Depression Psychologists and Therapists in Saint Peters, SA

Photo of Jane Dodding, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Jane Dodding
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
I have extensive experience working with adults who are often struggling with depression, anxiety, stress, and/or interpersonal relationships.
Essentially people only see me when things aren’t working. I like to work from a practical perspective, providing ideas and strategies to do things differently and we review the outcome. We continue to explore additional techniques to equip you with many tools. I tailor treatment to your needs and wants and often use CBT, ACT, and interpersonal therapy.
I have extensive experience working with adults who are often struggling with depression, anxiety, stress, and/or interpersonal relationships.
Essentially people only see me when things aren’t working. I like to work from a practical perspective, providing ideas and strategies to do things differently and we review the outcome. We continue to explore additional techniques to equip you with many tools. I tailor treatment to your needs and wants and often use CBT, ACT, and interpersonal therapy.
(08) 7008 7171 View (08) 7008 7171
Photo of Lina Schonfeld, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Lina Schonfeld
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
I work with adults across Australia experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma, life transitions, or persistent self doubt.
My approach focuses on helping you understand the different parts of yourself that hold pain, fear, or protective patterns, so you can relate to yourself with greater clarity, confidence, and self trust. Therapy is collaborative, compassionate, and paced according to what feels safe for you.
I work with adults across Australia experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, trauma, life transitions, or persistent self doubt.
My approach focuses on helping you understand the different parts of yourself that hold pain, fear, or protective patterns, so you can relate to yourself with greater clarity, confidence, and self trust. Therapy is collaborative, compassionate, and paced according to what feels safe for you.
(08) 7008 9620 View (08) 7008 9620
Photo of Alexandra Frost - Attuned Psychology - North Adelaide and Glenelg, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Attuned Psychology - North Adelaide and Glenelg
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
Our team work with a range of issues such as stress, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, trauma, self worth and confidence, work/life balance, adjustment to chronic illness, and emotional regulation.
Welcome to Attuned Psychology, North Adelaide & Glenelg. We are an outcome-focussed established practice offering psychological and therapeutic services for people of all ages and backgrounds, with appointments available during business and after hours both face-to-face and via Telehealth. Our dedicated team of psychologists will provide you with an objective sounding board to help you find solutions, increase wellbeing, improve relationships, and achieve the life you truly want. Attuned to your needs, our skilled psychologists and therapists will blend a range of proven therapeutic approaches to best suit your individual goals.
Our team work with a range of issues such as stress, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, trauma, self worth and confidence, work/life balance, adjustment to chronic illness, and emotional regulation.
Welcome to Attuned Psychology, North Adelaide & Glenelg. We are an outcome-focussed established practice offering psychological and therapeutic services for people of all ages and backgrounds, with appointments available during business and after hours both face-to-face and via Telehealth. Our dedicated team of psychologists will provide you with an objective sounding board to help you find solutions, increase wellbeing, improve relationships, and achieve the life you truly want. Attuned to your needs, our skilled psychologists and therapists will blend a range of proven therapeutic approaches to best suit your individual goals.
(08) 7008 7948 View (08) 7008 7948
Photo of Rebekah Ireland, Psychotherapist, MA, ANZAP Graduate
Rebekah Ireland
Psychotherapist, MA, ANZAP Graduate
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have over 20 years of experience in mental health, I’ve supported people through a wide range of challenges, including complex trauma, difficulties in relationships, anxiety, depression, identity struggles, and suicidal thoughts.
I specialise as a trauma-informed psychotherapist, holding a Master of Science in Medicine (Trauma-Informed Psychotherapy) and a Bachelor of Social Work, both from the University of Sydney. My professional interests and areas of expertise include depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, personality disorders, and complex trauma.
I have over 20 years of experience in mental health, I’ve supported people through a wide range of challenges, including complex trauma, difficulties in relationships, anxiety, depression, identity struggles, and suicidal thoughts.
I specialise as a trauma-informed psychotherapist, holding a Master of Science in Medicine (Trauma-Informed Psychotherapy) and a Bachelor of Social Work, both from the University of Sydney. My professional interests and areas of expertise include depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, personality disorders, and complex trauma.
(08) 7008 9170 View (08) 7008 9170
Photo of Kylie Dickers, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Kylie Dickers
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Areas of psychological counselling expertise and experience include grief and loss, stress, work-related problems, Depression, Anxiety, self-esteem issues, sleep difficulties, anger management, trauma, deliberate self-harm and suicidality as well as providing counselling and support to individuals experiencing, at risk of, or recovering from domestic or family violence.
In therapy, Kylie integrates a range of psychological approaches and evidence-based treatments in order to best meet the clients’ needs. She works with her clients to assist them gain a greater insight into their thinking and behaviours and to make positive changes in their lives.
Areas of psychological counselling expertise and experience include grief and loss, stress, work-related problems, Depression, Anxiety, self-esteem issues, sleep difficulties, anger management, trauma, deliberate self-harm and suicidality as well as providing counselling and support to individuals experiencing, at risk of, or recovering from domestic or family violence.
In therapy, Kylie integrates a range of psychological approaches and evidence-based treatments in order to best meet the clients’ needs. She works with her clients to assist them gain a greater insight into their thinking and behaviours and to make positive changes in their lives.
(03) 8657 4165 View (03) 8657 4165
Photo of Kai Niezgoda - Transform Counselling, Social Worker, AASW
Transform Counselling
Social Worker, AASW
Serves Area
Many people living with complex trauma, anxiety, neurodivergence, and the impacts of LGBTQIA+ minority stress come to therapy believing there is something "wrong" with them. We can struggle for a lifetime in our attempts to "fix" ourselves and our lives. But what if the basic premise isn't true? My practice is grounded in the belief that you have responded to your life exactly as anyone else would, given what you've been through. In our work, I'll support you to understand this impact, identify the resources you already bring, develop new approaches if needed, and keep your life pointed in the direction of what truly matters to you.
Many people living with complex trauma, anxiety, neurodivergence, and the impacts of LGBTQIA+ minority stress come to therapy believing there is something "wrong" with them. We can struggle for a lifetime in our attempts to "fix" ourselves and our lives. But what if the basic premise isn't true? My practice is grounded in the belief that you have responded to your life exactly as anyone else would, given what you've been through. In our work, I'll support you to understand this impact, identify the resources you already bring, develop new approaches if needed, and keep your life pointed in the direction of what truly matters to you.
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Photo of Dr Terry Evans, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Dr Terry Evans
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I can help you to work on the challenges of being transgender, feeling more positive about your identity and sexuality, coping better with anxiety & depression.
My approach to therapy is client centered and outcome informed. Outcomes are measured at the beginning of each session using a brief questionnaire about how you have been coping in the previous week. Therapy will focus on those things that have challenged your coping skills. At the end of each session, I use another brief measure to rate how the session was for you. Did you feel heard, respected, and understood; did we talk about what you wanted to talk about, and was my approach a good fit for you? This feedback is important for me to tailor sessions to your needs.
I can help you to work on the challenges of being transgender, feeling more positive about your identity and sexuality, coping better with anxiety & depression.
My approach to therapy is client centered and outcome informed. Outcomes are measured at the beginning of each session using a brief questionnaire about how you have been coping in the previous week. Therapy will focus on those things that have challenged your coping skills. At the end of each session, I use another brief measure to rate how the session was for you. Did you feel heard, respected, and understood; did we talk about what you wanted to talk about, and was my approach a good fit for you? This feedback is important for me to tailor sessions to your needs.
(08) 7008 9752 View (08) 7008 9752
Photo of Rachel Humeniuk - AOD Psychology - Dr Rachel Humeniuk, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
AOD Psychology - Dr Rachel Humeniuk
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I specialise in helping adults with their alcohol and/or or substance use problems. I am a Registered Psychologist and have a PhD in Psychopharmacology with a special focus on addiction. I have a long-standing interest in the field of drug and alcohol issues and associated treatments. I provide treatment for issues relating to alcohol, cannabis, benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, opioids, nicotine, anaesthetics and GHB (but not for stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine).
I specialise in helping adults with their alcohol and/or or substance use problems. I am a Registered Psychologist and have a PhD in Psychopharmacology with a special focus on addiction. I have a long-standing interest in the field of drug and alcohol issues and associated treatments. I provide treatment for issues relating to alcohol, cannabis, benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, opioids, nicotine, anaesthetics and GHB (but not for stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine).
(08) 7008 9362 View (08) 7008 9362
Photo of Ryan Eyre, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Ryan Eyre
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Navigating life in the modern world can be challenging. I am here to provide the space to heal, explore, discover, and thrive. I love sharing a laugh when the time is right and forming a strong relationship to tackle what is necessary.
Navigating life in the modern world can be challenging. I am here to provide the space to heal, explore, discover, and thrive. I love sharing a laugh when the time is right and forming a strong relationship to tackle what is necessary.
(08) 7008 7561 View (08) 7008 7561
Photo of Dr Tanya Marie Robinson, Social Worker, PhD, AMHSW
Dr Tanya Marie Robinson
Social Worker, PhD, AMHSW
Serves Area
With 27 years’ experience in mental health, psycho-legal forensic science, and psychotraumatology, I specialise in trauma, anxiety, depression, burnout, overwhelm, relationship separation, abuse, violent crime, bullying, victimisation, litigation-related trauma, and complex PTSD.
I help individuals and families heal from trauma, anxiety, depression, and life challenges using trauma-informed therapies like EMDR, Schema Therapy, and Jungian psychoanalysis. Together, we create a safe, supportive space to process difficult experiences, build resilience, and promote lasting emotional wellbeing and personal growth.
With 27 years’ experience in mental health, psycho-legal forensic science, and psychotraumatology, I specialise in trauma, anxiety, depression, burnout, overwhelm, relationship separation, abuse, violent crime, bullying, victimisation, litigation-related trauma, and complex PTSD.
I help individuals and families heal from trauma, anxiety, depression, and life challenges using trauma-informed therapies like EMDR, Schema Therapy, and Jungian psychoanalysis. Together, we create a safe, supportive space to process difficult experiences, build resilience, and promote lasting emotional wellbeing and personal growth.
(08) 7081 9304 View (08) 7081 9304
Photo of Susan Ann Christie-Taylor - Mustard Seed Counselling, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Mustard Seed Counselling
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
Are you ready to work on changing your life? You have taken the brave first step by looking for a counsellor. I would love to listen to your story and help you make the changes you need to make to reach your goals. You set the pace and I will provide the safety for you to explore what it is you need to restore yourself. You may be recovering from childhood, adult or workplace trauma or grieving a loss, or you may be experiencing a difficult transition or relationship. Whatever your pain or confusion, I would be honoured to work with you as you heal and find a new direction. I do not currently have availability for new couples.
Are you ready to work on changing your life? You have taken the brave first step by looking for a counsellor. I would love to listen to your story and help you make the changes you need to make to reach your goals. You set the pace and I will provide the safety for you to explore what it is you need to restore yourself. You may be recovering from childhood, adult or workplace trauma or grieving a loss, or you may be experiencing a difficult transition or relationship. Whatever your pain or confusion, I would be honoured to work with you as you heal and find a new direction. I do not currently have availability for new couples.
(08) 7008 7796 View (08) 7008 7796
Photo of Sophia Maria Pounendis, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Sophia Maria Pounendis
Psychotherapist, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hello! Thank you so much for being here. I offer a personalised, holistic and non-clinical approach to therapy - fostering a safe and supportive space to explore and discover what is happening for you on a deeper level. Through authentic connection and individualised care, we work together to understand your concerns on a deeper level and discover the root cause of them through deepening the connection of your mind, body and emotions. I naturally integrate a sense of openness, playfulness and humour into our sessions all the while upholding a grounded, respectful, and focused approach within the therapeutic process.
Hello! Thank you so much for being here. I offer a personalised, holistic and non-clinical approach to therapy - fostering a safe and supportive space to explore and discover what is happening for you on a deeper level. Through authentic connection and individualised care, we work together to understand your concerns on a deeper level and discover the root cause of them through deepening the connection of your mind, body and emotions. I naturally integrate a sense of openness, playfulness and humour into our sessions all the while upholding a grounded, respectful, and focused approach within the therapeutic process.
(08) 7008 9404 View (08) 7008 9404

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Natalie Michels, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Natalie Michels
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Tea Tree Gully, SA 5091
As women, life’s challenges can show up in many ways—low energy, disrupted sleep, persistent anxiety, mood swings, depression, racing thoughts, chronic pain, or grief and loss.
I support women, teens, and children through anxiety, depression, grief, emotional overwhelm, and life transitions, with a special focus on women’s mental health and emotional resilience. I am passionate about supporting women to reconnect with themselves, move through difficult emotions, and build a stronger, more grounded sense of self.
As women, life’s challenges can show up in many ways—low energy, disrupted sleep, persistent anxiety, mood swings, depression, racing thoughts, chronic pain, or grief and loss.
I support women, teens, and children through anxiety, depression, grief, emotional overwhelm, and life transitions, with a special focus on women’s mental health and emotional resilience. I am passionate about supporting women to reconnect with themselves, move through difficult emotions, and build a stronger, more grounded sense of self.
(08) 7184 5997 View (08) 7184 5997
Photo of Liselotte Roosen, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Liselotte Roosen
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
Liselotte (or Lisa) is a Clinical Psychologist registered in Australia. In addition to her master's degree in clinical and health psychology, she has completed a PhD in environmental psychology. Since obtaining her Master’s degree in 2005, Liselotte has gained a lot of experience as a psychologist and has worked with many different client populations and in various settings. She has worked with clients from 4 to 104 years old, but works mainly with adults now. Liselotte has international work experience, having worked as a psychologist in the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia and Norway.
Liselotte (or Lisa) is a Clinical Psychologist registered in Australia. In addition to her master's degree in clinical and health psychology, she has completed a PhD in environmental psychology. Since obtaining her Master’s degree in 2005, Liselotte has gained a lot of experience as a psychologist and has worked with many different client populations and in various settings. She has worked with clients from 4 to 104 years old, but works mainly with adults now. Liselotte has international work experience, having worked as a psychologist in the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia and Norway.
1800 327 477 View 1800 327 477
Photo of Esther Buckler, Social Worker, AMHSW
Esther Buckler
Social Worker, AMHSW
Adelaide, SA 5000
I help client's navigate anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, grief, and relationships.
Reaching out for counselling often takes courage. Many people seek support when life feels overwhelming, relationships feel strained, or they find themselves caught in cycles of worry or unhelpful thinking patterns. I offer a warm, supportive space where you can talk about what’s happening in your life without fear of judgement. Together, we work at your pace to understand thought patterns, emotions, and behaviours, process difficult experiences, and develop practical strategies and tools to help you feel more grounded and confident.
I help client's navigate anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, grief, and relationships.
Reaching out for counselling often takes courage. Many people seek support when life feels overwhelming, relationships feel strained, or they find themselves caught in cycles of worry or unhelpful thinking patterns. I offer a warm, supportive space where you can talk about what’s happening in your life without fear of judgement. Together, we work at your pace to understand thought patterns, emotions, and behaviours, process difficult experiences, and develop practical strategies and tools to help you feel more grounded and confident.
(08) 7008 9083 View (08) 7008 9083
Photo of Isabella Loxton, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Isabella Loxton
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Adelaide, SA 5000
People come for all sorts of reasons, this is a safe space for all! Some are going through something specific. Others are in a good place and want to understand themselves better, grow, or finally make a change they've been putting off. Athletes come to work on the mental side of performance. Professionals come when work has started to cost them something. Some people just want a space to think, with someone who'll actually listen. We will use evidence-based practice as our foundation, weaving in a more holistic feel so that therapy is a nuturing and soothing experience.
People come for all sorts of reasons, this is a safe space for all! Some are going through something specific. Others are in a good place and want to understand themselves better, grow, or finally make a change they've been putting off. Athletes come to work on the mental side of performance. Professionals come when work has started to cost them something. Some people just want a space to think, with someone who'll actually listen. We will use evidence-based practice as our foundation, weaving in a more holistic feel so that therapy is a nuturing and soothing experience.
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Photo of Jonathon David Miller - Head to Heart Holistic Counselling, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L1
Head to Heart Holistic Counselling
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L1
Online Only
Whether you are dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, trauma, or seeking personal growth, my work is designed to support you by considering the mental, physical, spiritual, and relational aspects of your life.
I primarily use CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), while integrating Results Based Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and psychoeducation. My approach focuses on helping you understand your thinking patterns, develop practical coping tools, and create positive change.
Whether you are dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, trauma, or seeking personal growth, my work is designed to support you by considering the mental, physical, spiritual, and relational aspects of your life.
I primarily use CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), while integrating Results Based Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and psychoeducation. My approach focuses on helping you understand your thinking patterns, develop practical coping tools, and create positive change.
(08) 6490 9187 View (08) 6490 9187
Photo of Matthew Kay - Okay Counselling , Social Worker, AMHSW
Okay Counselling
Social Worker, AMHSW
Brighton, SA 5048
As our lives become busier and often, more isolated, it’s no surprise that the need for communicating is more important than ever. We’re faced with challenges everyday, from work stress to family relationships, and its beneficial that you are able to find time to process and talk through these issues properly. Our counsellors are trained to help you through these problems, determine the cause and offer guidance to keep you on the path to healing. If you are struggling with addiction, coping with loss, heavy decisions or simply need to clear your mind, the team at Okay Counselling are here to listen.
As our lives become busier and often, more isolated, it’s no surprise that the need for communicating is more important than ever. We’re faced with challenges everyday, from work stress to family relationships, and its beneficial that you are able to find time to process and talk through these issues properly. Our counsellors are trained to help you through these problems, determine the cause and offer guidance to keep you on the path to healing. If you are struggling with addiction, coping with loss, heavy decisions or simply need to clear your mind, the team at Okay Counselling are here to listen.
(08) 7100 9129 x61 View (08) 7100 9129 x61
Photo of Sarah Walsh - Mind Bloom Psychology, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Mind Bloom Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
I have worked extensively with clients presenting with depression, anxiety and have a particular interest in perinatal psychology including infertility, pregnancy, prenatal and postpartum.
I am an open-minded LGBTIQA+ friendly, neurodivergent-affirming psychologist who approaches care from a compassionate and client-centred approach, believing every client is the expert on their own life. I value authenticity, compassion and curiosity and am committed to collaborating with clients and tailoring sessions to individual needs, combining evidence-based practises with compassionate care. We can work together to support you on your mental health journey and assist you with the tools to build self-understanding, resilience, coping skills, improve emotional regulation, and empower you towards insight and positive changes
I have worked extensively with clients presenting with depression, anxiety and have a particular interest in perinatal psychology including infertility, pregnancy, prenatal and postpartum.
I am an open-minded LGBTIQA+ friendly, neurodivergent-affirming psychologist who approaches care from a compassionate and client-centred approach, believing every client is the expert on their own life. I value authenticity, compassion and curiosity and am committed to collaborating with clients and tailoring sessions to individual needs, combining evidence-based practises with compassionate care. We can work together to support you on your mental health journey and assist you with the tools to build self-understanding, resilience, coping skills, improve emotional regulation, and empower you towards insight and positive changes
0493 064 243 View 0493 064 243
Photo of Nathanael Sobejko - Nathanael Sobejko (Mandurah Psychology), Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Nathanael Sobejko (Mandurah Psychology)
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I am well versed to help with anxiety, depression, grief, interpersonal difficulties, autism, and am particularly interested in assisting with phobias and OCD presentations.
I have always had a heart and passion for working alongside people experiencing difficulties in their mental health. I have completed a Master of Psychology (Professional) degree and have extensive experience supporting adults and young people who have been through mental health difficulties including significant trauma and neglect. I have also worked within a school environment and I apply a scientist practitioner approach to referrals. Whether it be children, adolescents, adults or older adults alike, I will work collaboratively to establish goals and facilitate recovery and mental wellbeing.
I am well versed to help with anxiety, depression, grief, interpersonal difficulties, autism, and am particularly interested in assisting with phobias and OCD presentations.
I have always had a heart and passion for working alongside people experiencing difficulties in their mental health. I have completed a Master of Psychology (Professional) degree and have extensive experience supporting adults and young people who have been through mental health difficulties including significant trauma and neglect. I have also worked within a school environment and I apply a scientist practitioner approach to referrals. Whether it be children, adolescents, adults or older adults alike, I will work collaboratively to establish goals and facilitate recovery and mental wellbeing.
(08) 9515 9670 View (08) 9515 9670
Depression Therapists
What is the goal of therapy for depression?
Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognise and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?
Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?
Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioural activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?
Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?
Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.