Counselling in Benalla, VIC

Photo of Amanda Sacco, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Amanda Sacco
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Connection Matters Counselling is a specialist counselling service for couples and families. The happiness we enjoy in relationships is strongly linked to our ability to communicate effectively, yet often we have limited experience with being taught this crucial skill. Lack of communication can result in increasing conflict or distance regarding several challenges such as navigating the impact of an affair, family, stepfamily and in-law dynamics, financial strain, difference in goals and values, resentment and grudges, lack of emotional support, trust and jealously issues and intimacy and sexuality challenges.
Connection Matters Counselling is a specialist counselling service for couples and families. The happiness we enjoy in relationships is strongly linked to our ability to communicate effectively, yet often we have limited experience with being taught this crucial skill. Lack of communication can result in increasing conflict or distance regarding several challenges such as navigating the impact of an affair, family, stepfamily and in-law dynamics, financial strain, difference in goals and values, resentment and grudges, lack of emotional support, trust and jealously issues and intimacy and sexuality challenges.
(03) 4708 5773 View (03) 4708 5773
Photo of Rykie Smith, Psychotherapist, MA
Rykie Smith
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Our mental health determines the quality of our lives. How we view ourselves and the world around us determines whether we live fulfilling, meaningful lives, or whether we struggle with feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness and despair. Our emotional wellbeing has an influence on our relationships and career success; it can dictate whether we feel safe and whole, or scared and anxious.
Our mental health determines the quality of our lives. How we view ourselves and the world around us determines whether we live fulfilling, meaningful lives, or whether we struggle with feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness and despair. Our emotional wellbeing has an influence on our relationships and career success; it can dictate whether we feel safe and whole, or scared and anxious.
(03) 4708 4344 View (03) 4708 4344
Photo of Amy Webster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Amy Webster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker with 15 years of dedicated clinical experience in mental health and community services. Throughout my career, I have supported individuals in diverse roles, including therapeutic work with children and families within the Child Protection system, family violence & sexual assault services, and Child and Adolescent Mental Health services. My passion lies in supporting individuals impacted by trauma, loss/grief, adjustment difficulty, anxiety, early attachment and relational disruptions. I am especially dedicated to early intervention with children and their families.
I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker with 15 years of dedicated clinical experience in mental health and community services. Throughout my career, I have supported individuals in diverse roles, including therapeutic work with children and families within the Child Protection system, family violence & sexual assault services, and Child and Adolescent Mental Health services. My passion lies in supporting individuals impacted by trauma, loss/grief, adjustment difficulty, anxiety, early attachment and relational disruptions. I am especially dedicated to early intervention with children and their families.
(03) 4714 0356 View (03) 4714 0356
Photo of Lili Korndorffer, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Lili Korndorffer
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am a registered clinical psychologist, experienced working with people across the lifespan in private practice, community health and education settings. I am currently taking new clients aged 12+ for individual therapy working with a range of mental health, socioemotional and behavioural difficulties.
I am a registered clinical psychologist, experienced working with people across the lifespan in private practice, community health and education settings. I am currently taking new clients aged 12+ for individual therapy working with a range of mental health, socioemotional and behavioural difficulties.
(03) 4708 5071 View (03) 4708 5071
Photo of Kristina Nola Kosmac - Sticksnstones therapeutic services, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Sticksnstones therapeutic services
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am an Clinical Psychotherapist , Couples and Family therapist with over 30 years of experience in a number of setting that include, Clinical Mental Health, Post Separation, Family violence, and educational settings . I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker, Registered EMDR practitioner, Registered Sandplay and Expressive therapist and Certified level 2 IFS Therapist . Registered as a clinical member of the International and National licensed registering bodies for the Australian relationship counsellors & Family therapists. Completed training in Havening , polyvagal , Child Centred Play Therapy, ACT and DBT .
I am an Clinical Psychotherapist , Couples and Family therapist with over 30 years of experience in a number of setting that include, Clinical Mental Health, Post Separation, Family violence, and educational settings . I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker, Registered EMDR practitioner, Registered Sandplay and Expressive therapist and Certified level 2 IFS Therapist . Registered as a clinical member of the International and National licensed registering bodies for the Australian relationship counsellors & Family therapists. Completed training in Havening , polyvagal , Child Centred Play Therapy, ACT and DBT .
(03) 8737 9402 View (03) 8737 9402
Photo of Melissa Harris, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Melissa Harris
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Everyone has a right to mental health support. People of all ages and stages are welcome and our practice prides itself on making people feel safe and included. Individuals that are neurodiverse or members of the LGBTQIA community are encouraged to reach out.
Everyone has a right to mental health support. People of all ages and stages are welcome and our practice prides itself on making people feel safe and included. Individuals that are neurodiverse or members of the LGBTQIA community are encouraged to reach out.
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Photo of Brianna King - Light the Way Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Light the Way Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Online Only
Tired of things as they are in your life &/or relationships? Not sure where to start? Or maybe you've been working on things for a while & change just doesn't seem to be happening.. Many therapies are about addressing issues from a symptom level.. They don't enquire deep enough & therefore, issues keep repeating. I work with people from a root cause level. It's tough work, but it's where the real change happens. If you're ready to dive deep & finally transform your life & relationships, I might be the right therapist for you!
Tired of things as they are in your life &/or relationships? Not sure where to start? Or maybe you've been working on things for a while & change just doesn't seem to be happening.. Many therapies are about addressing issues from a symptom level.. They don't enquire deep enough & therefore, issues keep repeating. I work with people from a root cause level. It's tough work, but it's where the real change happens. If you're ready to dive deep & finally transform your life & relationships, I might be the right therapist for you!
(08) 9932 0333 View (08) 9932 0333
Photo of Olivia Clayton - Collected Minds, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Olivia Clayton - Collected Minds
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi I am a clinical psychologist and director of Collected Minds. Collected Minds is an online psychology practice that provides high-quality psychological support to people in rural areas by Zoom or phone. Originating from rural Victoria ourselves, we really care about people being able to find the right mental health support, when they need it, and in a way they can access it. We are a team of four psychologists, a mental health social worker and two GPs who work with children and adolescents (10+), adults and couples.
Hi I am a clinical psychologist and director of Collected Minds. Collected Minds is an online psychology practice that provides high-quality psychological support to people in rural areas by Zoom or phone. Originating from rural Victoria ourselves, we really care about people being able to find the right mental health support, when they need it, and in a way they can access it. We are a team of four psychologists, a mental health social worker and two GPs who work with children and adolescents (10+), adults and couples.
(08) 6800 6363 View (08) 6800 6363
Photo of Natalie Morris, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Natalie Morris
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hello! I'm Natalie, the principal psychologist at mint psychology. I enjoy working with clients to improve their wellbeing and help them achieve their goals. My approach focuses on ensuring clients feel comfortable, supported, and respected, while working collaboratively to facilitate growth and change. I emphasise transparent communication and ensure all treatment plans and sessions are tailored to the individual clients' needs and preferences. My main therapy modalities include CBT and ACT, though I incorporate concepts from various other approaches such as schema or solution-focused therapy to meet the client's needs.
Hello! I'm Natalie, the principal psychologist at mint psychology. I enjoy working with clients to improve their wellbeing and help them achieve their goals. My approach focuses on ensuring clients feel comfortable, supported, and respected, while working collaboratively to facilitate growth and change. I emphasise transparent communication and ensure all treatment plans and sessions are tailored to the individual clients' needs and preferences. My main therapy modalities include CBT and ACT, though I incorporate concepts from various other approaches such as schema or solution-focused therapy to meet the client's needs.
(03) 7003 2805 View (03) 7003 2805
Photo of Paige Zamperoni - The Space Consulting and Counselling , Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
The Space Consulting and Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker who has a Master’s degree in Social Work and Bachelors degree in Psychological Science. I have worked with a range of people in various roles within homelessness, acute and community mental health, and sexual assault. My passion is supporting people who have been impacted by trauma or have mental health concerns. I believe that no one will go through life without experiencing emotional challenges. I draw upon different psychological strategies including EMDR therapy, CBT and trauma focused modalities.
I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker who has a Master’s degree in Social Work and Bachelors degree in Psychological Science. I have worked with a range of people in various roles within homelessness, acute and community mental health, and sexual assault. My passion is supporting people who have been impacted by trauma or have mental health concerns. I believe that no one will go through life without experiencing emotional challenges. I draw upon different psychological strategies including EMDR therapy, CBT and trauma focused modalities.
(03) 4713 7239 View (03) 4713 7239
Photo of Meagan Goodes - Mindful Healing Toolkit, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Mindful Healing Toolkit
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Empowering you to release emotional and energetic blocks to redesign a life you love. Assisting you to release stress and anxiety while teaching you tools to be able to help yourself in the moment.
Empowering you to release emotional and energetic blocks to redesign a life you love. Assisting you to release stress and anxiety while teaching you tools to be able to help yourself in the moment.
(08) 7943 6113 View (08) 7943 6113

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Janette Airey-Graham - My Therapy Spot , Counsellor, ACA-L1
My Therapy Spot
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Wangaratta, VIC 3677
Hi, I’m Janette – the heart behind My Therapy Spot. With over 25 years of experience in trauma work, I’ve walked alongside individuals, families, and communities through some of life’s most challenging moments. I call Wangaratta home, offering a space where women, young women, families, and children can explore, heal, and grow. I believe therapy should be a place where you feel truly seen, heard, and supported—without judgment or rigid formulas. My approach is compassionate, intuitive, and flexible, adapting to your unique needs
Hi, I’m Janette – the heart behind My Therapy Spot. With over 25 years of experience in trauma work, I’ve walked alongside individuals, families, and communities through some of life’s most challenging moments. I call Wangaratta home, offering a space where women, young women, families, and children can explore, heal, and grow. I believe therapy should be a place where you feel truly seen, heard, and supported—without judgment or rigid formulas. My approach is compassionate, intuitive, and flexible, adapting to your unique needs
(03) 4713 5065 View (03) 4713 5065
Photo of Paige Warner - Reclaim Counselling and Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Reclaim Counselling and Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Wangaratta, VIC 3677
My name is Paige, I am an accredited Mental Health Social Worker (Bachelor of Psychological Science and Master of Social Work) with over 8 years’ experience of working in family violence and sexual assault sectors. I am currently accepting new clients. I work with children, adolescents and adults. I draw upon a range of evidence based psychological interventions including EMDR therapy, Synergetic Play therapy, Sand Tray and Symbols therapy, CBT, ACT, DBT, trauma and attachment focused interventions, interpersonal and narrative approaches and polyvagal techniques.
My name is Paige, I am an accredited Mental Health Social Worker (Bachelor of Psychological Science and Master of Social Work) with over 8 years’ experience of working in family violence and sexual assault sectors. I am currently accepting new clients. I work with children, adolescents and adults. I draw upon a range of evidence based psychological interventions including EMDR therapy, Synergetic Play therapy, Sand Tray and Symbols therapy, CBT, ACT, DBT, trauma and attachment focused interventions, interpersonal and narrative approaches and polyvagal techniques.
(03) 4709 0836 View (03) 4709 0836
Photo of Rebecca Nidorf - Free Form Creative Arts Therapy for Children, Psychotherapist, MA, AThR
Free Form Creative Arts Therapy for Children
Psychotherapist, MA, AThR
Verified Verified
Wangaratta, VIC 3677
Not accepting new clients
Rebecca is a multi-modal creative therapist who specialises in working with children aged 0-10 and their families. It can be hard for children to understand big emotions and talk about their feelings. Some life experiences are too big, painful or confusing to express in words. Rebecca helps children to work through these issues through playful and fun psychological techniques. When we explore an issue creatively, we can begin to look at it from another point of view, and learn how to cope with and discuss emotions or difficulties in a supportive and caring environment. No artistic skill is required to participate.
Rebecca is a multi-modal creative therapist who specialises in working with children aged 0-10 and their families. It can be hard for children to understand big emotions and talk about their feelings. Some life experiences are too big, painful or confusing to express in words. Rebecca helps children to work through these issues through playful and fun psychological techniques. When we explore an issue creatively, we can begin to look at it from another point of view, and learn how to cope with and discuss emotions or difficulties in a supportive and caring environment. No artistic skill is required to participate.
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Photo of Steph Biggs, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Steph Biggs
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Online Only
Steph Biggs Psychology is a telehealth-only private practice offering support for people wishing to more completely understand their unique strengths and challenges. My aim is to help you explore and heal from the things getting in the way of living a fulfilled, meaningful and contented life. I am an AHPRA-registered psychologist with nearly two decades of clinical experience across the public and private mental health, alcohol and other drug, and emergency services sectors.
Steph Biggs Psychology is a telehealth-only private practice offering support for people wishing to more completely understand their unique strengths and challenges. My aim is to help you explore and heal from the things getting in the way of living a fulfilled, meaningful and contented life. I am an AHPRA-registered psychologist with nearly two decades of clinical experience across the public and private mental health, alcohol and other drug, and emergency services sectors.
(03) 8400 0728 View (03) 8400 0728
Photo of Ros Baxter, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Ros Baxter
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I’d love to welcome you into my beautiful space! Inside or outside, your choice but a warm drink and a rug by my fire pit on a glorious sunny wintery day is very calming ! I provide a variety of holistic therapies with empathy, authenticity, fun and laughter while achieving great results! Through my own experience of trauma I know what it’s like to feel shame and unworthiness, meaning I am able to walk in the shoes of many of my clients .I educate my clients in somatic (body) based therapies which regulate the nervous system reducing feelings of overwhelm and enabling them to regain a sense of calm in this often chaotic world .
I’d love to welcome you into my beautiful space! Inside or outside, your choice but a warm drink and a rug by my fire pit on a glorious sunny wintery day is very calming ! I provide a variety of holistic therapies with empathy, authenticity, fun and laughter while achieving great results! Through my own experience of trauma I know what it’s like to feel shame and unworthiness, meaning I am able to walk in the shoes of many of my clients .I educate my clients in somatic (body) based therapies which regulate the nervous system reducing feelings of overwhelm and enabling them to regain a sense of calm in this often chaotic world .
(02) 5023 5235 View (02) 5023 5235
Photo of Courtney Brown, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Courtney Brown
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hello and Welcome! My therapeutic style is guided by the belief that each individual possesses an innate capacity for self-healing. I view therapy as a transformative journey, uncovering pathways towards healing and personal growth. My practice delivers evidence-based treatments, ensuring you receive the highest standard of care on your healing path. I embrace an integrative philosophy, prioritising person-centred, trauma-informed, and holistic approaches that honour the complexities and interconnectedness of mind, body, spiritual and relational dimensions of self.
Hello and Welcome! My therapeutic style is guided by the belief that each individual possesses an innate capacity for self-healing. I view therapy as a transformative journey, uncovering pathways towards healing and personal growth. My practice delivers evidence-based treatments, ensuring you receive the highest standard of care on your healing path. I embrace an integrative philosophy, prioritising person-centred, trauma-informed, and holistic approaches that honour the complexities and interconnectedness of mind, body, spiritual and relational dimensions of self.
View
Photo of Andrea Pavarino, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Andrea Pavarino
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I help adults struggling with emotional and psychological problems in a compassionate and collaborative way. I aim to work as time efficiently as possible tailoring my interventions to individual clients’ needs. I am a registered clinical psychologist with experience in working in outpatient and inpatient public mental health with a range of mental health disorders and presentations. In addition to relieving symptoms of common psychological difficulties such as anxiety or depression, I believe that psychotherapy creates the potential for transformative and life-long change.
I help adults struggling with emotional and psychological problems in a compassionate and collaborative way. I aim to work as time efficiently as possible tailoring my interventions to individual clients’ needs. I am a registered clinical psychologist with experience in working in outpatient and inpatient public mental health with a range of mental health disorders and presentations. In addition to relieving symptoms of common psychological difficulties such as anxiety or depression, I believe that psychotherapy creates the potential for transformative and life-long change.
(03) 4708 4034 View (03) 4708 4034
Photo of Tanya Gower - Transpose Therapy and Wellness , Counsellor, MSc, ACA-L2
Transpose Therapy and Wellness
Counsellor, MSc, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Tanya is driven by a passion for empowering individuals to embrace their best selves, helping them navigate the highs and lows of life with resilience and confidence. Her enthusiasm extends to supporting the Queer community, where she delights in assisting people as they discover and celebrate their authentic identities. As a self-described “neurospicy” individual, Tanya also has a special place in her heart for working with neurodivergent people, championing their unique abilities in a world that often struggles to appreciate them.
Tanya is driven by a passion for empowering individuals to embrace their best selves, helping them navigate the highs and lows of life with resilience and confidence. Her enthusiasm extends to supporting the Queer community, where she delights in assisting people as they discover and celebrate their authentic identities. As a self-described “neurospicy” individual, Tanya also has a special place in her heart for working with neurodivergent people, championing their unique abilities in a world that often struggles to appreciate them.
(08) 7665 8775 View (08) 7665 8775
Photo of Ashleigh Marlow, Psychotherapist, AThR
Ashleigh Marlow
Psychotherapist, AThR
Verified Verified
Wangaratta, VIC 3677
Welcome to your safe space to explore your inner world and uncover the roots of your distress. Whether you are healing from trauma, struggling with anxiety or depression, or seeking to improve your relationships and self-esteem, I am here to support you on your transformation journey. We will work together to create a personalised mental health plan to address your unique needs and goals. With an empathetic ear, I am your biggest cheerleader, guiding you towards emotional regulation, reconnection, and wellbeing.
Welcome to your safe space to explore your inner world and uncover the roots of your distress. Whether you are healing from trauma, struggling with anxiety or depression, or seeking to improve your relationships and self-esteem, I am here to support you on your transformation journey. We will work together to create a personalised mental health plan to address your unique needs and goals. With an empathetic ear, I am your biggest cheerleader, guiding you towards emotional regulation, reconnection, and wellbeing.
(03) 4708 4302 View (03) 4708 4302

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Benalla, VIC

10+

Average cost per session

$180

Counsellors in Benalla, VIC who prioritize treating:

91% Trauma and PTSD
82% Anxiety
73% Depression
64% Relationship Issues
64% Stress
55% Suicidal Ideation
55% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Medicare Rebates
67% Other
33% Any/Out-of-network Insurance

How Counsellors in Benalla, VIC see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Benalla?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.