Counselling in Yallah, NSW

Photo of Tiarna Cunial
Tiarna Cunial
Art Therapist
Verified Verified
Yallah, NSW 2530
I am a registered art therapist with anzacata. My bread and butter is autism and psychosocial disability. I work with an ndis registered provider, ability links, to provide art psychotherapy to both people with a disability and the general public in both individual and group sessions, as well as art as therapy craft and art classes. We have a laser cutter, 3d printers, sublimation printer, cricut, inkjet printer, laser printer, laminator, heat press and are getting new craft tech regularly, so if you are a bit more techy than you are arty we might be the studio for you.
I am a registered art therapist with anzacata. My bread and butter is autism and psychosocial disability. I work with an ndis registered provider, ability links, to provide art psychotherapy to both people with a disability and the general public in both individual and group sessions, as well as art as therapy craft and art classes. We have a laser cutter, 3d printers, sublimation printer, cricut, inkjet printer, laser printer, laminator, heat press and are getting new craft tech regularly, so if you are a bit more techy than you are arty we might be the studio for you.
(02) 4208 0649 View (02) 4208 0649
Photo of Jody Duffy - There's Always Hope Counselling, ACA-L2, Counsellor
There's Always Hope Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Yallah, NSW 2530  (Online Only)
Sometimes life is hard. We look around and think 'how did I become this person?' Or even have us questioning who we are. During these times it can be helpful to seek some clarity from someone without bias or judgment. As a trauma-informed counsellor, I am passionate about helping people face the challenges life brings & doing all I can to equip them to overcome whatever it is they may be going through. We are not meant to struggle through alone.
Sometimes life is hard. We look around and think 'how did I become this person?' Or even have us questioning who we are. During these times it can be helpful to seek some clarity from someone without bias or judgment. As a trauma-informed counsellor, I am passionate about helping people face the challenges life brings & doing all I can to equip them to overcome whatever it is they may be going through. We are not meant to struggle through alone.
(02) 4214 4067 View (02) 4214 4067
Photo of Luke Fullagar, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Luke Fullagar
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Yallah, NSW 2530
Hi, I'm Luke. I work with adults & late teens to recover from their symptoms & build a life full of meaning, safety, purpose & happiness. I work with a client-focussed & trauma-informed approach that seeks to affirm your inherent strengths & values & considers you as the authority on your own life. I’m committed to psychological safety & work to maintain an inclusive environment for all identities & cultures. I affirm & validate the unique experiences that every person brings to their therapy & try to build a container of respect & dignity which is a dependable place for healing. I commit to your care for as long at it takes.
Hi, I'm Luke. I work with adults & late teens to recover from their symptoms & build a life full of meaning, safety, purpose & happiness. I work with a client-focussed & trauma-informed approach that seeks to affirm your inherent strengths & values & considers you as the authority on your own life. I’m committed to psychological safety & work to maintain an inclusive environment for all identities & cultures. I affirm & validate the unique experiences that every person brings to their therapy & try to build a container of respect & dignity which is a dependable place for healing. I commit to your care for as long at it takes.
(02) 4214 8209 View (02) 4214 8209

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Christina Perez, MSc, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Christina Perez
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Albion Park Rail, NSW 2527
Waitlist for new clients
I’m a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years’ experience. I provide therapy for adults and older adults and provide treatment across a range of presenting difficulties, such as relationships, trauma, anxiety, depression, adjustment difficulties, emotion regulation difficulties and other complex mental health conditions. I provide both individual therapy and couples therapy, and am a Level 2 Gottman Certified Therapist. I’m also a Board-Certified Supervisor and provide supervision for interns looking to complete their training.
I’m a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years’ experience. I provide therapy for adults and older adults and provide treatment across a range of presenting difficulties, such as relationships, trauma, anxiety, depression, adjustment difficulties, emotion regulation difficulties and other complex mental health conditions. I provide both individual therapy and couples therapy, and am a Level 2 Gottman Certified Therapist. I’m also a Board-Certified Supervisor and provide supervision for interns looking to complete their training.
(02) 4210 5870 View (02) 4210 5870
Photo of Klaudia Gebert - Self Reflections, PhD, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Self Reflections
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shell Cove, NSW 2529
Self Reflections is a clinic that prides itself on delivering unparalleled quality, service and value to our clients. We have a team consisting of Psychologists, Clinical Psychologists and Accredited Practicing Dietitians providing services to those in the Illawarra and surrounding communities. In addition to individual therapeutic and dietetic services, we provide Couples Therapy, Assessment (Cognitive IQ, Functional Behavioural and Autism Assessments), Clinical Supervision as well as Groups and Workshops.
Self Reflections is a clinic that prides itself on delivering unparalleled quality, service and value to our clients. We have a team consisting of Psychologists, Clinical Psychologists and Accredited Practicing Dietitians providing services to those in the Illawarra and surrounding communities. In addition to individual therapeutic and dietetic services, we provide Couples Therapy, Assessment (Cognitive IQ, Functional Behavioural and Autism Assessments), Clinical Supervision as well as Groups and Workshops.
(02) 4288 2540 View (02) 4288 2540
Photo of Dr David Cooper, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr David Cooper
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Shellharbour, NSW 2529
Not accepting new clients
Update: (Currently not taking telehealth referrals.) I help people to make sense of their challenges, find courage for life, and connect with who/what matters to them. In clinical terms, I treat most mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, OCD, and PTSD, in addition to relationship issues. In human terms, we work together to organise overwhelming emotions, deal with difficult thoughts, and change painful patterns of behaviour.
Update: (Currently not taking telehealth referrals.) I help people to make sense of their challenges, find courage for life, and connect with who/what matters to them. In clinical terms, I treat most mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, OCD, and PTSD, in addition to relationship issues. In human terms, we work together to organise overwhelming emotions, deal with difficult thoughts, and change painful patterns of behaviour.
(02) 4250 1000 View (02) 4250 1000
Photo of Nivi (Nivedita) Malik, MA, Psychologist
Nivi (Nivedita) Malik
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shellharbour, NSW 2529
I am a registered psychologist with over 14 years of clinical experience working with a wider range of range of client group in UK and Australia. Services that I deliver includes: Treatment for anxiety, depression, PTSD, behavioural difficulties and other mental health issues for children, adolescents, and adults. *Post and perinatal depression *Neurodevelopmental Disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ADHD *Cognitive Assessments: including WISC-V, WPPSI- IV, and *Parenting Skills Training for behavioural management of children and adolescents with challenging behaviours.
I am a registered psychologist with over 14 years of clinical experience working with a wider range of range of client group in UK and Australia. Services that I deliver includes: Treatment for anxiety, depression, PTSD, behavioural difficulties and other mental health issues for children, adolescents, and adults. *Post and perinatal depression *Neurodevelopmental Disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ADHD *Cognitive Assessments: including WISC-V, WPPSI- IV, and *Parenting Skills Training for behavioural management of children and adolescents with challenging behaviours.
(02) 4607 2716 View (02) 4607 2716
Photo of Sophie Panozzo, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Sophie Panozzo
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Shellharbour, NSW 2529
Waitlist for new clients
As a registered psychologist, I am dedicated to supporting individuals on their journey to positive mental well-being, to build resilience and to overcome difficulties. My areas of work include people presenting with anxiety, depression, ADHD, low self-esteem, grief, loss, stress, panic, phobias and social anxiety. I also help with difficulties in relationships, communication and emotional regulation. I provide comprehensive psychological assessments for ADHD.
As a registered psychologist, I am dedicated to supporting individuals on their journey to positive mental well-being, to build resilience and to overcome difficulties. My areas of work include people presenting with anxiety, depression, ADHD, low self-esteem, grief, loss, stress, panic, phobias and social anxiety. I also help with difficulties in relationships, communication and emotional regulation. I provide comprehensive psychological assessments for ADHD.
(02) 8105 6739 View (02) 8105 6739
Photo of Rhyle Baker, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Rhyle Baker
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Oak Flats, NSW 2529
I am a registered psychologist with experience supporting people through a number of different concerns. I consider your needs, and aim to tailor therapy to be relevant to yourself. I am motivated to see people engage with their values, connect to the world around them, and build the action that contributes positively to life. It can be challenging to explore your current difficulties, so I appreciate the steps you have taken to better your life. I hope by working together with openness and respect, you might see the change you are after.
I am a registered psychologist with experience supporting people through a number of different concerns. I consider your needs, and aim to tailor therapy to be relevant to yourself. I am motivated to see people engage with their values, connect to the world around them, and build the action that contributes positively to life. It can be challenging to explore your current difficulties, so I appreciate the steps you have taken to better your life. I hope by working together with openness and respect, you might see the change you are after.
(02) 4210 5092 View (02) 4210 5092
Photo of Sky Maree Steele, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Sky Maree Steele
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Albion Park, NSW 2527
At Uniquely You Psychology our aim is to support you in understanding and accepting yourself whilst learning to manage life’s difficulties your way!
At Uniquely You Psychology our aim is to support you in understanding and accepting yourself whilst learning to manage life’s difficulties your way!
(02) 4214 4200 View (02) 4214 4200
Photo of Janine Lord - Shoalhaven Psychology Services, MAPS, Psychologist
Shoalhaven Psychology Services
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Shellharbour, NSW 2529
Our team of psychologists work with people and schools across Nowra and the greater Shoalhaven and Illawarra regions to provide counselling and help people resolve issues they feel are getting in the way of reaching their potential. At Shoalhaven Psychology Services we believe in whole well-being and addressing all aspects of the self internally and externally to attain capacity for processing and adapting in life.
Our team of psychologists work with people and schools across Nowra and the greater Shoalhaven and Illawarra regions to provide counselling and help people resolve issues they feel are getting in the way of reaching their potential. At Shoalhaven Psychology Services we believe in whole well-being and addressing all aspects of the self internally and externally to attain capacity for processing and adapting in life.
(02) 4058 4743 View (02) 4058 4743
Photo of Adam Ryan Park - Adam Ryan Park - The Curiosity Space, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Adam Ryan Park - The Curiosity Space
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Shellharbour, NSW 2529  (Online Only)
Many of my clients are exhausted from a life in which everyone else's needs have always been made more important than their own. From the earliest age, they weren't supported to have boundaries, and now find themselves struggling with self-esteem, low mood, anxiety, problems with keeping supportive friendships and partnerships alive, struggling to assert themselves at work or cope with professional demands, and feeling stuck in relationship dynamics in which they can't be their true self. They want to put their painful past behind them, and to have their needs recognised and allowed space going forward.
Many of my clients are exhausted from a life in which everyone else's needs have always been made more important than their own. From the earliest age, they weren't supported to have boundaries, and now find themselves struggling with self-esteem, low mood, anxiety, problems with keeping supportive friendships and partnerships alive, struggling to assert themselves at work or cope with professional demands, and feeling stuck in relationship dynamics in which they can't be their true self. They want to put their painful past behind them, and to have their needs recognised and allowed space going forward.
(03) 7003 2762 View (03) 7003 2762
Lucy Patarcic - Sex Therapist & Hypnotherapist
MSc
Verified Verified
Shellharbour, NSW 2529
I am an experienced and highly qualified Sex Therapist, Sexologist, Relationship Counsellor, General Counsellor, Sex Educator and Clinical Hypnotherapist in private practice at Bondi Junction and Wollongong (Fairy Meadow). I am passionate about helping people and find it extremely rewarding to see progress and positive changes that evolve in people’s lives. I use an integrated approach to therapy in a friendly, safe, professional & confidential environment. Expertise with Erectile Dysfunction, Premature Ejaculation, Vaginismus, Painful Sex, Desire Discrepancy, Porn Addiction, Sex Addiction, Couples Counselling, General Counselling.
I am an experienced and highly qualified Sex Therapist, Sexologist, Relationship Counsellor, General Counsellor, Sex Educator and Clinical Hypnotherapist in private practice at Bondi Junction and Wollongong (Fairy Meadow). I am passionate about helping people and find it extremely rewarding to see progress and positive changes that evolve in people’s lives. I use an integrated approach to therapy in a friendly, safe, professional & confidential environment. Expertise with Erectile Dysfunction, Premature Ejaculation, Vaginismus, Painful Sex, Desire Discrepancy, Porn Addiction, Sex Addiction, Couples Counselling, General Counselling.
(02) 4214 8422 View (02) 4214 8422
Photo of Suzzanne Legge, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Suzzanne Legge
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Albion Park Rail, NSW 2527
I am an experienced psychologist with a passion for helping others to reach their optimal emotional and mental wellbeing. I understand that sometimes life can be stressful and challenging, and that difficult or traumatic experiences can have a significant impact on your life; These events can affect your mood, anxiety, relationships, physical health, or in general limit your ability to function at your best.
I am an experienced psychologist with a passion for helping others to reach their optimal emotional and mental wellbeing. I understand that sometimes life can be stressful and challenging, and that difficult or traumatic experiences can have a significant impact on your life; These events can affect your mood, anxiety, relationships, physical health, or in general limit your ability to function at your best.
(02) 4214 8720 View (02) 4214 8720
Photo of Sharon Wallace - Core Counselling Services, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Core Counselling Services
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Horsley, NSW 2530
Are you experiencing difficulty in life at the moment? I help clients address problems in a positive way by helping to clarify the issues, increase self-awareness, empower, explore options and develop strategies . As an experienced and Registered Counsellor, I provide a safe place to be heard and feel valued. I help clients question things which can help them understand why they occur at a deeper level, and provide practical tools so they feel inspired to create the change they're looking for. ​​
Are you experiencing difficulty in life at the moment? I help clients address problems in a positive way by helping to clarify the issues, increase self-awareness, empower, explore options and develop strategies . As an experienced and Registered Counsellor, I provide a safe place to be heard and feel valued. I help clients question things which can help them understand why they occur at a deeper level, and provide practical tools so they feel inspired to create the change they're looking for. ​​
(02) 4214 8086 View (02) 4214 8086
Photo of Peter Burgoyne, PACFA, Counsellor
Peter Burgoyne
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Shellharbour City Centre, NSW 2529
Every person is the expert in their own life. Everybody is doing the best they can with what they've got. Every person has strengths as well as areas of vulnerability. Every person has a unique story. Emotionally, every person intrinsically knows where they need to get to, but sometimes they just can't find the 'map'. As the therapist, my role is not to 'solve' the problems life throws at people, but rather to help people tap into their strengths, help them find their 'map', and help them safely take the journey. We are never lost; we are just finding new ways to write more of our story.
Every person is the expert in their own life. Everybody is doing the best they can with what they've got. Every person has strengths as well as areas of vulnerability. Every person has a unique story. Emotionally, every person intrinsically knows where they need to get to, but sometimes they just can't find the 'map'. As the therapist, my role is not to 'solve' the problems life throws at people, but rather to help people tap into their strengths, help them find their 'map', and help them safely take the journey. We are never lost; we are just finding new ways to write more of our story.
(02) 9159 6176 View (02) 9159 6176
Photo of Nadine Wright - Inner Calm Clinical Psychology, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Inner Calm Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Shellharbour, NSW 2529
We are a group of skilled Clinical Psychologists that specialise in a wide range of mental health challenges. We assess and tailor effective treatment for mental health challenges such as anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, attachment issues, difficulties with relationships, self-esteem issues, body dysmorphia, and parenting challenges. We love to work and forge a relationship of trust and collaboration on this journey inwards, it can confronting to look at our shadows but the reward of letting them drop away can be life changing. We really hope you reach out to us and start your journey.
We are a group of skilled Clinical Psychologists that specialise in a wide range of mental health challenges. We assess and tailor effective treatment for mental health challenges such as anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, attachment issues, difficulties with relationships, self-esteem issues, body dysmorphia, and parenting challenges. We love to work and forge a relationship of trust and collaboration on this journey inwards, it can confronting to look at our shadows but the reward of letting them drop away can be life changing. We really hope you reach out to us and start your journey.
(02) 9159 6616 View (02) 9159 6616
Photo of Dr Adam Vujic, PhD, MAPS, Psychologist
Dr Adam Vujic
Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Verified Verified
Dapto, NSW 2530
Adam is a Clinical Neuropsychologist and the founder of Measured Minds, a practice that provides tailored neuropsychological services. The practice is focused on two key areas: 1. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessments (e.g., NDIS applications/reviews, suspected ADHD, developmental disorders, and other brain-related conditions); and 2. Cognitive intervention/remediation (e.g., assisting individuals with ADHD, cognitive decline, or another brain-related condition to overcome challenges). All sessions are designed to focus on your individual needs.
Adam is a Clinical Neuropsychologist and the founder of Measured Minds, a practice that provides tailored neuropsychological services. The practice is focused on two key areas: 1. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessments (e.g., NDIS applications/reviews, suspected ADHD, developmental disorders, and other brain-related conditions); and 2. Cognitive intervention/remediation (e.g., assisting individuals with ADHD, cognitive decline, or another brain-related condition to overcome challenges). All sessions are designed to focus on your individual needs.
(02) 4214 8718 View (02) 4214 8718
Tara Rouse
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Albion Park, NSW 2527
I’m a forensic psychologist specialising in assessing and treating neurodivergent clients (ADHD and Autism). I work from a trauma informed, neurodiverse affirming approach using CBT and DBT principles.
I’m a forensic psychologist specialising in assessing and treating neurodivergent clients (ADHD and Autism). I work from a trauma informed, neurodiverse affirming approach using CBT and DBT principles.
View
Photo of Leanne Holloway, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Leanne Holloway
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Dapto, NSW 2530
As a registered counsellor, and having experienced grief and loss myself, with understanding and compassion I provide kind, safe, professional and emotional support. I specialise in providing bereavement counselling for individuals coping with the loss of a loved one, whether it be due to death, divorce, or separation, as well as working with clients who are grieving various types of losses, including the loss of a job, perhaps health or a pet.
As a registered counsellor, and having experienced grief and loss myself, with understanding and compassion I provide kind, safe, professional and emotional support. I specialise in providing bereavement counselling for individuals coping with the loss of a loved one, whether it be due to death, divorce, or separation, as well as working with clients who are grieving various types of losses, including the loss of a job, perhaps health or a pet.
(02) 4214 4138 View (02) 4214 4138

See more therapy options for Yallah

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Yallah, NSW

< 10

Counsellors in Yallah, NSW who prioritize treating:

67% Depression
67% Anxiety
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Emotional Disturbance
33% Addiction
33% ADHD
33% Domestic Abuse

Average years in practice

3 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Any/Out-of-network Insurance
100% Medicare Rebates
100% NDIS

How Counsellors in Yallah, NSW see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Yallah?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.