Counselling in Jordan Springs, NSW

Photo of Charles Duane Webster, Counsellor in Jordan Springs, NSW
Charles Duane Webster
Counsellor, AASW
Verified Verified
Jordan Springs, NSW 2747
Having worked as a counsellor and psychotherapist for 20 years Charles has developed into a highly skilled and compassionate therapist. If you are facing a major life transition, are having difficulty with anger's role in your life, need help managing a mental health illness (such as addictions, depression, anxiety, and trauma) are facing loss, are looking for support to prevent a relationship breakdown or just a bit of a relationship tune-up, then feel free to give Charles a call to discuss your situation and to make an appointment.
Having worked as a counsellor and psychotherapist for 20 years Charles has developed into a highly skilled and compassionate therapist. If you are facing a major life transition, are having difficulty with anger's role in your life, need help managing a mental health illness (such as addictions, depression, anxiety, and trauma) are facing loss, are looking for support to prevent a relationship breakdown or just a bit of a relationship tune-up, then feel free to give Charles a call to discuss your situation and to make an appointment.
(02) 4708 9510 View (02) 4708 9510
Photo of Melissa Ferrari, Psychotherapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Melissa Ferrari
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Jordan Springs, NSW 2747
Melissa is one of Australia’s most sought-after therapists who possesses over 20 years’ experience in couples counselling and individual psychotherapy who is regularly called upon as a relationship expert across national media. She uses a range of proven approaches in her practice to help couples heal and reconnect having dedicated herself to a life of learning. A Clinical Member of the Australian College of Relationship Counsellors, Melissa is also one of the few therapists in the country to have received training from the world’s most renowned pioneer in couples counselling, Dr Stan Tatkin, founder of the PACT Training Institute.
Melissa is one of Australia’s most sought-after therapists who possesses over 20 years’ experience in couples counselling and individual psychotherapy who is regularly called upon as a relationship expert across national media. She uses a range of proven approaches in her practice to help couples heal and reconnect having dedicated herself to a life of learning. A Clinical Member of the Australian College of Relationship Counsellors, Melissa is also one of the few therapists in the country to have received training from the world’s most renowned pioneer in couples counselling, Dr Stan Tatkin, founder of the PACT Training Institute.
(02) 4058 4744 View (02) 4058 4744
Photo of Be Right Here, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Be Right Here
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Jordan Springs, NSW 2747
Not accepting new clients
We take referrals through Medicare and NDIS plus direct from the public. As social workers we are very skilled in working with people and families to help address their needs and work through their challenges and worries. It may be working on your relationships with family or partner or it could be things from your past that you feel keep holding you back. We ask you about what your hopes and goals are for therapy and give you the support to move towards them.
We take referrals through Medicare and NDIS plus direct from the public. As social workers we are very skilled in working with people and families to help address their needs and work through their challenges and worries. It may be working on your relationships with family or partner or it could be things from your past that you feel keep holding you back. We ask you about what your hopes and goals are for therapy and give you the support to move towards them.
(02) 4703 5932 View (02) 4703 5932
Photo of Sonja Keller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Sonja Keller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Jordan Springs, NSW 2747
Everybody wants to be heard, believed, validated and respected. I teach strategies to manage complicated and overwhelming feelings. I love to help individuals grow and develop interpersonally and learn how to have better more satisfying relationships with themselves and others. I am passionate about working with people to unpack and explore early childhood trauma, facilitate self-exploration, examine emotional blind spots and understand relationship patterns in order to have a functional, happy and healthy existence.
Everybody wants to be heard, believed, validated and respected. I teach strategies to manage complicated and overwhelming feelings. I love to help individuals grow and develop interpersonally and learn how to have better more satisfying relationships with themselves and others. I am passionate about working with people to unpack and explore early childhood trauma, facilitate self-exploration, examine emotional blind spots and understand relationship patterns in order to have a functional, happy and healthy existence.
(02) 8776 3814 View (02) 8776 3814
Photo of Michaels Aibangbee, Psychotherapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Michaels Aibangbee
Psychotherapist, MSc, PACFA
Verified Verified
Jordan Springs, NSW 2747
It’s often said that the most powerful tool in a person's life comes from within - your thoughts, emotions, and experiences. As a clinical psychotherapist with experience across diverse demography ranging from teenagers to working professionals, I know just how true this is. My journey has taught me one thing – we all have the power to make our lives better if we put in the effort and work towards cultivating our inner resilience. My philosophy is guided by evidence-based methods such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Motivational Interviewing, and Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT).
It’s often said that the most powerful tool in a person's life comes from within - your thoughts, emotions, and experiences. As a clinical psychotherapist with experience across diverse demography ranging from teenagers to working professionals, I know just how true this is. My journey has taught me one thing – we all have the power to make our lives better if we put in the effort and work towards cultivating our inner resilience. My philosophy is guided by evidence-based methods such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Motivational Interviewing, and Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT).
(02) 4708 9509 View (02) 4708 9509
Photo of Azaan Vhora, Psychologist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Azaan Vhora
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Jordan Springs, NSW 2747
Taking the first step towards seeking help can often feel daunting, like stepping into uncharted territory. In a society that places emphasis on self-reliance, it's important to acknowledge that everyone, even the strongest individuals, can benefit from support along life's journey. Embarking on this journey holds great promise. Through therapy, you can discover new strengths, heal emotional wounds, and embrace a more fulfilling and empowered life. Together, we will navigate life's challenges, helping you develop resilience and confidence along the way.
Taking the first step towards seeking help can often feel daunting, like stepping into uncharted territory. In a society that places emphasis on self-reliance, it's important to acknowledge that everyone, even the strongest individuals, can benefit from support along life's journey. Embarking on this journey holds great promise. Through therapy, you can discover new strengths, heal emotional wounds, and embrace a more fulfilling and empowered life. Together, we will navigate life's challenges, helping you develop resilience and confidence along the way.
(02) 8609 3543 View (02) 8609 3543
Photo of Shivani Mittal, Psychotherapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Shivani Mittal
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Jordan Springs, NSW 2747
First few sessions will be based on client centred therapy, that is exploring with you the ins and outs behind seeking therapy. And, what is it you would like to gain from therapy? Followed by Integrative interventions and counselling techniques, like psycho education (providing resources), solution focused (collaborate to finding solutions), CBT (understand the reasons behind the thinking, ACT (Working on commitment and REBT (the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioural problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.
First few sessions will be based on client centred therapy, that is exploring with you the ins and outs behind seeking therapy. And, what is it you would like to gain from therapy? Followed by Integrative interventions and counselling techniques, like psycho education (providing resources), solution focused (collaborate to finding solutions), CBT (understand the reasons behind the thinking, ACT (Working on commitment and REBT (the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioural problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.
(02) 7804 4866 View (02) 7804 4866

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kristina Paliokaite, Psychologist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Kristina Paliokaite
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2747
I work with people who experience anxiety, panic attacks, depression, stress, low self-esteem, grief, sleep issues, low motivation, parent-child or other close relationship challenges, workplace stress among other issues. Together, we can think about ways to reach into your inner resources to be your most resilient self, whether that means accessing more self compassion, assertiveness, better boundaries or challenging those old beliefs that no longer serve you.
I work with people who experience anxiety, panic attacks, depression, stress, low self-esteem, grief, sleep issues, low motivation, parent-child or other close relationship challenges, workplace stress among other issues. Together, we can think about ways to reach into your inner resources to be your most resilient self, whether that means accessing more self compassion, assertiveness, better boundaries or challenging those old beliefs that no longer serve you.
(02) 4503 6318 View (02) 4503 6318
Photo of John Hristoforidis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
John Hristoforidis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2747
Clients can present to therapy for a variety of reasons. On the other hand, clients can feel overwhelmed or unsure about where to begin with therapy. I provide a safe, non-judgemental space that meets where the client is at, and gently explores what's happening in their life. Where together we can work towards goals that are alligned with their hopes, aspirations, desires or needs; to improve connection with the self, interpersonal relationships and the interplay with their surrounding social world.
Clients can present to therapy for a variety of reasons. On the other hand, clients can feel overwhelmed or unsure about where to begin with therapy. I provide a safe, non-judgemental space that meets where the client is at, and gently explores what's happening in their life. Where together we can work towards goals that are alligned with their hopes, aspirations, desires or needs; to improve connection with the self, interpersonal relationships and the interplay with their surrounding social world.
(02) 9100 0965 View (02) 9100 0965
Photo of Diversity Counselling Services, Counsellor in Jordan Springs, NSW
Diversity Counselling Services
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2747  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Trevor Lee. I am a person-centered therapist that provides therapy which is catered to each client. I have experience providing therapy with a multitude of aspects including relationships, trauma, grief & loss, addiction, depression & anxiety, loneliness, work-related stress, life-transitions & life-purpose. I became a therapist after deciding that I wanted to support others through my own lived experience of mental illness for over 13 years. I come from a Chinese background have an inter-cultural understanding of supporting CALD individuals.
Hi, my name is Trevor Lee. I am a person-centered therapist that provides therapy which is catered to each client. I have experience providing therapy with a multitude of aspects including relationships, trauma, grief & loss, addiction, depression & anxiety, loneliness, work-related stress, life-transitions & life-purpose. I became a therapist after deciding that I wanted to support others through my own lived experience of mental illness for over 13 years. I come from a Chinese background have an inter-cultural understanding of supporting CALD individuals.
(02) 7804 4905 View (02) 7804 4905
Photo of Lisa Paul Counselling/Psychotherapy, Counsellor in Jordan Springs, NSW
Lisa Paul Counselling/Psychotherapy
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2750
A qualified Counsellor/Psychotherapist & Clinical Supervisor working with Perinatal Mental Health, Grief & Loss and Trauma, Lisa works with women who struggle with depression/anxiety particularly in pregnancy and the postnatal period and who have experienced trauma - in birth or from childhood and grief and loss. "I find that it is such rewarding work to be able to help someone work through their challenges. My aim is to work WITH you, to support you and guide you, so you don't feel alone in this journey".
A qualified Counsellor/Psychotherapist & Clinical Supervisor working with Perinatal Mental Health, Grief & Loss and Trauma, Lisa works with women who struggle with depression/anxiety particularly in pregnancy and the postnatal period and who have experienced trauma - in birth or from childhood and grief and loss. "I find that it is such rewarding work to be able to help someone work through their challenges. My aim is to work WITH you, to support you and guide you, so you don't feel alone in this journey".
(02) 8069 9763 View (02) 8069 9763
Photo of Find Reason Therapy, Psychotherapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Find Reason Therapy
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Penrith, NSW 2750
Do you ever struggle with how you see yourself and how you show up in relationships? Is something getting in the way of allowing you to meet your needs and connect with others? There is a road to finding value in yourself and an ability to be in healthy relationships when you take the step to put yourself first, increase your awareness and address your concerns. Find Reason Therapy creates a safe space to help you find the whole unique you with worth, values, and needs, guiding you to connect to stuck emotional pain in order to live a life with purpose and meaning.
Do you ever struggle with how you see yourself and how you show up in relationships? Is something getting in the way of allowing you to meet your needs and connect with others? There is a road to finding value in yourself and an ability to be in healthy relationships when you take the step to put yourself first, increase your awareness and address your concerns. Find Reason Therapy creates a safe space to help you find the whole unique you with worth, values, and needs, guiding you to connect to stuck emotional pain in order to live a life with purpose and meaning.
(02) 9100 0013 View (02) 9100 0013
Photo of Florence Thum, Psychotherapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Florence Thum
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2750
Hi there! I work with teenagers and adults from diverse gender, cultural and socioeconomic background in areas of personal growth and development, communication and conflict, stress and anxiety, interpersonal relationships, education and schooling, mid-life questioning, existential or spiritual issues, grief and loss. I have worked in different professional settings from law to education and psychotherapy, and attuned to sociocultural impacts on our mental health. Our therapeutic or coaching session is a safe space for awareness and healing and to lean towards positive action.
Hi there! I work with teenagers and adults from diverse gender, cultural and socioeconomic background in areas of personal growth and development, communication and conflict, stress and anxiety, interpersonal relationships, education and schooling, mid-life questioning, existential or spiritual issues, grief and loss. I have worked in different professional settings from law to education and psychotherapy, and attuned to sociocultural impacts on our mental health. Our therapeutic or coaching session is a safe space for awareness and healing and to lean towards positive action.
(02) 4503 8982 View (02) 4503 8982
Photo of Staghorn Sexology, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Staghorn Sexology
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2747
We provide counselling specialising in the following areas: -psychosexual therapy for sexual problems such as erectile dysfunction, performance anxieties, ejaculatory disorders, painful sex and mismatched/low libido; - relationship counselling; - individual counselling especially around gender/sexual orientation issues and anxiety/depression. We have special interest in men's health, ageing sexuality, sexual function after cancer diagnosis/treatment, infidelity, and gay/lesbian/queer relationships including consensual non-monogamy.
We provide counselling specialising in the following areas: -psychosexual therapy for sexual problems such as erectile dysfunction, performance anxieties, ejaculatory disorders, painful sex and mismatched/low libido; - relationship counselling; - individual counselling especially around gender/sexual orientation issues and anxiety/depression. We have special interest in men's health, ageing sexuality, sexual function after cancer diagnosis/treatment, infidelity, and gay/lesbian/queer relationships including consensual non-monogamy.
(02) 4063 1410 View (02) 4063 1410
Photo of Todd Griffin, Psychologist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Todd Griffin
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2750
Congratulations on taking the first step towards personal growth and fulfilment - seeking professional help can often be the hardest step of all! As the director and principal psychologist at TG Psychology, I have over 20 years of experience helping people overcome the barriers that stop them feeling passionate about their lives. Barriers which include: depression, anxiety, stress, anger, self-regulation deficits, addictions, trauma, grief, low self-esteem, relationship issues, and many more. I believe life is too short to waste feeling unhappy and dissatisfied, and I want to help you to feel the same way!
Congratulations on taking the first step towards personal growth and fulfilment - seeking professional help can often be the hardest step of all! As the director and principal psychologist at TG Psychology, I have over 20 years of experience helping people overcome the barriers that stop them feeling passionate about their lives. Barriers which include: depression, anxiety, stress, anger, self-regulation deficits, addictions, trauma, grief, low self-esteem, relationship issues, and many more. I believe life is too short to waste feeling unhappy and dissatisfied, and I want to help you to feel the same way!
(02) 4703 9786 View (02) 4703 9786
Photo of Dr Dominic Savio, Counsellor in Jordan Springs, NSW
Dr Dominic Savio
Counsellor, PhD, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2747
I am a compassionate and a non-judgmental comprehensive psychotherapist whose approach is to support individuals make sense of their unique experiences. I am trusted, compassionate and an experienced
I am a compassionate and a non-judgmental comprehensive psychotherapist whose approach is to support individuals make sense of their unique experiences. I am trusted, compassionate and an experienced
(02) 7804 4615 View (02) 7804 4615
Photo of Equanimity Counselling, Counsellor in Jordan Springs, NSW
Equanimity Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Penrith, NSW 2750
Sometimes we can get lost in our thoughts, we can get caught up in the busy everyday and forget about our own mental health, our own wellbeing. If you are finding it difficult to rest, difficult to sleep or perhaps your mind wanders at work and you can't stay focussed. Those simple decisions have become too hard and the motivation is slipping away. If you feel you are experiencing more 'down' days than 'up' days it could be time to reach out for support. I can help you to establish goals to get you back on track, to be a happier you and back to enjoying life to its fullest.
Sometimes we can get lost in our thoughts, we can get caught up in the busy everyday and forget about our own mental health, our own wellbeing. If you are finding it difficult to rest, difficult to sleep or perhaps your mind wanders at work and you can't stay focussed. Those simple decisions have become too hard and the motivation is slipping away. If you feel you are experiencing more 'down' days than 'up' days it could be time to reach out for support. I can help you to establish goals to get you back on track, to be a happier you and back to enjoying life to its fullest.
(02) 8403 2786 View (02) 8403 2786
Photo of Richard Elms Therapy Training Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Jordan Springs, NSW
Richard Elms Therapy Training Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2750  (Online Only)
Richard Elms is an experienced therapist, offering compassionate and solution focussed counselling, working together with his clients to create meaningful and lasting change in their lives. Richard also provides clinical and professional supervision as well as training to other professionals.
Richard Elms is an experienced therapist, offering compassionate and solution focussed counselling, working together with his clients to create meaningful and lasting change in their lives. Richard also provides clinical and professional supervision as well as training to other professionals.
(07) 5241 2997 View (07) 5241 2997
Photo of Martin Roberts, Counsellor in Jordan Springs, NSW
Martin Roberts
Counsellor, MA, AThR
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2750
In my practice, I work towards an understanding of each person’s needs to develop a responsive, culturally sensitive practice, and provide an empathic, non-judgmental space where people can feel heard, valued, connected, empowered and understood. I have extensive experience working with teens through to adults of all genders, and specialise in trauma, complex PTSD, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, ASD, sexuality, gender, identity and self-esteem.
In my practice, I work towards an understanding of each person’s needs to develop a responsive, culturally sensitive practice, and provide an empathic, non-judgmental space where people can feel heard, valued, connected, empowered and understood. I have extensive experience working with teens through to adults of all genders, and specialise in trauma, complex PTSD, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, ASD, sexuality, gender, identity and self-esteem.
(02) 4501 7934 View (02) 4501 7934
Photo of Sumana Ferdous, Counsellor in Jordan Springs, NSW
Sumana Ferdous
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Penrith, NSW 2750
I have a Bachelor's Degree in Arts, a Graduate Diploma in Counselling, and is currently pursuing a Master's in Counselling and Psychotherapy.
I have a Bachelor's Degree in Arts, a Graduate Diploma in Counselling, and is currently pursuing a Master's in Counselling and Psychotherapy.
(02) 4703 7115 View (02) 4703 7115

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Jordan Springs, NSW

< 10

Counsellors in Jordan Springs, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
86% Depression
71% Stress
57% Addiction
57% Bereavement

Average years in practice

25 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Medicare Rebates
60% NDIS
20% Other

How Counsellors in Jordan Springs, NSW see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

58% Female
42% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Jordan Springs?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.