Photo of Simon Tidy, Counsellor in Canberra, ACT
Simon Tidy
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600
Waitlist for new clients
I am a registered counsellor who can assist you to navigate through personal and relationship challenges and achieve positive outcomes in order to live a more satisfying and rewarding life. I offer an integrative approach, drawing on a number of therapeutic techniques that allows me as a therapist to use the most effective method available to address your individual needs. I offer counselling services both online or face to face in safe and comfortable therapeutic space where you can feel free to share your thoughts and feelings.
I am a registered counsellor who can assist you to navigate through personal and relationship challenges and achieve positive outcomes in order to live a more satisfying and rewarding life. I offer an integrative approach, drawing on a number of therapeutic techniques that allows me as a therapist to use the most effective method available to address your individual needs. I offer counselling services both online or face to face in safe and comfortable therapeutic space where you can feel free to share your thoughts and feelings.
(02) 6190 1315 View (02) 6190 1315
Photo of Zhamilya's Counselling, Counsellor in Canberra, ACT
Zhamilya's Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
I view anxiety, depression, behavioural issues, anger management, relationship issues as symptoms or rather coping strategies.
I am super passionate about my work as a Counsellor after many years of working in the corporate world left me searching for a more fulfilling and meaningful career. I find that so many of my clients echo this search – in addition to wanting to address their day-to-day life struggles – they are searching for something more. And this is where I love to be, fully attentive, empathising with my clients but most of all working alongside them to explore ways of improving all aspects of their lives, be that work, relationships, childhood attachment wounds or trauma.
I view anxiety, depression, behavioural issues, anger management, relationship issues as symptoms or rather coping strategies.
I am super passionate about my work as a Counsellor after many years of working in the corporate world left me searching for a more fulfilling and meaningful career. I find that so many of my clients echo this search – in addition to wanting to address their day-to-day life struggles – they are searching for something more. And this is where I love to be, fully attentive, empathising with my clients but most of all working alongside them to explore ways of improving all aspects of their lives, be that work, relationships, childhood attachment wounds or trauma.
(03) 9994 1757 View (03) 9994 1757
Photo of Nishie Govender - Cetas Psychology , Psychologist in Canberra, ACT
Nishie Govender - Cetas Psychology
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Canberra, ACT 2600
Clinical/ therapeutic areas of interest include: Depression, Anxiety, OCD, Phobias, Trauma and Relationship issues.
I am a registered clinical psychologist with over 10 years of experience in both clinical and organisational psychology. This dual speciality allows for a holistic lens for adults with mental health challenges. Recognising individual beliefs, experiences, and cultures is at the core of my practice. I provide support in a non-judgmental and friendly environment, allowing clients to share and work through barriers uniquely. Learn more at CetasPsychology.com
Clinical/ therapeutic areas of interest include: Depression, Anxiety, OCD, Phobias, Trauma and Relationship issues.
I am a registered clinical psychologist with over 10 years of experience in both clinical and organisational psychology. This dual speciality allows for a holistic lens for adults with mental health challenges. Recognising individual beliefs, experiences, and cultures is at the core of my practice. I provide support in a non-judgmental and friendly environment, allowing clients to share and work through barriers uniquely. Learn more at CetasPsychology.com
(03) 7003 2697 View (03) 7003 2697
Photo of Fernanda Megda, Counsellor in Canberra, ACT
Fernanda Megda
Counsellor, PsychD, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
Hi, I am Fernanda! I am compassionate counsellor and somatic therapist dedicated to guiding individuals on their journey towards self-discovery, healing and empowerment.I offer individual and couples's therapy and EFT tapping sessions to individuals seeking a deep shift in their lives. My clients reach out to resolve: Relationship issues Anxiety Depression Childhood trauma Phobias OCD Parenting Issues Low self-esteem Personal Growth
Hi, I am Fernanda! I am compassionate counsellor and somatic therapist dedicated to guiding individuals on their journey towards self-discovery, healing and empowerment.I offer individual and couples's therapy and EFT tapping sessions to individuals seeking a deep shift in their lives. My clients reach out to resolve: Relationship issues Anxiety Depression Childhood trauma Phobias OCD Parenting Issues Low self-esteem Personal Growth
(02) 9100 0179 View (02) 9100 0179
Photo of Cody Tonkin, Psychologist in Canberra, ACT
Cody Tonkin
Psychologist, MPsych, Assoc MAPS
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
Cody works with a range of presentations including stress, life adjustments, grief & loss, depression, anxiety, trauma, coping skills, life coaching, interpersonal or relationship difficulties and childhood trauma.
Cody is a registered psychologist who likes to work towards long lasting change by understanding how your past can influence your present and by looking at the roots of a problem. In doing so, she hopes to help you develop a deeper sense of self-awareness whilst also uncovering patterns that have developed over time that can be transformed into healthier ways of being. Cody welcomes you to a safe, warm and non-judgemental space where you can feel comfortable to share what has come up for you.
Cody works with a range of presentations including stress, life adjustments, grief & loss, depression, anxiety, trauma, coping skills, life coaching, interpersonal or relationship difficulties and childhood trauma.
Cody is a registered psychologist who likes to work towards long lasting change by understanding how your past can influence your present and by looking at the roots of a problem. In doing so, she hopes to help you develop a deeper sense of self-awareness whilst also uncovering patterns that have developed over time that can be transformed into healthier ways of being. Cody welcomes you to a safe, warm and non-judgemental space where you can feel comfortable to share what has come up for you.
(03) 9118 9048 View (03) 9118 9048
Photo of Madonna Counselling, Counsellor in Canberra, ACT
Madonna Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600
Regardless of your decision to stay or leave the relationship, you deserve a chance to heal.
Have you discovered your partner is a porn or sex addict? Nothing prepares you for the pain from discovering that the person you love has a sex addiction. It is one of the most painful experiences imaginable. The trauma following the discovery of betrayal is similar to the trauma of big life events such as the death of a loved one, only far more challenging because the loved one who has deeply hurt you is still there right in front of you! Hurt, betrayed, confused, angry, humiliated, overwhelmed, worthless and rejected, are just some of the feelings you may be experiencing.
Regardless of your decision to stay or leave the relationship, you deserve a chance to heal.
Have you discovered your partner is a porn or sex addict? Nothing prepares you for the pain from discovering that the person you love has a sex addiction. It is one of the most painful experiences imaginable. The trauma following the discovery of betrayal is similar to the trauma of big life events such as the death of a loved one, only far more challenging because the loved one who has deeply hurt you is still there right in front of you! Hurt, betrayed, confused, angry, humiliated, overwhelmed, worthless and rejected, are just some of the feelings you may be experiencing.
(03) 7003 2380 View (03) 7003 2380
Photo of Chris Hannan Relationship Therapist & Supervisor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Canberra, ACT
Chris Hannan Relationship Therapist & Supervisor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi, I'm Chris, I'm a Relationship Therapist & Supervisor passionate about helping couples and individuals heal from hurt, betrayal and build their dream relationships. As a partner and mother on my second long term partnership I understand the heart break of being in the wrong relationship and how it profoundly effects every area of your life. I understand the pressures of dating as a single mum and how challenging it can be to make a blended family work. It's never been easer to meet people but harder to find meaningful and healthy relationships. It’s my privilege to work with you to heal the hurt, move past the betrayal & rebuild.
Hi, I'm Chris, I'm a Relationship Therapist & Supervisor passionate about helping couples and individuals heal from hurt, betrayal and build their dream relationships. As a partner and mother on my second long term partnership I understand the heart break of being in the wrong relationship and how it profoundly effects every area of your life. I understand the pressures of dating as a single mum and how challenging it can be to make a blended family work. It's never been easer to meet people but harder to find meaningful and healthy relationships. It’s my privilege to work with you to heal the hurt, move past the betrayal & rebuild.
(03) 6164 5114 View (03) 6164 5114
Photo of Flourishing Executives Psychology, Psychologist in Canberra, ACT
Flourishing Executives Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
Are you facing personal or professional challenges impacting wellbeing? Struggling with issues like anxiety, depression, burnout, workplace stress, self-esteem, or confidence? Navigating major life transitions or relationship difficulties? Seeking support to overcome obstacles and improve circumstances? Are you someone who wants to achieve greater emotional stability, clarity, and resilience? Develop effective coping strategies and self-management skills? Cultivate a more positive and fulfilling mindset? Feel better mentally and physically, reclaim a sense of control? Then let me help you!
Are you facing personal or professional challenges impacting wellbeing? Struggling with issues like anxiety, depression, burnout, workplace stress, self-esteem, or confidence? Navigating major life transitions or relationship difficulties? Seeking support to overcome obstacles and improve circumstances? Are you someone who wants to achieve greater emotional stability, clarity, and resilience? Develop effective coping strategies and self-management skills? Cultivate a more positive and fulfilling mindset? Feel better mentally and physically, reclaim a sense of control? Then let me help you!
(03) 7003 2811 View (03) 7003 2811
Photo of Harshani Algiriya, Counsellor in Canberra, ACT
Harshani Algiriya
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600
Welcome to a sanctuary of healing and growth, where transformation begins and resilience thrives. Our team is dedicated to providing trauma-informed therapy services that are tailored to your unique journey towards a healthier and happier life. Our commitment extends to those who bear the weight of complex trauma, wrestle with personality disorders, anxiety, depression, navigate the complexities of family and relationship issues, combat addiction, struggle with sleep disturbances, and burnout of daily life. We are here to support individuals of all generations. We provide culturally sensitive inclusive environment for our clients.
Welcome to a sanctuary of healing and growth, where transformation begins and resilience thrives. Our team is dedicated to providing trauma-informed therapy services that are tailored to your unique journey towards a healthier and happier life. Our commitment extends to those who bear the weight of complex trauma, wrestle with personality disorders, anxiety, depression, navigate the complexities of family and relationship issues, combat addiction, struggle with sleep disturbances, and burnout of daily life. We are here to support individuals of all generations. We provide culturally sensitive inclusive environment for our clients.
(03) 8595 5442 View (03) 8595 5442
Photo of Helen Qin Counselling (English, Mandarin), Psychotherapist in Canberra, ACT
Helen Qin Counselling (English, Mandarin)
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600
Hello, I am an registered Medicare provider, highly professional and compassionate bilingual psychotherapist/counsellor (English, Mandarin) and Accredited Mental Health Social Worker with more than 10 years of clinical experience. I am also a professionally trained and qualified relationship/marriage counsellor (Dr. John Gottman method of couple counselling level 3 trained).
Hello, I am an registered Medicare provider, highly professional and compassionate bilingual psychotherapist/counsellor (English, Mandarin) and Accredited Mental Health Social Worker with more than 10 years of clinical experience. I am also a professionally trained and qualified relationship/marriage counsellor (Dr. John Gottman method of couple counselling level 3 trained).
(02) 9098 5155 View (02) 9098 5155
Photo of Canberra Mobile Counselling, Counsellor in Canberra, ACT
Canberra Mobile Counselling
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Canberra, ACT 2600
I primarily work with individuals and couples and am very experienced at working with neurodivergent people, especially Autistics and ADHDers, including couples that have a NT/ND relationship.
You might want help with anxiety, depression, neurodiversity, trauma, or relationships. Or you are looking for a translator to help you communicate across different neurotypes (NT/ND)? Do you want to break old habits, create new patterns, talk through things that you are still holding on to. Maybe you have been (newly) diagnosed with Autism or ADHD and you want to process your diagnosis in a neurodiversity affirming way? (Whilst I have a special interest in neurodiversity and trauma, I see a range of clients for a range of issues.)
I primarily work with individuals and couples and am very experienced at working with neurodivergent people, especially Autistics and ADHDers, including couples that have a NT/ND relationship.
You might want help with anxiety, depression, neurodiversity, trauma, or relationships. Or you are looking for a translator to help you communicate across different neurotypes (NT/ND)? Do you want to break old habits, create new patterns, talk through things that you are still holding on to. Maybe you have been (newly) diagnosed with Autism or ADHD and you want to process your diagnosis in a neurodiversity affirming way? (Whilst I have a special interest in neurodiversity and trauma, I see a range of clients for a range of issues.)
(02) 5926 2237 View (02) 5926 2237
Photo of Enlighten Mental Health , Psychologist in Canberra, ACT
Enlighten Mental Health
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Canberra, ACT 2600
Trauma, PTSD, Anxiety, depression, Defence issues (post deployment, relationship, police, emergency services), OCD, Borderline personality and more.
Currently accepting new clients. Enlighten Mental Health is an integration clinic that offers in-person or Telehealth appointments. We see a range of clients for Psychedelic integration (aftercare and harm reduction) PTSD, C-PTSD, Depression, anxiety, OCD, Borderline personality disorders, LGBTQIA+ issues and much more. We are proud allies of the rainbow community and offer a range of support for individuals and relationships.
Trauma, PTSD, Anxiety, depression, Defence issues (post deployment, relationship, police, emergency services), OCD, Borderline personality and more.
Currently accepting new clients. Enlighten Mental Health is an integration clinic that offers in-person or Telehealth appointments. We see a range of clients for Psychedelic integration (aftercare and harm reduction) PTSD, C-PTSD, Depression, anxiety, OCD, Borderline personality disorders, LGBTQIA+ issues and much more. We are proud allies of the rainbow community and offer a range of support for individuals and relationships.
1300 618 927 View 1300 618 927
Photo of Sally Walsh, Psychotherapist in Canberra, ACT
Sally Walsh
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600
It can be both cathartic and healing to talk with someone in a therapeutic relationship characterised by empathy, genuineness and unconditional regard.
Immediately Available - No Waitlist - Registered Clinical Psychotherapist and Registered Mental Health Practitioner. Are you overwhelmed, anxious or depressed or seeking practical support? Are you struggling with an issue on your own? We can work this out together to help you feel more in control. I can help you see your situation more clearly with talking therapy and somatically integrating body/mind experiences for emotional distress support for anxiety, depression and trauma (CPTSD) ie. brain intervention (7-8 sessions). Relationship struggles ? including narcissism tendencies or sex issues (emotional, physical or sexual).
It can be both cathartic and healing to talk with someone in a therapeutic relationship characterised by empathy, genuineness and unconditional regard.
Immediately Available - No Waitlist - Registered Clinical Psychotherapist and Registered Mental Health Practitioner. Are you overwhelmed, anxious or depressed or seeking practical support? Are you struggling with an issue on your own? We can work this out together to help you feel more in control. I can help you see your situation more clearly with talking therapy and somatically integrating body/mind experiences for emotional distress support for anxiety, depression and trauma (CPTSD) ie. brain intervention (7-8 sessions). Relationship struggles ? including narcissism tendencies or sex issues (emotional, physical or sexual).
(02) 9100 0123 View (02) 9100 0123
Photo of Bronwyn Andersen, Psychologist in Canberra, ACT
Bronwyn Andersen
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600
I believe in a collaborative therapeutic relationship, where I work closely with my clients to explore their identities and life experiences comprehensively.
As a registered psychologist specializing in ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) for children, adolescents, and young adults, I am committed to providing highly specialized, engaging, and effective therapy. My practice is uniquely tailored to the needs of young individuals with ADHD and/or ASD, focusing on creating a supportive and dynamic environment that fosters strengths and individuality. I recognize that neurodiversity can significantly affect daily life, including academic performance, social interactions, self-esteem, and overall well-being.
I believe in a collaborative therapeutic relationship, where I work closely with my clients to explore their identities and life experiences comprehensively.
As a registered psychologist specializing in ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) for children, adolescents, and young adults, I am committed to providing highly specialized, engaging, and effective therapy. My practice is uniquely tailored to the needs of young individuals with ADHD and/or ASD, focusing on creating a supportive and dynamic environment that fosters strengths and individuality. I recognize that neurodiversity can significantly affect daily life, including academic performance, social interactions, self-esteem, and overall well-being.
(02) 9100 0872 View (02) 9100 0872
Photo of Margot Trinder, Psychologist in Canberra, ACT
Margot Trinder
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
The Issues I can assist you with include: anxiety, depression and stress, trauma, grief and loss, lifestage transitions, parenting, substance addictions, neurodiversity and relationship difficulties .
I am a warm and experienced psychologist working with adults across the lifespan to address a broad range of issues. I bring deep respect and awareness to how each person's story, needs and circumstances are different. I draw from my decades of experience and professional training across a wide range of therapeutic modalities. My work is guided by a strong systemic approach: seeing all parts of a person, as well as the layers of relationships, family, work, culture and society that have and continue to influence and shape us. My approach ensures that each person I work with receives support tailored specifically for them.
The Issues I can assist you with include: anxiety, depression and stress, trauma, grief and loss, lifestage transitions, parenting, substance addictions, neurodiversity and relationship difficulties .
I am a warm and experienced psychologist working with adults across the lifespan to address a broad range of issues. I bring deep respect and awareness to how each person's story, needs and circumstances are different. I draw from my decades of experience and professional training across a wide range of therapeutic modalities. My work is guided by a strong systemic approach: seeing all parts of a person, as well as the layers of relationships, family, work, culture and society that have and continue to influence and shape us. My approach ensures that each person I work with receives support tailored specifically for them.
(07) 5240 9828 View (07) 5240 9828
Photo of Shaun McMahon, Psychotherapist in Canberra, ACT
Shaun McMahon
Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Canberra, ACT 2600
Shaun is a warm, caring and calm psychotherapist who works with both individuals and couples. He is passionate about helping his clients to overcome their challenges and to live more fulfilling lives, while offering a compassionate and comforting presence. Shaun works with clients from all walks of life struggling with a range of issues, such as depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and relationship issues. He has a special interest in working with clients who have experienced trauma, including childhood trauma, relationship trauma and sexual trauma, as well as individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder.
Shaun is a warm, caring and calm psychotherapist who works with both individuals and couples. He is passionate about helping his clients to overcome their challenges and to live more fulfilling lives, while offering a compassionate and comforting presence. Shaun works with clients from all walks of life struggling with a range of issues, such as depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and relationship issues. He has a special interest in working with clients who have experienced trauma, including childhood trauma, relationship trauma and sexual trauma, as well as individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder.
(03) 7003 2250 View (03) 7003 2250
Photo of Malleable Minds - Lisa Nguyen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Canberra, ACT
Malleable Minds - Lisa Nguyen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
I recognise that individuals are the experts in their own lives and I work collaboratively to address the challenges they encounter. I provide focused psychological strategies to address a range of mental health concerns, specialising in Trauma and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, Emotion Dysregulation, Stress, Interpersonal Conflict (relationship and family), Adjustment Issues, Grief and Loss and Asian Australian Mental Health. Acknowledging that therapy can be a challenging experience for some, I approach each session with awareness and understanding.
I recognise that individuals are the experts in their own lives and I work collaboratively to address the challenges they encounter. I provide focused psychological strategies to address a range of mental health concerns, specialising in Trauma and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, Emotion Dysregulation, Stress, Interpersonal Conflict (relationship and family), Adjustment Issues, Grief and Loss and Asian Australian Mental Health. Acknowledging that therapy can be a challenging experience for some, I approach each session with awareness and understanding.
(08) 7008 7127 View (08) 7008 7127
Photo of Francesca Palazzolo, Psychotherapist in Canberra, ACT
Francesca Palazzolo
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a counsellor & psychotherapist working in the existential humanist tradition. I work with all sorts of issues including mental health, addictive behaviours and relationship issues to name a few. I am registered with PACFA (Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation Australia) which is the national peak body for counsellors and psychotherapists in Australia and have experience in youth mental health, alcohol and other drugs counselling and general counselling. If you are experiencing issues with any emotional concerns, anxiety, substance use, addiction, including behavioural addictions, please do not hesitate to reach out.
I am a counsellor & psychotherapist working in the existential humanist tradition. I work with all sorts of issues including mental health, addictive behaviours and relationship issues to name a few. I am registered with PACFA (Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation Australia) which is the national peak body for counsellors and psychotherapists in Australia and have experience in youth mental health, alcohol and other drugs counselling and general counselling. If you are experiencing issues with any emotional concerns, anxiety, substance use, addiction, including behavioural addictions, please do not hesitate to reach out.
(03) 6118 7251 View (03) 6118 7251
Photo of Rory McRae, Psychologist in Canberra, ACT
Rory McRae
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
Rory is a friendly and experienced registered psychologist with qualifications in psychology, careers development, exercise science and education. Rory believes developing excellent rapport is essential in therapy to ensure his clients feel comfortable and supported. Rory works with clients of all ages across a diverse range of issues. His special interests include anxiety, ADHD, depression, motivation and goal setting, trauma, bullying, low self esteem and relationship difficulties.
Rory is a friendly and experienced registered psychologist with qualifications in psychology, careers development, exercise science and education. Rory believes developing excellent rapport is essential in therapy to ensure his clients feel comfortable and supported. Rory works with clients of all ages across a diverse range of issues. His special interests include anxiety, ADHD, depression, motivation and goal setting, trauma, bullying, low self esteem and relationship difficulties.
1800 327 477 x1 View 1800 327 477 x1
Photo of Hannah Orpin, Psychologist in Canberra, ACT
Hannah Orpin
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600  (Online Only)
Hannah's number one priority is to build a strong and trusting relationship with you.
Hannah is both Australian and New Zealand Māori psychologist (Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Kahungunu). After moving from New Zealand, Hannah spent a significant portion of her career working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Hannah's work across both countries enables her to provide a culturally safe space for effective and enjoyable therapy. Hannah works with adolescents and adults across a range of issues, and have a special interest in post traumatic stress disorder, abuse, borderline personality disorder, unexplained medical symptoms, anxiety, depression, eating disorders and relationship difficulties.
Hannah's number one priority is to build a strong and trusting relationship with you.
Hannah is both Australian and New Zealand Māori psychologist (Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Kahungunu). After moving from New Zealand, Hannah spent a significant portion of her career working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Hannah's work across both countries enables her to provide a culturally safe space for effective and enjoyable therapy. Hannah works with adolescents and adults across a range of issues, and have a special interest in post traumatic stress disorder, abuse, borderline personality disorder, unexplained medical symptoms, anxiety, depression, eating disorders and relationship difficulties.
1800 327 477 View 1800 327 477

See more therapy options for Canberra

Relationship Issues Counsellors
While need for human connection appears to be innate, the ability to form healthy, loving relationships is learned. Some evidence suggests that the ability to form a stable relationship starts to form in infancy, in a child's earliest experiences with a caregiver who reliably meets the infant's needs for food, care, warmth, protection, stimulation, and social contact. Such relationships are not destiny, but they are theorized to establish deeply ingrained patterns of relating to others. The end of a relationship, however, is often a source of great psychological anguish.