Depression Counselling in Kew, VIC

Photo of Dawn Vincent, Counsellor, AMHSW
Dawn Vincent
Counsellor, AMHSW
Serves Area
As an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker, Psychotherapist and Career Counsellor with over 30 years of experience in the mental health field, I have helped people with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, parenting, self esteem, plus a variety of work related issues including career counselling and development.
Are you experiencing low mood, finding it hard to stop worrying and feeling dissatisfied with the quality of your relationships or unhappy with your personal or working life? With the busyness of our lives and the pressures and demands we all face daily, our emotional wellbeing is an area which can be neglected. However, there comes a time when we know that it is time to stop and take some action to turn our life around. Counselling with me can help you with the skills and strategies you need to make changes and choices which will allow you to find the satisfaction you seek in the key areas of your life.
As an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker, Psychotherapist and Career Counsellor with over 30 years of experience in the mental health field, I have helped people with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, parenting, self esteem, plus a variety of work related issues including career counselling and development.
Are you experiencing low mood, finding it hard to stop worrying and feeling dissatisfied with the quality of your relationships or unhappy with your personal or working life? With the busyness of our lives and the pressures and demands we all face daily, our emotional wellbeing is an area which can be neglected. However, there comes a time when we know that it is time to stop and take some action to turn our life around. Counselling with me can help you with the skills and strategies you need to make changes and choices which will allow you to find the satisfaction you seek in the key areas of your life.
(03) 9068 5948 View (03) 9068 5948
Photo of Cristian John Acciarito, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Cristian John Acciarito
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I have experience working with a variety of presentations, and has worked with adults and adolescents on issues including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, self-esteem, resilience, assertiveness, coping, sleep issues, drug and alcohol issues, and addictive behaviours.
I focus on a warm, compassionate, and respectful style which incorporates a variety of techniques and approaches, including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), Attachment Theory, and Schema Therapy.
I have experience working with a variety of presentations, and has worked with adults and adolescents on issues including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, self-esteem, resilience, assertiveness, coping, sleep issues, drug and alcohol issues, and addictive behaviours.
I focus on a warm, compassionate, and respectful style which incorporates a variety of techniques and approaches, including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), Attachment Theory, and Schema Therapy.
(02) 4504 0240 View (02) 4504 0240
Photo of Catherine Madigan - Anxiety Treatment Australia, Psychologist, MA, MAPS
Anxiety Treatment Australia
Psychologist, MA, MAPS
Online Only
Depressed?
I offer decades of experience in cognitive behavioural therapy which is :evidence based, focused, short term, results oriented therapy. Most clients can address their issues within no more than 2 or 3 months but some clients may need longer. I offer a safe, confidential, nonjudgmental place to deal with life's challenges and much encouragement.
Depressed?
I offer decades of experience in cognitive behavioural therapy which is :evidence based, focused, short term, results oriented therapy. Most clients can address their issues within no more than 2 or 3 months but some clients may need longer. I offer a safe, confidential, nonjudgmental place to deal with life's challenges and much encouragement.
(03) 9068 5415 View (03) 9068 5415
Photo of Michelle Menzel, Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Michelle Menzel
Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Serves Area
Michelle is a Clinical Psychologist with 20 years experience treating depression, anxiety and eating/ body image disorders. She has also provided workshops and courses for General Practitioners and mental health workers. Her approach integrates cognitive-behavioural therapy, mindfulness-based therapies, schema therapy and hypnosis. She is warm and empathic, down-to-earth and practical, while keeping in mind the bigger picture to help her clients achieve optimal mental health and take charge of their lives. Michelle currently practices in Healesville and offers telehealth consultations.
Michelle is a Clinical Psychologist with 20 years experience treating depression, anxiety and eating/ body image disorders. She has also provided workshops and courses for General Practitioners and mental health workers. Her approach integrates cognitive-behavioural therapy, mindfulness-based therapies, schema therapy and hypnosis. She is warm and empathic, down-to-earth and practical, while keeping in mind the bigger picture to help her clients achieve optimal mental health and take charge of their lives. Michelle currently practices in Healesville and offers telehealth consultations.
(03) 5905 7053 View (03) 5905 7053
Photo of Jessica Ciarma, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Jessica Ciarma
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
If you're feeling anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed about studies, work, new changes, or simply about everyday life, please reach out.
Having been a psychologist for about 10 years, I’ve learnt the importance of really listening and helping clients to better understand themselves. I tailor treatment based on everyone's unique needs and feedback, but also incorporate practical strategies from evidence-based therapies such as CBT, ACT, Interpersonal Therapy and Schema Therapy.
If you're feeling anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed about studies, work, new changes, or simply about everyday life, please reach out.
Having been a psychologist for about 10 years, I’ve learnt the importance of really listening and helping clients to better understand themselves. I tailor treatment based on everyone's unique needs and feedback, but also incorporate practical strategies from evidence-based therapies such as CBT, ACT, Interpersonal Therapy and Schema Therapy.
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Photo of Micah Crowe, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Micah Crowe
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
My areas of expertise include anxiety disorders (such as generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety, phobias, agoraphobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and separation anxiety), mood disorders (including depression), and neurodivergence, with a particular focus on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
I am committed to tailoring therapy to each individual’s needs, helping clients strengthen psychological foundations and move toward the life they want to lead.
My areas of expertise include anxiety disorders (such as generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety, phobias, agoraphobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and separation anxiety), mood disorders (including depression), and neurodivergence, with a particular focus on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
I am committed to tailoring therapy to each individual’s needs, helping clients strengthen psychological foundations and move toward the life they want to lead.
(03) 7003 2682 View (03) 7003 2682
Photo of Tialara Harris, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Tialara Harris
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I also address how these issues connect to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, stress, and PTSD.
I believe lasting change comes from having the right tools and knowledge to manage challenges beyond therapy. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and tailored. I aim to respond promptly and follow through with tools and support, knowing how frustrating it is when this doesn’t happen. We’ll build a toolkit to help maintain positive change over time.
I also address how these issues connect to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, stress, and PTSD.
I believe lasting change comes from having the right tools and knowledge to manage challenges beyond therapy. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and tailored. I aim to respond promptly and follow through with tools and support, knowing how frustrating it is when this doesn’t happen. We’ll build a toolkit to help maintain positive change over time.
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Photo of Yuli Dar, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Yuli Dar
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
Yuli is a Clinical Psychologist providing psychological services for children, teenagers, young adults and Parents. Through her caring and compassionate approach, Yuli strives to create a safe and connected space for young people to explore their vulnerability and daily internal and external experiences, without judgement. She adopts a collaborative and holistic approach in working with families and tailors her treatments to meet the individual needs of the child, adolescent and their family.
Yuli is a Clinical Psychologist providing psychological services for children, teenagers, young adults and Parents. Through her caring and compassionate approach, Yuli strives to create a safe and connected space for young people to explore their vulnerability and daily internal and external experiences, without judgement. She adopts a collaborative and holistic approach in working with families and tailors her treatments to meet the individual needs of the child, adolescent and their family.
(03) 7003 2965 View (03) 7003 2965
Photo of Shiva Chouhan, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Shiva Chouhan
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Serves Area
I'm a psychologist located in East Melbourne, welcoming adults navigating anxiety, trauma, transitions, childhood wounds and life changes. In a warm and collaborative space, our work will blend EMDR, ACT, CBT and psychodynamic practices - customized to your pace and goals. I'm currently accepting new clients, offering both in-person sessions locally and telehealth across Australia (Medicare rebates available with GP referral).
I'm a psychologist located in East Melbourne, welcoming adults navigating anxiety, trauma, transitions, childhood wounds and life changes. In a warm and collaborative space, our work will blend EMDR, ACT, CBT and psychodynamic practices - customized to your pace and goals. I'm currently accepting new clients, offering both in-person sessions locally and telehealth across Australia (Medicare rebates available with GP referral).
(03) 7003 2544 View (03) 7003 2544
Photo of Gary Maloney, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Gary Maloney
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Gary is passionate about working with individuals experiencing difficulties with anxiety, stress, depression, self-esteem, sleep, relationships, university and workplace challenges, emotional abuse, bullying, injustice, anger and challenging life situations.
Gary takes a calm, empathetic, person-centred approach to meet individual needs. He adapts to the individual’s needs drawing from various evidence-based treatment interventions, including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Mindfulness and Self-compassion, Schema Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy and Psychotherapy.
Gary is passionate about working with individuals experiencing difficulties with anxiety, stress, depression, self-esteem, sleep, relationships, university and workplace challenges, emotional abuse, bullying, injustice, anger and challenging life situations.
Gary takes a calm, empathetic, person-centred approach to meet individual needs. He adapts to the individual’s needs drawing from various evidence-based treatment interventions, including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Mindfulness and Self-compassion, Schema Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy and Psychotherapy.
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Photo of Parwana Nawabi - Clarity Health Care, Psychologist, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Clarity Health Care
Psychologist, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Serves Area
Whether you're seeking support for anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues or navigating life’s challenges, our experienced team of clinical psychologists and therapists are here to help.
We support adults, teens, and children experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, relationship difficulties, life transitions, and more. Our experienced psychologists provide personalised, evidence-based care to help you gain clarity, build resilience, and improve your wellbeing.
Whether you're seeking support for anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues or navigating life’s challenges, our experienced team of clinical psychologists and therapists are here to help.
We support adults, teens, and children experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, relationship difficulties, life transitions, and more. Our experienced psychologists provide personalised, evidence-based care to help you gain clarity, build resilience, and improve your wellbeing.
(03) 9448 8028 View (03) 9448 8028
Photo of Cherie Dalton, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Cherie Dalton
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I offer treatment for anxiety disorders (panic disorder, illness anxiety, generalised anxiety, social phobia), mood disorders, special interest in peri/menopausal anxiety & depression, perinatal conditions, somatic disorders, OCD, eating & body image issues, grief & loss/bereavement, relational/interpersonal problems, sleep concerns, life transitions.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist with over 25 years experience providing psychotherapy to clients in private practice. I view the therapeutic relationship as a partnership between client and therapist, and feel it is paramount for successful outcomes in therapy. My process is to identify the problems that you bring and the psychological barriers that have inhibited you from moving forward. My approach is compassionate and insight-oriented whilst incorporating practical strategies that can be utilised in your daily life. I have been trained in CBT, psychodynamic psychotherapy, ACT/mindfulness & clinical hypnosis.
I offer treatment for anxiety disorders (panic disorder, illness anxiety, generalised anxiety, social phobia), mood disorders, special interest in peri/menopausal anxiety & depression, perinatal conditions, somatic disorders, OCD, eating & body image issues, grief & loss/bereavement, relational/interpersonal problems, sleep concerns, life transitions.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist with over 25 years experience providing psychotherapy to clients in private practice. I view the therapeutic relationship as a partnership between client and therapist, and feel it is paramount for successful outcomes in therapy. My process is to identify the problems that you bring and the psychological barriers that have inhibited you from moving forward. My approach is compassionate and insight-oriented whilst incorporating practical strategies that can be utilised in your daily life. I have been trained in CBT, psychodynamic psychotherapy, ACT/mindfulness & clinical hypnosis.
(03) 9068 6015 View (03) 9068 6015
Photo of Lilach Yeshurun, Social Worker, MA, AMHSW
Lilach Yeshurun
Social Worker, MA, AMHSW
Serves Area
I work alongside people facing challenges such as trauma, anxiety, depression, burnout, and major life transitions.
Welcome - I’m Lilach. I'm a trauma-informed social worker and counsellor with a decade of experience in hospitals, community, and mental health settings. I hold a Master’s in Clinical Social Work and stay engaged in ongoing training and supervision to ensure best practice. I bring a warm, holistic approach that recognizes how personal, social, cultural, and financial factors shape well-being.
I work alongside people facing challenges such as trauma, anxiety, depression, burnout, and major life transitions.
Welcome - I’m Lilach. I'm a trauma-informed social worker and counsellor with a decade of experience in hospitals, community, and mental health settings. I hold a Master’s in Clinical Social Work and stay engaged in ongoing training and supervision to ensure best practice. I bring a warm, holistic approach that recognizes how personal, social, cultural, and financial factors shape well-being.
(03) 8400 0745 View (03) 8400 0745
Photo of Satvir Gill - Satvir Gill Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Satvir Gill Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I work with adults from all walks of life to assist with the various manifestations of trauma, depression and anxiety.
Hello, I'm Satvir (she/her), a clinical psychologist with 17 years' experience. My main focus is to provide a safe container for somatically-focused and embodied trauma therapy. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy forms a large part of this, along with associated modalities that relate to the nervous system, getting to know all parts of yourself and the roles they play, and being able to tell your story to someone who will really listen. Especially being a woman of colour, it's really important to me to provide a space that honours cultural and spiritual heritage. All of you is welcome.
I work with adults from all walks of life to assist with the various manifestations of trauma, depression and anxiety.
Hello, I'm Satvir (she/her), a clinical psychologist with 17 years' experience. My main focus is to provide a safe container for somatically-focused and embodied trauma therapy. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy forms a large part of this, along with associated modalities that relate to the nervous system, getting to know all parts of yourself and the roles they play, and being able to tell your story to someone who will really listen. Especially being a woman of colour, it's really important to me to provide a space that honours cultural and spiritual heritage. All of you is welcome.
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Photo of Manuela Barichello, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Manuela Barichello
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
If you have suffered grief and loss, trauma, or anxiety/ depression you can learn reframing and healing strategies to come to a resolution.
If you are feeling stuck, and isolated, confidential and respectful therapy may be an empowering way forward. Manuela has Level I & II training in Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) and is passionate about advancing in this exciting field covered by Medicare. Other therapies include CBT, ACT, Solution Focussed, DBT, Interpersonal Psychotherapy.
If you have suffered grief and loss, trauma, or anxiety/ depression you can learn reframing and healing strategies to come to a resolution.
If you are feeling stuck, and isolated, confidential and respectful therapy may be an empowering way forward. Manuela has Level I & II training in Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) and is passionate about advancing in this exciting field covered by Medicare. Other therapies include CBT, ACT, Solution Focussed, DBT, Interpersonal Psychotherapy.
(03) 7003 2012 View (03) 7003 2012
Photo of Dr Justin Tomyn, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Justin Tomyn
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I work with adults and adolescents who are experiencing emotional difficulties such as anxiety, low mood and depression, life stress and adjustment difficulties, low self-esteem, self-criticism, trauma and chronic effects from adversity early in life (e.g., family separation, emotional abuse, bullying), ongoing family problems, relationship work & study problems, ADHD, and problems with addictive behaviours.
I am expert in psychological assessment and believe this assists clients develop insight and leads to direction in therapy. I offer both in depth therapy - where I can help clients understand the factors that may underlie patterns of thinking, feeling, and relating to others - as well as targeted interventions (e.g., CBT) to help with specific problems.
I work with adults and adolescents who are experiencing emotional difficulties such as anxiety, low mood and depression, life stress and adjustment difficulties, low self-esteem, self-criticism, trauma and chronic effects from adversity early in life (e.g., family separation, emotional abuse, bullying), ongoing family problems, relationship work & study problems, ADHD, and problems with addictive behaviours.
I am expert in psychological assessment and believe this assists clients develop insight and leads to direction in therapy. I offer both in depth therapy - where I can help clients understand the factors that may underlie patterns of thinking, feeling, and relating to others - as well as targeted interventions (e.g., CBT) to help with specific problems.
(03) 7500 5783 View (03) 7500 5783
Photo of Alix Quirke, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Alix Quirke
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I work with clients in-person from Ivanhoe, Victoria and online, Australia-wide through our Better Forest clinic. I am a registered General Psychologist with experience supporting children, adolescents, adults, older adults and families. I have expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of mood, anxiety, adjustment disorders and trauma (PTSD). I also work to support interpersonal difficulties and the long-term effects of personality patterns of behaviour.
I work with clients in-person from Ivanhoe, Victoria and online, Australia-wide through our Better Forest clinic. I am a registered General Psychologist with experience supporting children, adolescents, adults, older adults and families. I have expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of mood, anxiety, adjustment disorders and trauma (PTSD). I also work to support interpersonal difficulties and the long-term effects of personality patterns of behaviour.
(03) 9007 2136 View (03) 9007 2136
Photo of Brodie Dale - Clarity Health Care, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Clarity Health Care
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
With some of Melbourne and Tasmania’s best psychologists and clinical psychologists, we cater to a wide range of needs, from anxiety, depression, and trauma to relationship challenges and workplace stress.
As a registered psychologist at Clarity Health Care’s Fitzroy clinic, I am dedicated to providing evidence-based psychological care tailored to each client’s needs. I specialise in using therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to support individuals recover.
With some of Melbourne and Tasmania’s best psychologists and clinical psychologists, we cater to a wide range of needs, from anxiety, depression, and trauma to relationship challenges and workplace stress.
As a registered psychologist at Clarity Health Care’s Fitzroy clinic, I am dedicated to providing evidence-based psychological care tailored to each client’s needs. I specialise in using therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to support individuals recover.
(03) 9448 8028 View (03) 9448 8028
Photo of Bilal Reda, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Bilal Reda
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Whether it's treatment-resistant depression, ADHD, trauma, or just a quiet sense that there is something missing, we are all prone to burnout.
Bilal is a Melbourne-based psychologist with a curiosity for people and their patterning. He sees therapy as the play and poetics between two strangers in service of healing.
Whether it's treatment-resistant depression, ADHD, trauma, or just a quiet sense that there is something missing, we are all prone to burnout.
Bilal is a Melbourne-based psychologist with a curiosity for people and their patterning. He sees therapy as the play and poetics between two strangers in service of healing.
0490 833 820 View 0490 833 820
Photo of Dr Samara Wilson, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Samara Wilson
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
Anxiety & Depression – Mild to moderate presentations (CBT, DBT, Exposure work); Eating Disorders – bulimia and binge eating disorder (CBT for eating disorders, SSCM); Life transitions, burnout, and values-based work – (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy); Work based trauma/PTSD – (EMDR, Prolonged Exposure, Cognitive Processing Therapy).
I’m a Clinical Psychologist (DPsych, MAPS) with extensive experience supporting adults with a range of psychological difficulties. I work exclusively via Telehealth, providing convenient, confidential, and evidence-based care to clients across Melbourne. My approach is collaborative, compassionate, and grounded in well-established therapeutic frameworks:
Anxiety & Depression – Mild to moderate presentations (CBT, DBT, Exposure work); Eating Disorders – bulimia and binge eating disorder (CBT for eating disorders, SSCM); Life transitions, burnout, and values-based work – (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy); Work based trauma/PTSD – (EMDR, Prolonged Exposure, Cognitive Processing Therapy).
I’m a Clinical Psychologist (DPsych, MAPS) with extensive experience supporting adults with a range of psychological difficulties. I work exclusively via Telehealth, providing convenient, confidential, and evidence-based care to clients across Melbourne. My approach is collaborative, compassionate, and grounded in well-established therapeutic frameworks:
(03) 8338 1470 View (03) 8338 1470

See more therapy options for Kew

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognise and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioural activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.