Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Psychologists and Therapists in Jordan Springs, NSW

Photo of Sonja Keller, Social Worker, AMHSW
Sonja Keller
Social Worker, AMHSW
Serves Area
Everybody wants to be heard, believed, validated and respected. I teach strategies to manage complicated and overwhelming feelings. I love to help individuals grow and develop interpersonally and learn how to have better more satisfying relationships with themselves and others. I am passionate about working with people to unpack and explore early childhood trauma, facilitate self-exploration, examine emotional blind spots and understand relationship patterns in order to have a functional, happy and healthy existence.
Everybody wants to be heard, believed, validated and respected. I teach strategies to manage complicated and overwhelming feelings. I love to help individuals grow and develop interpersonally and learn how to have better more satisfying relationships with themselves and others. I am passionate about working with people to unpack and explore early childhood trauma, facilitate self-exploration, examine emotional blind spots and understand relationship patterns in order to have a functional, happy and healthy existence.
(02) 8776 3814 View (02) 8776 3814
Photo of Nirekha De Silva, Counsellor, PhD, ACA-L3
Nirekha De Silva
Counsellor, PhD, ACA-L3
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I use evidence-based approaches tailored to your needs, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), mindfulness-based techniques, trauma-informed care, Buddhist psychotherapy, SMART Recovery, and practical strategies to build resilience, manage stress, and improve wellbeing.
You may notice that despite your best efforts, stress, conflict, or painful memories keep resurfacing. Your mind might race, your body may feel tense, or you may find it hard to stay present and calm. These experiences are not signs of weakness. They’re signs that your nervous system has been working hard to keep you safe. Over time, those protective responses can leave you feeling disconnected, on edge, or exhausted. Healing begins when we start to listen to these signals with curiosity and compassion, understanding what your mind and body are trying to tell you, and gently creating space for balance and renewal.
I use evidence-based approaches tailored to your needs, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), mindfulness-based techniques, trauma-informed care, Buddhist psychotherapy, SMART Recovery, and practical strategies to build resilience, manage stress, and improve wellbeing.
You may notice that despite your best efforts, stress, conflict, or painful memories keep resurfacing. Your mind might race, your body may feel tense, or you may find it hard to stay present and calm. These experiences are not signs of weakness. They’re signs that your nervous system has been working hard to keep you safe. Over time, those protective responses can leave you feeling disconnected, on edge, or exhausted. Healing begins when we start to listen to these signals with curiosity and compassion, understanding what your mind and body are trying to tell you, and gently creating space for balance and renewal.
(02) 4703 5394 View (02) 4703 5394
Photo of Michaels Aibangbee, Psychotherapist, MSc, PACFA
Michaels Aibangbee
Psychotherapist, MSc, PACFA
Serves Area
My philosophy is guided by evidence-based methods such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Motivational Interviewing, and Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT).
I focus on providing solutions to my clients in the most efficient way possible. I have extensive experience working with diverse demographics from different cultural backgrounds, something that has enabled me to understand the individual needs of each client better.
My philosophy is guided by evidence-based methods such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Motivational Interviewing, and Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT).
I focus on providing solutions to my clients in the most efficient way possible. I have extensive experience working with diverse demographics from different cultural backgrounds, something that has enabled me to understand the individual needs of each client better.
(02) 4708 9509 View (02) 4708 9509

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Rosalynn Koh, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Rosalynn Koh
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
She uses Cognitive Behavior Therapy widely in her work and adopts other forms of therapy.
Rosalynn has worked extensively with children and adults. She understands the development stages of children and young adults well and has helped many to overcome issues such as depression, anxiety and addiction. Rosalynn is also an experienced counsellor working with adults who are suffering from various psychological issues and addiction. She has also worked with many clients who faced abuse and trauma.
She uses Cognitive Behavior Therapy widely in her work and adopts other forms of therapy.
Rosalynn has worked extensively with children and adults. She understands the development stages of children and young adults well and has helped many to overcome issues such as depression, anxiety and addiction. Rosalynn is also an experienced counsellor working with adults who are suffering from various psychological issues and addiction. She has also worked with many clients who faced abuse and trauma.
(02) 9100 0936 View (02) 9100 0936
Photo of Elizabeth Berger - KEMB Consulting, Counsellor, PACFA
KEMB Consulting
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
As an experienced counsellor, approved by Victim Support NSW, I bring a wide range of knowledge and practical solutions to the Life Circle issues that cause us to feel unsettled and confused. If you feel like that, I would love to help you find new ways to overcome those emotions and feelings, using them as your strengths for the future. Unpacking sad and hurtful experiences in a safe place can be the doorway to a new life. After working as a school counsellor and welfare worker in front-line services for many years, I am confident I am able to provide best practice strategies that will bring positive outcomes.
As an experienced counsellor, approved by Victim Support NSW, I bring a wide range of knowledge and practical solutions to the Life Circle issues that cause us to feel unsettled and confused. If you feel like that, I would love to help you find new ways to overcome those emotions and feelings, using them as your strengths for the future. Unpacking sad and hurtful experiences in a safe place can be the doorway to a new life. After working as a school counsellor and welfare worker in front-line services for many years, I am confident I am able to provide best practice strategies that will bring positive outcomes.
(08) 9932 3306 View (08) 9932 3306
Photo of Emma Langton - The Flawed Journey
The Flawed Journey
Verified Verified
Online Only
I blend Person-Centred Therapy, CBT, and Psychodynamic Therapy to help you: understand yourself on a deeper level, make sense of old patterns and emotional triggers, heal the parts of you shaped by past pain, rebuild confidence, self-worth, and trust in yourself.
Hello, I’m Emma, founder of The Flawed Journey a private practice I created in 2019 to offer a space that feels real, safe, and deeply supportive. I work with adults who feel stuck in patterns that no longer serve them - overthinking, people-pleasing, anxiety that spirals, low self-esteem, or the lingering impact of childhood experiences. You might feel disconnected from yourself, struggling in your relationships, or wondering why you keep repeating the same patterns even when you know they’re not helping. Maybe you’re simply tired of carrying everything alone.
I blend Person-Centred Therapy, CBT, and Psychodynamic Therapy to help you: understand yourself on a deeper level, make sense of old patterns and emotional triggers, heal the parts of you shaped by past pain, rebuild confidence, self-worth, and trust in yourself.
Hello, I’m Emma, founder of The Flawed Journey a private practice I created in 2019 to offer a space that feels real, safe, and deeply supportive. I work with adults who feel stuck in patterns that no longer serve them - overthinking, people-pleasing, anxiety that spirals, low self-esteem, or the lingering impact of childhood experiences. You might feel disconnected from yourself, struggling in your relationships, or wondering why you keep repeating the same patterns even when you know they’re not helping. Maybe you’re simply tired of carrying everything alone.
(02) 8294 7878 x61 View (02) 8294 7878 x61
Photo of Helen Tang, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Helen Tang
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Mortdale, NSW 2223
I often use Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to help clients understand their needs, followed by Motivational Interviewing (MI) to motivate client to change towards their goals.
Life can be challenging, and everyone deserves a space to feel heard, understood, and empowered. Helen Tang, the therapist in iCARE Counselling & Coaching, offers a safe and empathetic space where you can explore your emotions and experiences. Through compassionate support, guidance and evidence-based practices, we aim to enhance your overall well-being and empower you to rediscover hope and resilience.
I often use Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ( CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to help clients understand their needs, followed by Motivational Interviewing (MI) to motivate client to change towards their goals.
Life can be challenging, and everyone deserves a space to feel heard, understood, and empowered. Helen Tang, the therapist in iCARE Counselling & Coaching, offers a safe and empathetic space where you can explore your emotions and experiences. Through compassionate support, guidance and evidence-based practices, we aim to enhance your overall well-being and empower you to rediscover hope and resilience.
(02) 8105 6182 View (02) 8105 6182
Photo of Amanda Joy Robb, Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L4
Amanda Joy Robb
Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L4
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Amanda is trained in Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR), Schema Therapy, Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) Trauma informed Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT), Narrative Therapy, and various trauma-based strategies and interventions.
Joy Through Therapy is founded by Amanda Joy Robb, a renowned and innovative Registered Psychotherapist and Clinical Supervisor. Amanda specialises in Trauma, Sexology, Sexual Health and Relationships, and Supervision. Throughout these three domains, Amanda offers services for Trauma based Therapies, Sex & Relationship Therapy and Clinical Individual and Group Supervision, as well as Consultation training services.
Amanda is trained in Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR), Schema Therapy, Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) Trauma informed Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT), Narrative Therapy, and various trauma-based strategies and interventions.
Joy Through Therapy is founded by Amanda Joy Robb, a renowned and innovative Registered Psychotherapist and Clinical Supervisor. Amanda specialises in Trauma, Sexology, Sexual Health and Relationships, and Supervision. Throughout these three domains, Amanda offers services for Trauma based Therapies, Sex & Relationship Therapy and Clinical Individual and Group Supervision, as well as Consultation training services.
(02) 9158 6068 View (02) 9158 6068
Photo of Lara Maree Boielle - Sex & Relationship Therapist | Lara Maree, Social Worker
I believe our sexuality is a unique and integral part of who we are, and deeply connected to our sense of well-being. My approach to Sex Therapy combines a comprehensive understanding of integrative health, sexual function and relational psychology. I firmly believe that a healthy sex life is a fundamental human right, and I know for many of us, traditional sex education has been non-existent or misleading. Unfortunately, difficulties in this area can have a profound negative impact on our self-esteem, relationships, and overall well-being. However, it doesn't have to be this way.
I believe our sexuality is a unique and integral part of who we are, and deeply connected to our sense of well-being. My approach to Sex Therapy combines a comprehensive understanding of integrative health, sexual function and relational psychology. I firmly believe that a healthy sex life is a fundamental human right, and I know for many of us, traditional sex education has been non-existent or misleading. Unfortunately, difficulties in this area can have a profound negative impact on our self-esteem, relationships, and overall well-being. However, it doesn't have to be this way.
(02) 9100 0625 View (02) 9100 0625
Photo of Jessica Jepson - Secure Connections Relationship Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Secure Connections Relationship Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
3 Endorsed
Online Only
EFT, EFIT, ACT, CBT, Gottman Relationship Level 1 & 2
If you are experiencing relationship anxiety or challenges in forming secure connections with others, I am here to assist you. Together, we can delve into the root causes of these issues, explore your options, and develop effective strategies to improve your communication in relationships. I will help you understand your attachments, build healthy boundaries, and enhance your self-worth, enabling you to regulate your emotions and build deeper connections. My primary aim is to provide you with the necessary support, tools, and resources to heal, improve your self-worth, feel confident, and connect with others so that you can thrive.
EFT, EFIT, ACT, CBT, Gottman Relationship Level 1 & 2
If you are experiencing relationship anxiety or challenges in forming secure connections with others, I am here to assist you. Together, we can delve into the root causes of these issues, explore your options, and develop effective strategies to improve your communication in relationships. I will help you understand your attachments, build healthy boundaries, and enhance your self-worth, enabling you to regulate your emotions and build deeper connections. My primary aim is to provide you with the necessary support, tools, and resources to heal, improve your self-worth, feel confident, and connect with others so that you can thrive.
(03) 8338 1069 View (03) 8338 1069
Photo of Zorica Zoe Gruneska - Compassionate Journey (Zoe Gruneska), Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Compassionate Journey (Zoe Gruneska)
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
I understand that one needs significant courage to take the first step towards therapy, and therefore I aim to provide a safe environment where you will feel comfortable to openly discuss any issues in a non-judgmental, warm, empathic, and supportive manner. We will explore your current difficulties and invite you to consider what you would like to be different. You will set the direction for our work and I will walk alongside you, as we identify and work on the strategies and actions that support you the best to build the life you want.
I understand that one needs significant courage to take the first step towards therapy, and therefore I aim to provide a safe environment where you will feel comfortable to openly discuss any issues in a non-judgmental, warm, empathic, and supportive manner. We will explore your current difficulties and invite you to consider what you would like to be different. You will set the direction for our work and I will walk alongside you, as we identify and work on the strategies and actions that support you the best to build the life you want.
(03) 7302 8856 View (03) 7302 8856
Photo of Christine Zammit, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Christine Zammit
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Christine draws on evidence-based approaches including Schema Therapy, CBT, ACT, EMDR, mindfulness, and neurodiversity coaching.
Christine Zammit is a warm and down-to-earth psychologist who supports adults through a wide range of concerns, including anxiety (generalised, social, and phobias), trauma, relationship issues, workplace stress, depression, and grief. She also has a special interest in supporting neurodivergent clients with strengths-based coaching and tailored psychological support.
Christine draws on evidence-based approaches including Schema Therapy, CBT, ACT, EMDR, mindfulness, and neurodiversity coaching.
Christine Zammit is a warm and down-to-earth psychologist who supports adults through a wide range of concerns, including anxiety (generalised, social, and phobias), trauma, relationship issues, workplace stress, depression, and grief. She also has a special interest in supporting neurodivergent clients with strengths-based coaching and tailored psychological support.
0409 985 253 View 0409 985 253
Photo of Hamid Reza Dadgostar - HD Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
HD Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Sydney, NSW 2000
With over 20 years of experience, Hamid offers evidence-based therapy including CBT, mindfulness, and trauma-focused approaches.
Are you a student, professional, or visa holder struggling with anxiety, stress, or depression? Are you a parent seeking ADHD, autism, or neurodiversity assessments for your child? At HD Psychology, Hamid works with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, mood disorders, relationship issues, school difficulties, and more. We also support clients requiring independent psychological assessments and expert witness reports for legal and educational settings across NSW. Sessions available in English, French, Farsi, and Mandarin.
With over 20 years of experience, Hamid offers evidence-based therapy including CBT, mindfulness, and trauma-focused approaches.
Are you a student, professional, or visa holder struggling with anxiety, stress, or depression? Are you a parent seeking ADHD, autism, or neurodiversity assessments for your child? At HD Psychology, Hamid works with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, mood disorders, relationship issues, school difficulties, and more. We also support clients requiring independent psychological assessments and expert witness reports for legal and educational settings across NSW. Sessions available in English, French, Farsi, and Mandarin.
1800 977 866 View 1800 977 866
Photo of Narelle Gibbs - Seedling Psychology - Online Telehealth, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Seedling Psychology - Online Telehealth
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Online Only
She uses evidence-based therapies, including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT), Solution Focused Therapy (SFT), Comprehensive Behavioural Intervention for Tics (CBiT), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Psychoeducation, & positive psychology practices.
Areas of treatment include stress, anxiety, mood, OCD, tics, self-esteem, social confidence, relationship skills, adjustment to change, and grief. Narelle has a Master of Arts in Psychology, is registered with AHPRA, the Psychology Board of Australia, and is a member of The Australian Psychological Society.
She uses evidence-based therapies, including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ( CBT), Solution Focused Therapy (SFT), Comprehensive Behavioural Intervention for Tics (CBiT), Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Psychoeducation, & positive psychology practices.
Areas of treatment include stress, anxiety, mood, OCD, tics, self-esteem, social confidence, relationship skills, adjustment to change, and grief. Narelle has a Master of Arts in Psychology, is registered with AHPRA, the Psychology Board of Australia, and is a member of The Australian Psychological Society.
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Photo of Emelia Gillian Armstrong-Crews - Hypnotherapy with Emelia
Hypnotherapy with Emelia
Verified Verified
Online Only
All sessions online- through Zoom. Taking clients from UK, Europe, Australia, New Zealand Overcome emotional pain- Eating struggles, fears and unhelpful habits Build confidence, resilience and ease anxiety.
All sessions online- through Zoom. Taking clients from UK, Europe, Australia, New Zealand Overcome emotional pain- Eating struggles, fears and unhelpful habits Build confidence, resilience and ease anxiety.
(02) 8261 0267 View (02) 8261 0267
Photo of Enoch Ben-David - Holistic Rejuvenation, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Holistic Rejuvenation
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Serves Area
CBT, Mindfulness, Emotional Focused, IFS
Enoch is a compassionate and genuine Psychotherapist with more than 7 years of experience in the private sector. Enoch provides psychotherapy interventions for those coping with mental health problems. He works with clients experiencing difficulties in areas such as depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, work-related stress, and other personal or family difficulties. Enoch works with adults of all ages. Enoch worked many years as an organisational coach in large organisations in both the public and the private sector and is very experienced working with clients who experience work-related stress and anxiety. Enoch's clinical approach
CBT, Mindfulness, Emotional Focused, IFS
Enoch is a compassionate and genuine Psychotherapist with more than 7 years of experience in the private sector. Enoch provides psychotherapy interventions for those coping with mental health problems. He works with clients experiencing difficulties in areas such as depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, work-related stress, and other personal or family difficulties. Enoch works with adults of all ages. Enoch worked many years as an organisational coach in large organisations in both the public and the private sector and is very experienced working with clients who experience work-related stress and anxiety. Enoch's clinical approach
(02) 8000 0371 View (02) 8000 0371
Photo of Claire Hurwitz, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Claire Hurwitz
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I draw from a range of evidence-based modalities, including Schema Therapy, Somatic Therapies, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Mindfulness-based approaches, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
As a Clinical Psychologist, I strive to create a space where my clients feel safe, supported, and able to speak freely without fear of judgement. I would describe myself as warm, empathic, and understanding with a passion for providing client-centered care. I have experience working with individuals across the life-span experiencing various mental health difficulties in a variety of clinical settings, including private practice, in-patient hospital, schools, and university clinics. I currently work with young adults, and adults.
I draw from a range of evidence-based modalities, including Schema Therapy, Somatic Therapies, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Mindfulness-based approaches, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
As a Clinical Psychologist, I strive to create a space where my clients feel safe, supported, and able to speak freely without fear of judgement. I would describe myself as warm, empathic, and understanding with a passion for providing client-centered care. I have experience working with individuals across the life-span experiencing various mental health difficulties in a variety of clinical settings, including private practice, in-patient hospital, schools, and university clinics. I currently work with young adults, and adults.
(02) 9538 7061 View (02) 9538 7061
Photo of Jessica Ryan-Zeman, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Jessica Ryan-Zeman
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
2 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
I specialise in working with couples and individuals that are experiencing relationship issues. As a couple your issues may relate to frequent conflicts, communication breakdowns, infidelity or issues around intimacy. Whatever you are wanting to work on as a couple to improve your relationship I can provide the understanding and the tools to address and overcome your challenges. I also work with individuals so if your partner is unwilling to come to therapy or if your own personal issues are significantly impacting your relationship by focusing on your own behaviours you can positively influence your relationship dynamics.
I specialise in working with couples and individuals that are experiencing relationship issues. As a couple your issues may relate to frequent conflicts, communication breakdowns, infidelity or issues around intimacy. Whatever you are wanting to work on as a couple to improve your relationship I can provide the understanding and the tools to address and overcome your challenges. I also work with individuals so if your partner is unwilling to come to therapy or if your own personal issues are significantly impacting your relationship by focusing on your own behaviours you can positively influence your relationship dynamics.
(02) 9100 0811 View (02) 9100 0811
Photo of Fatma Mansoury, Social Worker
Fatma Mansoury
Social Worker
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi! I’m Fatma (she/her), I am a passionate and driven clinician eager to bring my skills in mental health and the community to support your needs. I have hands-on experience working within a crisis mental health setting with adults as well as with youth, children, and families. I am a committed individual who believes in providing compassionate and effective mental health support tailored to your specific needs. I aim to use my skills to contribute to positive outcomes suited to your goals and desires. My approach combines empathy, dedication, and a deep commitment to making a tangible difference in the lives of those I work with.
Hi! I’m Fatma (she/her), I am a passionate and driven clinician eager to bring my skills in mental health and the community to support your needs. I have hands-on experience working within a crisis mental health setting with adults as well as with youth, children, and families. I am a committed individual who believes in providing compassionate and effective mental health support tailored to your specific needs. I aim to use my skills to contribute to positive outcomes suited to your goals and desires. My approach combines empathy, dedication, and a deep commitment to making a tangible difference in the lives of those I work with.
(03) 7302 8230 View (03) 7302 8230
Photo of Sarah Sampson, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Sarah Sampson
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Online Only
I have experience working with adults and teenagers navigating relationship challenges, life transitions, anxiety, depression, and neurodivergent related issues such as burnout and the pressure to mask. Together, we focus on deepening self-understanding and connection, with the aim of living more authentically and building meaningful relationships.
I have experience working with adults and teenagers navigating relationship challenges, life transitions, anxiety, depression, and neurodivergent related issues such as burnout and the pressure to mask. Together, we focus on deepening self-understanding and connection, with the aim of living more authentically and building meaningful relationships.
0406 977 559 View 0406 977 559
Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Therapists
How does cognitive behavioural therapy work?
Cognitive behavioural therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophising or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy?
It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioural therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else?
To find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioural therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?
CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.