mental health care through a unified team of psychologists, clinical psychologists, and psychiatrists, all working towards your emotional well-being and mental clarity. At our Fitzroy and Hobart clinics, we offer a serene, supportive environment for individuals, couples, and families. Whether you’re managing anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship challenges, our experienced therapists are here to guide you. Our team includes some of the most skilled professionals in Melbourne and Hobart.
(03) 9448 8028 View (03) 9448 8028
Photo of Dr Marie-Claire Davis, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Marie-Claire Davis
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Life can feel challenging when past experiences, daily stressors, or how your brain works differently creates barriers to fulfillment. Whether navigating trauma, exploring neurodivergent identity, or seeking deeper self-understanding, I'm here to support you. I believe healing happens in relationship—within a safe space where you can explore at your own pace. My approach combines evidence-based practices with deep respect for your individual needs.
Life can feel challenging when past experiences, daily stressors, or how your brain works differently creates barriers to fulfillment. Whether navigating trauma, exploring neurodivergent identity, or seeking deeper self-understanding, I'm here to support you. I believe healing happens in relationship—within a safe space where you can explore at your own pace. My approach combines evidence-based practices with deep respect for your individual needs.
(03) 5910 3377 View (03) 5910 3377

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Adam Kreuzer - Adam Kreuzer - Psychotherapist, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Adam Kreuzer - Psychotherapist
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Online Only
I create a safe and open space for my clients to therapeutically explore their issues, challenges and concerns. My ideal client is someone who is open to exploring the connections between their trauma and life experiences and how this has impacted their lives in positive and negative ways. I like to work with clients that are action and goal oriented, as I like to set homework tasks and brain training exercises to re-wire their thinking in a healthier and more functional way. I am very conversational and my clients like this approach to discussing areas of concern to them.
I create a safe and open space for my clients to therapeutically explore their issues, challenges and concerns. My ideal client is someone who is open to exploring the connections between their trauma and life experiences and how this has impacted their lives in positive and negative ways. I like to work with clients that are action and goal oriented, as I like to set homework tasks and brain training exercises to re-wire their thinking in a healthier and more functional way. I am very conversational and my clients like this approach to discussing areas of concern to them.
(03) 7020 2782 View (03) 7020 2782
Photo of Madelyn Trinh, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Madelyn Trinh
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Kensington, VIC 3031
I use evidence-based tools (CBT, ACT) tailored to your story to build resilience and self-compassion.
Do you feel like you’re "doing fine" on the outside while internally struggling with self-criticism or burnout? You may be: exhausted by the pressure to be perfect or meet high expectations, feeling "stuck" despite your outward success, navigating big life shifts or complex cultural/family identities, or tired of overthinking and ready for more confidence. It’s draining to keep up appearances when you feel overwhelmed. I provide a down-to-earth space where you can slow down, feel understood, and finally address the patterns that are holding you back from a more authentic life.
I use evidence-based tools (CBT, ACT) tailored to your story to build resilience and self-compassion.
Do you feel like you’re "doing fine" on the outside while internally struggling with self-criticism or burnout? You may be: exhausted by the pressure to be perfect or meet high expectations, feeling "stuck" despite your outward success, navigating big life shifts or complex cultural/family identities, or tired of overthinking and ready for more confidence. It’s draining to keep up appearances when you feel overwhelmed. I provide a down-to-earth space where you can slow down, feel understood, and finally address the patterns that are holding you back from a more authentic life.
(03) 0000 0000 View (03) 0000 0000
Photo of Melissa Rowe, Social Worker, AASW
Melissa Rowe
Social Worker, AASW
Frankston South, VIC 3199
Evidence-based therapy that considers the whole person At Mindmap Connections, we offer personalised counselling that respects the uniqueness of each individual. Our work is grounded in evidence-based therapy and a whole-person perspective, recognising that mental health is shaped by both internal experiences and life circumstances. When beneficial, we collaborate with trusted practitioners to provide coordinated support, ensuring you receive care that reflects your full situation — not just symptoms. We exist to move mental health care beyond guesswork.
Evidence-based therapy that considers the whole person At Mindmap Connections, we offer personalised counselling that respects the uniqueness of each individual. Our work is grounded in evidence-based therapy and a whole-person perspective, recognising that mental health is shaped by both internal experiences and life circumstances. When beneficial, we collaborate with trusted practitioners to provide coordinated support, ensuring you receive care that reflects your full situation — not just symptoms. We exist to move mental health care beyond guesswork.
(03) 5907 1174 View (03) 5907 1174
Photo of Phoebe Cummings, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Phoebe Cummings
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Richmond, VIC 3121
I’m an AHPRA registered psychologist, with my aim to help people live a fulfilled, meaningful life. I am committed to working with others in a collaborative and supportive nature and I know that a positive, strong therapeutic relationship is the foundation of meaningful progress. I believe your wellbeing needs are as unique as your fingerprint, and therefore each individual requires bespoke support.
I’m an AHPRA registered psychologist, with my aim to help people live a fulfilled, meaningful life. I am committed to working with others in a collaborative and supportive nature and I know that a positive, strong therapeutic relationship is the foundation of meaningful progress. I believe your wellbeing needs are as unique as your fingerprint, and therefore each individual requires bespoke support.
(03) 7003 2681 View (03) 7003 2681
Photo of Alana Nahas, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Alana Nahas
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Windsor, VIC 3181
As a psychologist, I am dedicated to creating a therapeutic environment that seamlessly blends intellectual rigour with emotional warmth. My approach is grounded in evidence-based practices and a deep understanding of each individual’s uniqueness. With a strong foundation in psychology, my journey has been marked by continuous learning and adaptation, utilising various modalities such as cognitive-behavioural therapy, psychodynamic approaches, and mindfulness-based strategies, alongside others. I cultivate safety and trust through a warm, empathetic presence, complemented by analytical skills to uncover underlying difficulties.
As a psychologist, I am dedicated to creating a therapeutic environment that seamlessly blends intellectual rigour with emotional warmth. My approach is grounded in evidence-based practices and a deep understanding of each individual’s uniqueness. With a strong foundation in psychology, my journey has been marked by continuous learning and adaptation, utilising various modalities such as cognitive-behavioural therapy, psychodynamic approaches, and mindfulness-based strategies, alongside others. I cultivate safety and trust through a warm, empathetic presence, complemented by analytical skills to uncover underlying difficulties.
(03) 7036 8795 View (03) 7036 8795
Photo of Joanne Margaret Oliver - Joanne Oliver Psychotherapy , Psychotherapist, MC, PACFA
Joanne Oliver Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MC, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Melbourne, VIC 3004
I support clients with a desire to overcome difficult emotions and confusing interpersonal connections and live their lives with authenticity. By helping you connect with your own inner wisdom, informed by your unique lived experience and context, you will learn about, and discover aspects of yourself and patterns of relating which will assist in making sense of your experiences. In creating a safe and non-judgmental space for you to talk about your thoughts, beliefs, feelings and behaviours, I will help you to develop greater self-awareness, compassion, and understanding of yourself and your relationships with others.
I support clients with a desire to overcome difficult emotions and confusing interpersonal connections and live their lives with authenticity. By helping you connect with your own inner wisdom, informed by your unique lived experience and context, you will learn about, and discover aspects of yourself and patterns of relating which will assist in making sense of your experiences. In creating a safe and non-judgmental space for you to talk about your thoughts, beliefs, feelings and behaviours, I will help you to develop greater self-awareness, compassion, and understanding of yourself and your relationships with others.
(03) 7003 2258 View (03) 7003 2258
Photo of Christie Little, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Christie Little
Psychotherapist, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer an integrative approach towards healing and transformation that combines my lived experience of traumatic loss with my postgraduate studies in Holistic Psychotherapy and Counselling, Relationship Counselling with professional qualifications in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT), bereavement counselling, nature therapy and somatic coaching.
I am a trauma informed psychotherapist and counsellor. I specialise in trauma, complex PTSD, grief, suicide bereavement, relationships, anxiety, depression, self-worth, stress management and purposeful living. My intention is to support you to navigate life’s past and present challenges while deepening your capacity to achieve an enduring sense of peace, safety, agency and wellbeing. I offer clinical sessions at Leura Wellness, nature based sessions in the Blue Mountains area and online to anywhere.
I offer an integrative approach towards healing and transformation that combines my lived experience of traumatic loss with my postgraduate studies in Holistic Psychotherapy and Counselling, Relationship Counselling with professional qualifications in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT), bereavement counselling, nature therapy and somatic coaching.
I am a trauma informed psychotherapist and counsellor. I specialise in trauma, complex PTSD, grief, suicide bereavement, relationships, anxiety, depression, self-worth, stress management and purposeful living. My intention is to support you to navigate life’s past and present challenges while deepening your capacity to achieve an enduring sense of peace, safety, agency and wellbeing. I offer clinical sessions at Leura Wellness, nature based sessions in the Blue Mountains area and online to anywhere.
(08) 7831 2913 View (08) 7831 2913
Photo of Jason Kozica, Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Jason Kozica
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Mitcham, VIC 3132
Jason has training in process-based therapies including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT) and mindfulness.
Jason loves animals and has two certified therapy dogs, who help make clients feel calm and they often join clients for a “walk and talk” session. Jason particularly likes working with neurodivergent young people and is dedicated to neuroaffirming practices. He has extensive experience working with autistic and ADHD clients and can also do neuroaffirming assessments. He also has substantial experience working with clients with OCD and schizophrenia and has completed intensive training in Exposure and Response Prevention therapy(ERP).
Jason has training in process-based therapies including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT) and mindfulness.
Jason loves animals and has two certified therapy dogs, who help make clients feel calm and they often join clients for a “walk and talk” session. Jason particularly likes working with neurodivergent young people and is dedicated to neuroaffirming practices. He has extensive experience working with autistic and ADHD clients and can also do neuroaffirming assessments. He also has substantial experience working with clients with OCD and schizophrenia and has completed intensive training in Exposure and Response Prevention therapy(ERP).
(03) 8771 4393 x61 View (03) 8771 4393 x61
Photo of Bec Klay, Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Bec Klay
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Mornington, VIC 3931
These may include elements of ACT, Parts Work, SFBT, CBT & Motivational Interviewing.
Many people come to counselling with a sense that something doesn’t feel quite right - even if they can’t clearly name what the problem is. You might feel overwhelmed, disconnected, stuck in familiar relationship patterns, or unsure of who you are. If that resonates, you’re not alone. I offer a warm, emotionally safe space where we can gently explore what you’re experiencing. My approach is person-centred, emotion-focused, and attachment-informed. I’m interested in understanding how your emotional world has been shaped by your relationships and life experiences, and how those patterns may be showing up for you in the present.
These may include elements of ACT, Parts Work, SFBT, CBT & Motivational Interviewing.
Many people come to counselling with a sense that something doesn’t feel quite right - even if they can’t clearly name what the problem is. You might feel overwhelmed, disconnected, stuck in familiar relationship patterns, or unsure of who you are. If that resonates, you’re not alone. I offer a warm, emotionally safe space where we can gently explore what you’re experiencing. My approach is person-centred, emotion-focused, and attachment-informed. I’m interested in understanding how your emotional world has been shaped by your relationships and life experiences, and how those patterns may be showing up for you in the present.
(03) 5907 5470 View (03) 5907 5470
Photo of Nicola Collins - Kids At Max - Psych, Speech & OT, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Kids At Max - Psych, Speech & OT
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Bentleigh East, VIC 3165
Kids At Max provides counselling and psychological assessments for children and adolescents. We support a wide range of emotional, behavioural and developmental needs through personalised, family-centred care. Appointments are available in clinic, at home, at school and via telehealth, with funding options including NDIS, Medicare, Private Health Insurance and TAC. After an initial assessment, we work with families to create a tailored therapy plan with practical strategies and engaging sessions that support each child’s goals.
Kids At Max provides counselling and psychological assessments for children and adolescents. We support a wide range of emotional, behavioural and developmental needs through personalised, family-centred care. Appointments are available in clinic, at home, at school and via telehealth, with funding options including NDIS, Medicare, Private Health Insurance and TAC. After an initial assessment, we work with families to create a tailored therapy plan with practical strategies and engaging sessions that support each child’s goals.
(03) 8771 4119 View (03) 8771 4119
Photo of Emma Fuller, Psychologist, MA, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Emma Fuller
Psychologist, MA, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Pakenham, VIC 3810
Using a combination of EMDR, parts work (including Internal Family Systems-informed approaches), somatic therapy, and nervous system regulation, ACT, CBT.
Are you longing for more than just coping? You may have tried therapy before—but you're still left with patterns that don’t shift, emotions that feel stuck, or a nervous system that never quite settles. If you're ready to explore the deeper layers of your inner world, I offer a gentle, evidence-based approach to healing that goes beyond surface-level change. I work with clients who are curious about how they’re put together—those who want to understand not just what they feel, but why.
Using a combination of EMDR, parts work (including Internal Family Systems-informed approaches), somatic therapy, and nervous system regulation, ACT, CBT.
Are you longing for more than just coping? You may have tried therapy before—but you're still left with patterns that don’t shift, emotions that feel stuck, or a nervous system that never quite settles. If you're ready to explore the deeper layers of your inner world, I offer a gentle, evidence-based approach to healing that goes beyond surface-level change. I work with clients who are curious about how they’re put together—those who want to understand not just what they feel, but why.
(03) 5910 7894 View (03) 5910 7894
Photo of Fernanda Megda, Counsellor, ACA-L4
Fernanda Megda
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Do you feel overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, or the impact of past experiences? Many people carry emotional pain in their bodies without realising how deeply it affects their daily lives. As a trauma-informed therapist, I help individuals reconnect with their nervous system, process difficult experiences, and develop tools to feel more grounded and resilient.Low self-esteem Personal growth and self-discovery
Do you feel overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, or the impact of past experiences? Many people carry emotional pain in their bodies without realising how deeply it affects their daily lives. As a trauma-informed therapist, I help individuals reconnect with their nervous system, process difficult experiences, and develop tools to feel more grounded and resilient.Low self-esteem Personal growth and self-discovery
(02) 9100 0179 View (02) 9100 0179
Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) Therapists
How does acceptance and commitment therapy work?
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy encourages a person to listen to their self-talk. A person’s inner dialog can be indicative of how they treat themselves. ACT also encourages self-compassion; this can lead to a better understanding of negative thought patterns and emotional states. This understanding can then lead the individual to needed behavior change.

What are the goals of acceptance and commitment therapy?
The goal of acceptance and commitment is to expand a person’s psychological flexibility, a trait that encourages an individual to live in the present moment and to accept all their thoughts, feelings, and emotions, even ones that are difficult such as sadness and anxiety. In ACT, this acceptance is congruent with the individual’s values and beliefs.

Does acceptance and commitment therapy work for depression?
Acceptance and commitment therapy is effective for depression because it allows the individual to view their discomfort and suffering differently. Depressive feelings about relationship heartaches, for example, are a part of life. A despondent person learns to let go of their struggles and instead view their painful thoughts and feelings with compassion. This will lead the individual toward positive change.

How long are people typically in acceptance and commitment therapy?
A typical acceptance and commitment therapy session is 50 minutes long with one session per week. Treatment for common problems such as anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties can last between eight weeks to four months. However, more severe cases may require more than one session a week and/or a longer time frame for treatment.