Psychodynamic Psychologists and Therapists in Dandenong, VIC

Photo of Tracey R - Tracey - Your Inner Light, Counsellor, MC, ACA-L4
Tracey - Your Inner Light
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L4
Serves Area
Hi! I'm a Holistic Counsellor, Sound Healing Practitioner and Nutrition, Health & Wellness Coach. I work with women and specialise in mind-body holistic wellbeing. My approach blends Psychology, Spirituality and Wellness with a social justice and systems lens. My gentle and relaxed approach assists you to understand the root cause of personal challenges through increasing awareness, compassion, connection and prioritising stress management & self-care.
Hi! I'm a Holistic Counsellor, Sound Healing Practitioner and Nutrition, Health & Wellness Coach. I work with women and specialise in mind-body holistic wellbeing. My approach blends Psychology, Spirituality and Wellness with a social justice and systems lens. My gentle and relaxed approach assists you to understand the root cause of personal challenges through increasing awareness, compassion, connection and prioritising stress management & self-care.
(03) 7003 2423 View (03) 7003 2423
Photo of Kanak Dube, Psychologist, PsyBA Prov
Kanak Dube
Psychologist, PsyBA Prov
Serves Area
You may feel overwhelmed by life’s transitions or disconnected from your sense of self and at this time many are looking for understanding, practical coping strategies, and greater clarity during times of change or overwhelm. Having lived across India, the US, and Malaysia before moving to Melbourne, I bring a deeply lived multicultural perspective to our work. I understand the complexities of identity and belonging firsthand. My approach of therapy focuses on strengthening emotional regulation, self-understanding, and resilience within a trauma-informed, culturally sensitive space.
You may feel overwhelmed by life’s transitions or disconnected from your sense of self and at this time many are looking for understanding, practical coping strategies, and greater clarity during times of change or overwhelm. Having lived across India, the US, and Malaysia before moving to Melbourne, I bring a deeply lived multicultural perspective to our work. I understand the complexities of identity and belonging firsthand. My approach of therapy focuses on strengthening emotional regulation, self-understanding, and resilience within a trauma-informed, culturally sensitive space.
(03) 9663 9168 View (03) 9663 9168
Photo of Monica Doyle - Monica Doyle - Online Therapy
Monica Doyle - Online Therapy
Verified Verified
Online Only
To achieve that I use relational psychodynamic therapy.
Do you feel on edge, easily distracted, or irritable? Do you catch yourself overanalyzing and questioning decisions or interactions with other people? Do you feel disconnected, lonely, or unsure of yourself? These are all natural feelings, and we all struggle sometimes. But occasionally life throws curve balls at us and moving forward requires a little more work. This can be especially true if you have recently experienced a significant life change. Therapy can offer the needed support and change of perspective by unveiling new insights. It can also bring lasting benefits to your relationships and interactions.
To achieve that I use relational psychodynamic therapy.
Do you feel on edge, easily distracted, or irritable? Do you catch yourself overanalyzing and questioning decisions or interactions with other people? Do you feel disconnected, lonely, or unsure of yourself? These are all natural feelings, and we all struggle sometimes. But occasionally life throws curve balls at us and moving forward requires a little more work. This can be especially true if you have recently experienced a significant life change. Therapy can offer the needed support and change of perspective by unveiling new insights. It can also bring lasting benefits to your relationships and interactions.
0485 990 706 View 0485 990 706
Photo of Arthur De Jesus, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Arthur De Jesus
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hello! Thank you for considering me as your therapist. Inspired by the Filipino gesture of "akbay," my approach is one of warmth, trust, and understanding, I am here to walk alongside you on your journey toward healing and growth. I recognise and respect your unique experiences, so that you can be in therapy as you are. I practice with safety and inclusivity for all individuals. I primarily draw on attachment-based, trauma-informed, and cognitive-behavioural perspectives and use a holistic approach to therapy that incorporates thoughts, feelings, body/sensations, and behaviours towards positive outcomes.
Hello! Thank you for considering me as your therapist. Inspired by the Filipino gesture of "akbay," my approach is one of warmth, trust, and understanding, I am here to walk alongside you on your journey toward healing and growth. I recognise and respect your unique experiences, so that you can be in therapy as you are. I practice with safety and inclusivity for all individuals. I primarily draw on attachment-based, trauma-informed, and cognitive-behavioural perspectives and use a holistic approach to therapy that incorporates thoughts, feelings, body/sensations, and behaviours towards positive outcomes.
(03) 7003 2144 View (03) 7003 2144
Photo of Sandi Silva - Insession Counselling, Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Insession Counselling
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I'm Sanduni, a psychologist and South Asian Woman of Colour with over 10 years of experience in the mental health sector. I started Insession Counselling to provide therapy to people from all cultural backgrounds, gender identities and sexual orientations. Navigating my own experiences of marginalisation and intersectionality as a queer Sri-Lankan woman has allowed me to truly understand how culture, gender and sexuality shape so much of who we are and how we experience relationships. I combine this lived experience with evidence-based psychological interventions so that the therapy you receive is tailored specifically to you.
I'm Sanduni, a psychologist and South Asian Woman of Colour with over 10 years of experience in the mental health sector. I started Insession Counselling to provide therapy to people from all cultural backgrounds, gender identities and sexual orientations. Navigating my own experiences of marginalisation and intersectionality as a queer Sri-Lankan woman has allowed me to truly understand how culture, gender and sexuality shape so much of who we are and how we experience relationships. I combine this lived experience with evidence-based psychological interventions so that the therapy you receive is tailored specifically to you.
(03) 9034 9641 View (03) 9034 9641
Photo of Eva Truong, Counsellor, PACFA
Eva Truong
Counsellor, PACFA
Online Only
I'm Eva Truong, a Registered Clinical Counsellor dedicated to supporting individuals, couples, and families through life's challenges and transitions. I provide a compassionate, person-centred, and strength-based approach to help clients build resilience, insight, and lasting change. I work with children (5+ years), adolescents, adults, and older adults experiencing ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation, grief and loss, workplace bullying, relationship difficulties, behavioural concerns, dementia-related challenges, career transitions, and family conflict. Together, we create practical pathways toward healing.
I'm Eva Truong, a Registered Clinical Counsellor dedicated to supporting individuals, couples, and families through life's challenges and transitions. I provide a compassionate, person-centred, and strength-based approach to help clients build resilience, insight, and lasting change. I work with children (5+ years), adolescents, adults, and older adults experiencing ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation, grief and loss, workplace bullying, relationship difficulties, behavioural concerns, dementia-related challenges, career transitions, and family conflict. Together, we create practical pathways toward healing.
(03) 7302 2563 View (03) 7302 2563
Photo of Janis Ritchie, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Janis Ritchie
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is paramount to effective therapy, and I approach therapy in an empathetic way with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel free to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, personalised to best suit each individual client. I am open and upfront with my clients and aim to walk beside them on their journey. Note that I run a waitlist, but if you can't wait, we have several skilled clinicians at The May Clinic with immediate availability.
I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is paramount to effective therapy, and I approach therapy in an empathetic way with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel free to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, personalised to best suit each individual client. I am open and upfront with my clients and aim to walk beside them on their journey. Note that I run a waitlist, but if you can't wait, we have several skilled clinicians at The May Clinic with immediate availability.
(03) 8771 5207 View (03) 8771 5207
Photo of Lutfiye Cennet Osmani - Rewire Counselling, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Rewire Counselling
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Serves Area
As children of migrant parents, we know what it’s like to feel unheard, caught between cultures, and unsure of where to turn. That’s why we’ve made it our mission to be the kind of therapists we once needed—ones who understand the weight of culture, faith, and identity. We offer a safe, supportive space that’s both culturally and spiritually sensitive. Our approach is person-centred and trauma-informed, tailored to your story. With empathy and practical tools, we’ll support you to heal, grow, and reconnect with your sense of self.
As children of migrant parents, we know what it’s like to feel unheard, caught between cultures, and unsure of where to turn. That’s why we’ve made it our mission to be the kind of therapists we once needed—ones who understand the weight of culture, faith, and identity. We offer a safe, supportive space that’s both culturally and spiritually sensitive. Our approach is person-centred and trauma-informed, tailored to your story. With empathy and practical tools, we’ll support you to heal, grow, and reconnect with your sense of self.
(03) 8338 4622 View (03) 8338 4622
Photo of Brendan Partridge, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Brendan Partridge
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist readily available to assist you in understanding and improving your quality of life. Based on my core values of Insight, Compassion, and Empowerment, I am passionate about providing a warm, organic, validating, and welcoming therapeutic experience tailored to your individual needs. I provide an integrative style of therapy, drawing from both professional training, as well as lived experiences.
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist readily available to assist you in understanding and improving your quality of life. Based on my core values of Insight, Compassion, and Empowerment, I am passionate about providing a warm, organic, validating, and welcoming therapeutic experience tailored to your individual needs. I provide an integrative style of therapy, drawing from both professional training, as well as lived experiences.
(02) 4504 0257 View (02) 4504 0257

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dr Kathryn Garland, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Kathryn Garland
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Malvern East, VIC 3145
I take a non-judgemental approach and tailor treatment to each individual’s needs, drawing from a range of clinical modalities, including Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Acceptance & Commitment therapy, and EMDR.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist with 25 years’ experience. I provide a safe and comfortable space for people to develop an understanding of their thoughts, feelings and behaviours and find healthy ways to express them. Helping people move through life’s challenges is my passion and I do so with empathy and respect for the courage it takes client’s to talk about personal issues and confront their own feelings and reactions. As a Clinical Psychologist I have been extensively trained In identifying, diagnosing and treating a range of mental health challenges from mild to severe.
I take a non-judgemental approach and tailor treatment to each individual’s needs, drawing from a range of clinical modalities, including Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Acceptance & Commitment therapy, and EMDR.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist with 25 years’ experience. I provide a safe and comfortable space for people to develop an understanding of their thoughts, feelings and behaviours and find healthy ways to express them. Helping people move through life’s challenges is my passion and I do so with empathy and respect for the courage it takes client’s to talk about personal issues and confront their own feelings and reactions. As a Clinical Psychologist I have been extensively trained In identifying, diagnosing and treating a range of mental health challenges from mild to severe.
(03) 7003 2781 View (03) 7003 2781
Photo of Gabriele Ruggi - Gold Coast Psychotherapy and Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Gold Coast Psychotherapy and Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Online Only
I draw from psychodynamic, attachment-based, and emotion-focused therapies, always tailoring the work to your pace, goals, and lived experience rather than following a rigid protocol.
My name is Gabriele Ruggi Neto, and I’m an ACA Registered Counsellor (R83997) and psychotherapist working with adults who feel anxious, overwhelmed or stuck after trauma and big life changes. Many of my clients are used to being the strong one for everyone else, but quietly struggle with worry, burnout, self doubt or repeating the same patterns in relationships. You might be functioning on the outside, but inside you feel tired, on edge or disconnected from who you really are, and you are ready for support that is calm, grounded and actually helpful in daily life.
I draw from psychodynamic, attachment-based, and emotion-focused therapies, always tailoring the work to your pace, goals, and lived experience rather than following a rigid protocol.
My name is Gabriele Ruggi Neto, and I’m an ACA Registered Counsellor (R83997) and psychotherapist working with adults who feel anxious, overwhelmed or stuck after trauma and big life changes. Many of my clients are used to being the strong one for everyone else, but quietly struggle with worry, burnout, self doubt or repeating the same patterns in relationships. You might be functioning on the outside, but inside you feel tired, on edge or disconnected from who you really are, and you are ready for support that is calm, grounded and actually helpful in daily life.
(07) 4064 9537 View (07) 4064 9537
Photo of Jake Glanc, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Jake Glanc
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
Jake (He/Him) aims to work collaboratively and compassionately with his clients, believing that a strong and honest therapeutic relationship is the best predictor of success in therapy. While making the choice to engage in therapy can sometimes feel confronting, Jake always works to create a safe and comfortable space for his clients to better connect with their authentic selves. Jake has a particular interest in working with adults and youth experiencing anxiety, depression, disordered eating, interpersonal and relationship difficulties, LGBTQIA+ concerns, and difficulties with self-worth/self-esteem.
Jake (He/Him) aims to work collaboratively and compassionately with his clients, believing that a strong and honest therapeutic relationship is the best predictor of success in therapy. While making the choice to engage in therapy can sometimes feel confronting, Jake always works to create a safe and comfortable space for his clients to better connect with their authentic selves. Jake has a particular interest in working with adults and youth experiencing anxiety, depression, disordered eating, interpersonal and relationship difficulties, LGBTQIA+ concerns, and difficulties with self-worth/self-esteem.
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Photo of Meg Kemp - Good Chemistry Sex and Relationship therapy, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Good Chemistry Sex and Relationship therapy
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
2 Endorsed
Abbotsford, VIC 3067
I specialise in working with individuals, couples, and polycules from all walks of life and identities who are looking to heal their attachment styles, work on communication, rebuild their relationship, and or heal from a break-up. If you want to explore sexual functioning concerns such as; erectile dysfunction, orgasm difficulties, painful penetration and/or enhance intimacy, or perhaps explore sexuality/sexual/gender identity we can work through this in a safe space. Deeply explore who you are and what you need to build strong and enduring connections and relationships that thrive!
I specialise in working with individuals, couples, and polycules from all walks of life and identities who are looking to heal their attachment styles, work on communication, rebuild their relationship, and or heal from a break-up. If you want to explore sexual functioning concerns such as; erectile dysfunction, orgasm difficulties, painful penetration and/or enhance intimacy, or perhaps explore sexuality/sexual/gender identity we can work through this in a safe space. Deeply explore who you are and what you need to build strong and enduring connections and relationships that thrive!
(03) 8104 9283 View (03) 8104 9283
Photo of Michelle Sophia Karipidis, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Michelle Sophia Karipidis
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Melbourne, VIC 3000
My approach is grounded, collaborative, and inclusive of all identities and backgrounds, drawing from Schema Therapy, CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and Psychodynamic frameworks.
I help people navigate anxiety, low mood, trauma, and self-doubt using a practical and compassionate approach. With backgrounds in Communications and Psychology, I focus on understanding your story before tailoring strategies that fit your pace. Together we’ll build clarity, resilience, and a sense of healthy control over your life again.
My approach is grounded, collaborative, and inclusive of all identities and backgrounds, drawing from Schema Therapy, CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and Psychodynamic frameworks.
I help people navigate anxiety, low mood, trauma, and self-doubt using a practical and compassionate approach. With backgrounds in Communications and Psychology, I focus on understanding your story before tailoring strategies that fit your pace. Together we’ll build clarity, resilience, and a sense of healthy control over your life again.
(03) 7003 2394 x040025 View (03) 7003 2394 x040025
Photo of Sleiman Abou-Hamdan - Holistic Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Holistic Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
South Yarra, VIC 3141
People often tell me that the reason why they choose to work with me is because they can see that they can be challenged and guided to be the empowered version of themselves, while at the same time feeling safe in the knowledge they are being cared for and supported by a qualified clinical psychologist. I have been a Clinical Psychologist since 2013 and a leadership and life coach since 2009. I am passionate about working with people who are ready to change their unhelpful stories to more empowering and authentic ones.
People often tell me that the reason why they choose to work with me is because they can see that they can be challenged and guided to be the empowered version of themselves, while at the same time feeling safe in the knowledge they are being cared for and supported by a qualified clinical psychologist. I have been a Clinical Psychologist since 2013 and a leadership and life coach since 2009. I am passionate about working with people who are ready to change their unhelpful stories to more empowering and authentic ones.
(03) 8592 7028 View (03) 8592 7028
Photo of Killian Grogan, Counsellor, PACFA
Killian Grogan
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
I take an integrative approach, incorporating elements of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.
Relationships difficult? Feeling lonely or lost? Tired of feeling less than? You need compassion and understanding, not another set of instructions that work for others. Therapy can help you change how you feel, live your potential and move on from past experiences. It can be difficult to find a space to reflect and I offer a secure, non-judgemental, confidential environment, where together we can find that space. I am very patient and understand that taking that first step towards counselling, and beginning to make changes can be very difficult and I'll do my very best to support you. PACFA, BACP & ACTO Memberships.
I take an integrative approach, incorporating elements of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.
Relationships difficult? Feeling lonely or lost? Tired of feeling less than? You need compassion and understanding, not another set of instructions that work for others. Therapy can help you change how you feel, live your potential and move on from past experiences. It can be difficult to find a space to reflect and I offer a secure, non-judgemental, confidential environment, where together we can find that space. I am very patient and understand that taking that first step towards counselling, and beginning to make changes can be very difficult and I'll do my very best to support you. PACFA, BACP & ACTO Memberships.
(03) 6163 7523 View (03) 6163 7523
Photo of Sara Taylor - Melbourne Centre of Psychotherapy and Consultancy, Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Our Psychologists and Psychotherapists draw upon Psychoanalytic & Psychodynamic modalities and utilise other evidence based approaches.
The Melbourne Centre of Psychotherapy and Consultancy provides a peaceful environment where you are nurtured & respected. MCPC Psychologists & Psychotherapists work with adults, children & couples to provide therapeutic care for a broad range of mental health and interpersonal issues. Alongside our director Dr Sara Taylor we have 6 practitioners with different areas of expertise. We apply and integrate psychological therapies that best suit your needs, your preferences, and your specific mental health issues.
Our Psychologists and Psychotherapists draw upon Psychoanalytic & Psychodynamic modalities and utilise other evidence based approaches.
The Melbourne Centre of Psychotherapy and Consultancy provides a peaceful environment where you are nurtured & respected. MCPC Psychologists & Psychotherapists work with adults, children & couples to provide therapeutic care for a broad range of mental health and interpersonal issues. Alongside our director Dr Sara Taylor we have 6 practitioners with different areas of expertise. We apply and integrate psychological therapies that best suit your needs, your preferences, and your specific mental health issues.
(03) 7003 2565 View (03) 7003 2565
Photo of Sara Carletti, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Sara Carletti
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Brunswick East, VIC 3057
Sara's practice is primarily informed by psychodynamic psychotherapy and integrates evidence-based approaches including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) where appropriate.
Sara Carletti is a Clinical Psychologist who provides thoughtful, individualised therapy for adults experiencing a range of emotional and psychological difficulties. She has experience working across both community and inpatient public mental health settings, supporting individuals with presentations ranging from everyday struggles through to more complex and longstanding difficulties. Sara's approach is grounded in the belief that emotional distress often makes sense when understood in the context of a person's life experiences, relationships, and the ways they have learned to cope over time.
Sara's practice is primarily informed by psychodynamic psychotherapy and integrates evidence-based approaches including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) where appropriate.
Sara Carletti is a Clinical Psychologist who provides thoughtful, individualised therapy for adults experiencing a range of emotional and psychological difficulties. She has experience working across both community and inpatient public mental health settings, supporting individuals with presentations ranging from everyday struggles through to more complex and longstanding difficulties. Sara's approach is grounded in the belief that emotional distress often makes sense when understood in the context of a person's life experiences, relationships, and the ways they have learned to cope over time.
0401 644 285 View 0401 644 285
Photo of Anne Sureyya - Anne Sureyya Psychotherapist & Clinical Counsellor, Counsellor, PACFA
In our first session, we talk about what’s brought you here — whether it’s the pain of repeated relationship disappointments, uncertainty in a long-term partnership, or feeling weighed down by anxiety, low mood, disordered eating, or emotional distress. You may be navigating life feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or like things should feel better than they do — and you’re looking to change this.
In our first session, we talk about what’s brought you here — whether it’s the pain of repeated relationship disappointments, uncertainty in a long-term partnership, or feeling weighed down by anxiety, low mood, disordered eating, or emotional distress. You may be navigating life feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or like things should feel better than they do — and you’re looking to change this.
(08) 7008 7605 View (08) 7008 7605
Photo of Ruairi Gallagher, Social Worker, AMHSW
Ruairi Gallagher
Social Worker, AMHSW
2 Endorsed
Thornbury, VIC 3071
I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker with over 20 years of experience in the community sector. Having worked in both urban and regional locations in Australia, and in community-based roles in the UK and Canada, I pride myself on being able to connect with people from all walks of life. I've worked with people of all genders, sexualities, cultures and abilities. Whilst working on Vancouver Island, I ran addictions support groups made up of an assortment of individuals. Homeless folks would be facing similar issues to investment banker-types. This led to me becoming more interested in the universality of trauma and PTSD.
I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker with over 20 years of experience in the community sector. Having worked in both urban and regional locations in Australia, and in community-based roles in the UK and Canada, I pride myself on being able to connect with people from all walks of life. I've worked with people of all genders, sexualities, cultures and abilities. Whilst working on Vancouver Island, I ran addictions support groups made up of an assortment of individuals. Homeless folks would be facing similar issues to investment banker-types. This led to me becoming more interested in the universality of trauma and PTSD.
(03) 8338 4331 View (03) 8338 4331
Psychodynamic Therapists
Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?
Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?
Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?
Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?
Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.