Photo of Jennie Fitzhardinge, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Jennie Fitzhardinge
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
I work with highly sensitive people who struggle with intense emotions and their aftermath. Sometimes they may feel like they are feeling everything, all at once, at other times nothing at all. They may have experienced a big trauma, or lots of little ones. My clients come to learn how to navigate the emotional highs and lows, be a better friend and partner (and find better friends and partners) and overcome their difficulties to build a life that is meaningful and rich to them. I work with adolescents and their families and adults of all ages. I also work with carers (family and friends) of people with mental health challenges.
I work with highly sensitive people who struggle with intense emotions and their aftermath. Sometimes they may feel like they are feeling everything, all at once, at other times nothing at all. They may have experienced a big trauma, or lots of little ones. My clients come to learn how to navigate the emotional highs and lows, be a better friend and partner (and find better friends and partners) and overcome their difficulties to build a life that is meaningful and rich to them. I work with adolescents and their families and adults of all ages. I also work with carers (family and friends) of people with mental health challenges.
(08) 6219 3991 View (08) 6219 3991
Photo of Helen Brittan - Nurturing Growth Psychotherapy , Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Helen Brittan - Nurturing Growth Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
We all face challenges that can leave us feeling anxious, unsure, sad, angry or depressed, disrupting home, friendship or work relationships. Chronic anxiety, grief, anger, hopelessness or loneliness can lead to isolation & overwhelm. Helen’s empathic support will help you make sense of your situation, manage difficult thoughts & feelings & embark on your journey to freedom. Her focus is helping women with pregnancy, baby & parenting concerns (perinatal), healing from difficult relationships, self-development & recovery from trauma or domestic violence. Her compassionate support and tailored strategies will enable your recovery.
We all face challenges that can leave us feeling anxious, unsure, sad, angry or depressed, disrupting home, friendship or work relationships. Chronic anxiety, grief, anger, hopelessness or loneliness can lead to isolation & overwhelm. Helen’s empathic support will help you make sense of your situation, manage difficult thoughts & feelings & embark on your journey to freedom. Her focus is helping women with pregnancy, baby & parenting concerns (perinatal), healing from difficult relationships, self-development & recovery from trauma or domestic violence. Her compassionate support and tailored strategies will enable your recovery.
(08) 6493 7950 View (08) 6493 7950
Photo of Rhiannon Derrig, Psychotherapist in Subiaco, WA
Rhiannon Derrig
Psychotherapist, MSc, PACFA
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
As a clincial psychotherapist and registered psychosexual therapist, I specialise in helping individuals with trauma and PTSD, self-esteem issues, relationship issues, and sexual difficulties, including intimacy and trust. I am also passionate about providing support for navigating gendered, sexual, racial, and neuro diversity, and cultural identities, who may experience discrimination or internalised stigma. Centering unconditional positive regard, I work closely with the client to deeply explore how their past experiences, current situations, family background, and social elements of their lives have impacted their wellbeing.
As a clincial psychotherapist and registered psychosexual therapist, I specialise in helping individuals with trauma and PTSD, self-esteem issues, relationship issues, and sexual difficulties, including intimacy and trust. I am also passionate about providing support for navigating gendered, sexual, racial, and neuro diversity, and cultural identities, who may experience discrimination or internalised stigma. Centering unconditional positive regard, I work closely with the client to deeply explore how their past experiences, current situations, family background, and social elements of their lives have impacted their wellbeing.
(02) 9100 0199 View (02) 9100 0199
Photo of Heath Marshall, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Heath Marshall
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Subiaco, WA 6008
Not accepting new clients
I have significant experience in supporting clients to build healthier and more positive relationships, not only with others but with themselves. I work with clients experiencing difficulties related to stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use, grief, and a range of other issues. I work with children, adolescents and adults in a collaborative, trauma informed and client centred way that puts the needs of the client front and centre.
I have significant experience in supporting clients to build healthier and more positive relationships, not only with others but with themselves. I work with clients experiencing difficulties related to stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use, grief, and a range of other issues. I work with children, adolescents and adults in a collaborative, trauma informed and client centred way that puts the needs of the client front and centre.
(08) 6206 8106 View (08) 6206 8106

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Lotte Fossland, Psychologist in Subiaco, WA
Lotte Fossland
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
My name is Lotte, I work with teenagers, adults and elderly clients, specializing in childhood trauma/PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have a background in family counselling and find it very meaningful to explore intergenerational or parenting issues with my clients! I provide EMDR and Schema therapy and CBT for depression and anxiety. Recently I improved my skills in therapies to elderly (65+) clients, by providing more flexibility, being family- and support orientated. I would also like to see you if body image/low self-esteem, sexuality and gender issues are a challenge. I have been told I am a friendly and genuine psychologist!
My name is Lotte, I work with teenagers, adults and elderly clients, specializing in childhood trauma/PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have a background in family counselling and find it very meaningful to explore intergenerational or parenting issues with my clients! I provide EMDR and Schema therapy and CBT for depression and anxiety. Recently I improved my skills in therapies to elderly (65+) clients, by providing more flexibility, being family- and support orientated. I would also like to see you if body image/low self-esteem, sexuality and gender issues are a challenge. I have been told I am a friendly and genuine psychologist!
(08) 9473 6312 View (08) 9473 6312
Photo of Caroline Spiers, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Caroline Spiers
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Leederville, WA 6007  (Online Only)
I work from a trauma based, acceptance position with specialism in working with identity, belonging, grief, loss and attachment including ADHD, ASD, trans and poly clients.
ACA (Australian Counsellors Assoc) and BACP (British Association Counsellors and Psychotherapists) accredited. I believe in truly listening and helping to guide people according to their individual history with an emphasis on non-judgement, building strengths and empathic responding. I have worked for 20+ years with people affected by a wide range of issues, trauma and mental health challenges with specific experience supporting people affected by adoption (I have lived experience as an adoptee and continue to work with adoptees), anxiety, depression, couples counselling, schizophrenia, addiction and trauma.
I work from a trauma based, acceptance position with specialism in working with identity, belonging, grief, loss and attachment including ADHD, ASD, trans and poly clients.
ACA (Australian Counsellors Assoc) and BACP (British Association Counsellors and Psychotherapists) accredited. I believe in truly listening and helping to guide people according to their individual history with an emphasis on non-judgement, building strengths and empathic responding. I have worked for 20+ years with people affected by a wide range of issues, trauma and mental health challenges with specific experience supporting people affected by adoption (I have lived experience as an adoptee and continue to work with adoptees), anxiety, depression, couples counselling, schizophrenia, addiction and trauma.
(03) 7003 2855 View (03) 7003 2855
Photo of Esther Ogilvie in Subiaco, WA
Esther Ogilvie
MSc
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
I use a combination of holistic trauma informed strategies to safely support clients with processing their trauma and shifting unhelpful beliefs and unconscious patterns of behaviour.
Do you suffer from unprocessed trauma or feel stuck, anxious, depressed? Are you experiencing sex or gender identity issues, interpersonal struggles or emotional dysregulation? This includes relationships with fear, self-doubt, shame and guilt, and major life transitions. Through our sessions you will see a change in your nervous system and emotional regulation, self-awareness of patterns and behaviours, self-compassion and a larger vitality for life. I offer support for individuals and couples experiencing relationship challenges particularly ethical non monogamy and kink. Couples will experience a new found sense of understanding.
I use a combination of holistic trauma informed strategies to safely support clients with processing their trauma and shifting unhelpful beliefs and unconscious patterns of behaviour.
Do you suffer from unprocessed trauma or feel stuck, anxious, depressed? Are you experiencing sex or gender identity issues, interpersonal struggles or emotional dysregulation? This includes relationships with fear, self-doubt, shame and guilt, and major life transitions. Through our sessions you will see a change in your nervous system and emotional regulation, self-awareness of patterns and behaviours, self-compassion and a larger vitality for life. I offer support for individuals and couples experiencing relationship challenges particularly ethical non monogamy and kink. Couples will experience a new found sense of understanding.
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Photo of Toni Jackson, Psychotherapist in Subiaco, WA
Toni Jackson
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
I specialise in working with women and LGBTQI+ folk who are wanting support with trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, and body image concerns. Many of my clients experience stigma and micro-aggressions on a daily basis. Some of the main reasons people choose to see me are because they struggle with feeling 'not good enough', or they have difficulty coping with overwhelming emotions, or they are struggling in a world that doesn't seem to accept them. Some of my clients feel disconnected from themselves and are wanting support to work out who they are. Most of my clients would like to feel safer.
I specialise in working with women and LGBTQI+ folk who are wanting support with trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, and body image concerns. Many of my clients experience stigma and micro-aggressions on a daily basis. Some of the main reasons people choose to see me are because they struggle with feeling 'not good enough', or they have difficulty coping with overwhelming emotions, or they are struggling in a world that doesn't seem to accept them. Some of my clients feel disconnected from themselves and are wanting support to work out who they are. Most of my clients would like to feel safer.
(08) 9521 4353 View (08) 9521 4353
Photo of Diana Lalor, Psychologist in Subiaco, WA
Diana Lalor
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
Diana's breadth of experience includes relationship and couples counselling, counselling for depression and anxiety, trauma counselling, and psychological services and counselling for transgender children and adults.
Diana is a Psychologist trained in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, an accredited Gestalt Therapist, experienced Relationship Counsellor and has been practising in Perth, Western Australia since 1990. She is the Principal Psychologist and Proprietor of Cottesloe Counselling Centre.
Diana's breadth of experience includes relationship and couples counselling, counselling for depression and anxiety, trauma counselling, and psychological services and counselling for transgender children and adults.
Diana is a Psychologist trained in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, an accredited Gestalt Therapist, experienced Relationship Counsellor and has been practising in Perth, Western Australia since 1990. She is the Principal Psychologist and Proprietor of Cottesloe Counselling Centre.
(08) 9551 7926 View (08) 9551 7926
Photo of EMDR/ Trauma Therapist, Psychologist in Subiaco, WA
EMDR/ Trauma Therapist
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
I use an integrative approach that brings together EMDR and other trauma-informed and evidence-based therapies.
I am a general psychologist (registered with AHPRA) with a focus on providing a convenient EMDR telehealth service (using video-conferencing such as Zoom, or phone) for adult individuals from anywhere in Australia or overseas. My goal in therapy is to create a safe, confidential space online where you can talk openly about your life without feeling judged. I take referrals from adult individuals and welcome those of diverse sexual orientations, gender identities/expressions, and cultural backgrounds.
I use an integrative approach that brings together EMDR and other trauma-informed and evidence-based therapies.
I am a general psychologist (registered with AHPRA) with a focus on providing a convenient EMDR telehealth service (using video-conferencing such as Zoom, or phone) for adult individuals from anywhere in Australia or overseas. My goal in therapy is to create a safe, confidential space online where you can talk openly about your life without feeling judged. I take referrals from adult individuals and welcome those of diverse sexual orientations, gender identities/expressions, and cultural backgrounds.
(07) 2000 4831 View (07) 2000 4831
Photo of Jesse Muller - Counselling and Psychotherapy, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Jesse Muller - Counselling and Psychotherapy
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
Are you recovering from trauma, oppression or psychological abuse? Do you need support to heal and take charge of your life, creating wellbeing and freedom. If you are living with distress, anxiety, co-dependency or something is in the way of you enjoying and living your life, reach out and we can work together to support you to regain connection with yourself to start/continue towards creating the life you want. I also work with parents and the impacts of trauma on their experience as a parent and healing parent child dynamics. Trans and gender diverse people are welcome along with all people from LGBTIQA+ communities.
Are you recovering from trauma, oppression or psychological abuse? Do you need support to heal and take charge of your life, creating wellbeing and freedom. If you are living with distress, anxiety, co-dependency or something is in the way of you enjoying and living your life, reach out and we can work together to support you to regain connection with yourself to start/continue towards creating the life you want. I also work with parents and the impacts of trauma on their experience as a parent and healing parent child dynamics. Trans and gender diverse people are welcome along with all people from LGBTIQA+ communities.
(08) 7100 9046 View (08) 7100 9046
Photo of Stacey Roy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Subiaco, WA
Stacey Roy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
Welcome! My name is Stacey (she/her) and I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker (AMHSW), Credentialed Eating Disorder Clinician (CEDC) and Registered Yoga Teacher (RYT). I am passionate about mental healthcare that considers all aspects of a person's wellbeing — mind, body, spirit, environment, and community. In my clinical practice, I specialise in supporting those experiencing complex trauma (including Borderline Personality Disorder) and eating disorders.
Welcome! My name is Stacey (she/her) and I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker (AMHSW), Credentialed Eating Disorder Clinician (CEDC) and Registered Yoga Teacher (RYT). I am passionate about mental healthcare that considers all aspects of a person's wellbeing — mind, body, spirit, environment, and community. In my clinical practice, I specialise in supporting those experiencing complex trauma (including Borderline Personality Disorder) and eating disorders.
(08) 7008 9472 View (08) 7008 9472
Photo of Anine Cummins (they/them) - Ginger Cat Counselling, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Anine Cummins (they/them) - Ginger Cat Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I’m gender non-conforming, a proud member of the LGBTIQ+ community and I’ve successfully overcome trauma.
Please note: I am a counsellor, and cannot accept mental health care plans. I provide online counselling for adults and teenagers. Everyone is welcome! I work with LGBTIQ+ clients, including trans and non-binary people, people with traumatic histories, including sexual assault and abuse, people with dissociative disorders, including DID, people with ADHD and autism, and other neurodiverse brains, activists and other people struggling with burn out.
I’m gender non-conforming, a proud member of the LGBTIQ+ community and I’ve successfully overcome trauma.
Please note: I am a counsellor, and cannot accept mental health care plans. I provide online counselling for adults and teenagers. Everyone is welcome! I work with LGBTIQ+ clients, including trans and non-binary people, people with traumatic histories, including sexual assault and abuse, people with dissociative disorders, including DID, people with ADHD and autism, and other neurodiverse brains, activists and other people struggling with burn out.
(03) 8338 1789 View (03) 8338 1789
Photo of Niamh Connellan, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Niamh Connellan
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
I have experience working with a range of therapeutic focuses including trauma, neurodiversity, sex and sexuality, and diverse relationship structures (including D/s dynamics, polyamory, and other relationship arrangements).
I provide specialised counselling support to people with diverse experiences, including neurodivergence, gender, race, sexuality, disability, and fatness. My work centres anti-oppressive practices and values. I prioritise lived experience values and draw on my own journey and the journeys of others in my work.
I have experience working with a range of therapeutic focuses including trauma, neurodiversity, sex and sexuality, and diverse relationship structures (including D/s dynamics, polyamory, and other relationship arrangements).
I provide specialised counselling support to people with diverse experiences, including neurodivergence, gender, race, sexuality, disability, and fatness. My work centres anti-oppressive practices and values. I prioritise lived experience values and draw on my own journey and the journeys of others in my work.
(03) 9626 9520 View (03) 9626 9520
Photo of Dr Sandra Basham, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Dr Sandra Basham
Counsellor, PhD
Verified Verified
West Perth, WA 6005
I work as a clinical supervisor, psycho educator and therapist. My clinical focus is on supervision, though I do take new clients to keep my skills current. I am a postgraduate trained counsellor and sexologist. My training and background is in child sexual abuse, trauma & attachment, sexual difficulties and religious abuse resulting in trauma. I use multiple therapeutic modalities within the supervisory or counselling relationship. We will work together using person-centred, family systems, narrative, IFS, ACT, Somatic, artistic and Trauma Focused methods.
I work as a clinical supervisor, psycho educator and therapist. My clinical focus is on supervision, though I do take new clients to keep my skills current. I am a postgraduate trained counsellor and sexologist. My training and background is in child sexual abuse, trauma & attachment, sexual difficulties and religious abuse resulting in trauma. I use multiple therapeutic modalities within the supervisory or counselling relationship. We will work together using person-centred, family systems, narrative, IFS, ACT, Somatic, artistic and Trauma Focused methods.
(08) 6493 7204 View (08) 6493 7204
Photo of Inner Worlds Arts Therapy, Psychotherapist in Subiaco, WA
Inner Worlds Arts Therapy
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Perth, WA 6000
Alongside neuro-affirming care, I use person-centred, trauma-informed, strengths-based and multi-modal approaches all with a unique transpersonal twist to support internal resources, identity and resilience.
Please reach out via email. Hello! I'm Lauren (she/they) and I am an Arts Psychotherapist and Counsellor based in the Outer Eastern suburbs of Naarm (Melbourne). I have lived experience of being neurodivergent (AuDHD) and I am currently exploring my own queer identity. I am passionate about neuro-affirming care and psychoeducation around neurodivergence, and holistic care for youth, women and queer folk living with disability and trauma. I am a mum to one human teen and one elderly Siamese cat. I am an established artist who dabbles in art journaling, mixed media art, photography, dance and movement and more.
Alongside neuro-affirming care, I use person-centred, trauma-informed, strengths-based and multi-modal approaches all with a unique transpersonal twist to support internal resources, identity and resilience.
Please reach out via email. Hello! I'm Lauren (she/they) and I am an Arts Psychotherapist and Counsellor based in the Outer Eastern suburbs of Naarm (Melbourne). I have lived experience of being neurodivergent (AuDHD) and I am currently exploring my own queer identity. I am passionate about neuro-affirming care and psychoeducation around neurodivergence, and holistic care for youth, women and queer folk living with disability and trauma. I am a mum to one human teen and one elderly Siamese cat. I am an established artist who dabbles in art journaling, mixed media art, photography, dance and movement and more.
(03) 8771 5199 View (03) 8771 5199
Photo of Sarah Roberts - The Empty Cradle, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Sarah Roberts - The Empty Cradle
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
The Empty Cradle supports involuntary childless women to grieve the loss of motherhood and create lives of connection, meaning and joy. As lived experience counsellors we understand childlessness can leave women feeling broken hearted and excluded from the world of children, mothers and families. We can experience profound grief, shame, diminished self worth, struggle for meaning and purpose, and impact on interpersonal relationships. There can be regrets, bereavement, losses and ongoing trauma. We support women to develop esteem, confidence and competence to navigate this difficult terrain and gently create a new vision for life.
The Empty Cradle supports involuntary childless women to grieve the loss of motherhood and create lives of connection, meaning and joy. As lived experience counsellors we understand childlessness can leave women feeling broken hearted and excluded from the world of children, mothers and families. We can experience profound grief, shame, diminished self worth, struggle for meaning and purpose, and impact on interpersonal relationships. There can be regrets, bereavement, losses and ongoing trauma. We support women to develop esteem, confidence and competence to navigate this difficult terrain and gently create a new vision for life.
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Photo of Women Assist Counselling, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Women Assist Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
Women Assist is a professional counselling and psychotherapy service that supports all people who identify as women with their mental health and well-being. We are a trauma-informed and culturally sensitive service, offering counselling and psychotherapy via telephone or online video platform.
Women Assist is a professional counselling and psychotherapy service that supports all people who identify as women with their mental health and well-being. We are a trauma-informed and culturally sensitive service, offering counselling and psychotherapy via telephone or online video platform.
(03) 9344 1672 View (03) 9344 1672
Photo of Coby Greer, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Coby Greer
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
West Perth, WA 6005
Coby believes that wellness and wellbeing are a right for all and is passionate about supporting people in their healing through the self-transformative practices of evidence-based psychological therapies, somatic-based modalities and mindfulness. She has a deep interest in supporting people in building an intimate relationship between their physical body and their psychological wellbeing to help facilitate positive behaviour change. Coby’s strength-based and trauma-informed approach holds the view that the body is a resource for self-exploration, self-discovery and psychological healing.
Coby believes that wellness and wellbeing are a right for all and is passionate about supporting people in their healing through the self-transformative practices of evidence-based psychological therapies, somatic-based modalities and mindfulness. She has a deep interest in supporting people in building an intimate relationship between their physical body and their psychological wellbeing to help facilitate positive behaviour change. Coby’s strength-based and trauma-informed approach holds the view that the body is a resource for self-exploration, self-discovery and psychological healing.
(08) 6490 9061 View (08) 6490 9061
Photo of Wren Counselling, Counsellor in Subiaco, WA
Wren Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
The core of my integrative trauma informed practice is Gestalt therapy including elements of Schema therapy, Internal Family Systems and Buddhist psychology.
My wealth of lived experiences including gender transition inform my collaborative client centred counselling approach. Whilst presenting issues may include depression, anxiety, identity incongruence, dysphoria, trauma, interpersonal challenges, addiction, loneliness, and more, I seek to work with the underlying causes as I believe that through addressing the root causes of the presenting symptoms that psychological wellbeing can be achieved without judgement or further pathologisation.
The core of my integrative trauma informed practice is Gestalt therapy including elements of Schema therapy, Internal Family Systems and Buddhist psychology.
My wealth of lived experiences including gender transition inform my collaborative client centred counselling approach. Whilst presenting issues may include depression, anxiety, identity incongruence, dysphoria, trauma, interpersonal challenges, addiction, loneliness, and more, I seek to work with the underlying causes as I believe that through addressing the root causes of the presenting symptoms that psychological wellbeing can be achieved without judgement or further pathologisation.
0434 080 166 View 0434 080 166

See more therapy options for Subiaco

Trauma and PTSD Counsellors

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.