Psychologists and Therapists in Holroyd, NSW

Photo of Mickey Skidmore, Psychotherapist, AMHSW
Mickey Skidmore
Psychotherapist, AMHSW
Online Only
My primary clinical focus is on grief & loss, and associated issues of depression and anxiety. I provide services exclusively online (tele-health) to emphasise flexibility and scheduling convenience (eliminating travel and parking hassles) while ensuring increased privacy in the comfort in your own environment. My primary approach to therapy emphasises Solution Focused and Motivational Interviewing methods that are underscored and influenced by Ericksonian Approaches to hypnosis and psychotherapy. I also have a strong passion for providing clinical supervision and services to other professionals.
My primary clinical focus is on grief & loss, and associated issues of depression and anxiety. I provide services exclusively online (tele-health) to emphasise flexibility and scheduling convenience (eliminating travel and parking hassles) while ensuring increased privacy in the comfort in your own environment. My primary approach to therapy emphasises Solution Focused and Motivational Interviewing methods that are underscored and influenced by Ericksonian Approaches to hypnosis and psychotherapy. I also have a strong passion for providing clinical supervision and services to other professionals.
(02) 8294 2030 View (02) 8294 2030
Photo of Dana Mitrovic, Psychologist, MPsych, MACPA
Dana Mitrovic
Psychologist, MPsych, MACPA
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
As a dedicated and authentic female clinical psychologist, I bring over a decade of therapeutic expertise to our meaningful connection. My unwavering commitment to integrity guides every step of our journey together. My ideal client is one who is experiencing difficulties in their life and seeking support in working through this. I work with clients from a large range of mental health presentations. I have a strong focus on the development of our adult selves through our early developmental experiences and working toward changing unhelpful patterns in your life to create a better present and future.
As a dedicated and authentic female clinical psychologist, I bring over a decade of therapeutic expertise to our meaningful connection. My unwavering commitment to integrity guides every step of our journey together. My ideal client is one who is experiencing difficulties in their life and seeking support in working through this. I work with clients from a large range of mental health presentations. I have a strong focus on the development of our adult selves through our early developmental experiences and working toward changing unhelpful patterns in your life to create a better present and future.
(02) 9630 0451 View (02) 9630 0451

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Nadia Rasheed, Counsellor, PACFA
Nadia Rasheed
Counsellor, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As an EMDR practitioner and clinical counsellor, I offer trauma-informed online therapy for stress, anxiety, and trauma. I understand how deeply these experiences can affect your sense of self and relationships. Together, we'll set meaningful wellness goals to help you regain control, find emotional freedom, and rebuild connection. My practice is a safe space where your experiences are honoured and your healing is supported with expertise and genuine care, so you can move forward with hope.
As an EMDR practitioner and clinical counsellor, I offer trauma-informed online therapy for stress, anxiety, and trauma. I understand how deeply these experiences can affect your sense of self and relationships. Together, we'll set meaningful wellness goals to help you regain control, find emotional freedom, and rebuild connection. My practice is a safe space where your experiences are honoured and your healing is supported with expertise and genuine care, so you can move forward with hope.
(08) 6244 2579 View (08) 6244 2579
Photo of Barbara Zoroddu, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Barbara Zoroddu
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Serves Area
I strongly believe that psychological support should be a possibility for everyone, not just a luxury for the few. I am a trained Counselling professional with a passion for helping women like you fall in love with their minds and bodies, live their true emotions and find new ways to improve their well-being. I can support you while you learn more about your emotions and bodily resources, discover how to increase your self-esteem and become more resilient by overcoming your limiting beliefs about your beautiful self.
I strongly believe that psychological support should be a possibility for everyone, not just a luxury for the few. I am a trained Counselling professional with a passion for helping women like you fall in love with their minds and bodies, live their true emotions and find new ways to improve their well-being. I can support you while you learn more about your emotions and bodily resources, discover how to increase your self-esteem and become more resilient by overcoming your limiting beliefs about your beautiful self.
(03) 7003 2118 View (03) 7003 2118
Photo of Amber Waksman - Hilary’s Heart - Childhood Grief Specialists, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Specialised Grief Counselling and Coaching programs for children aged 7-17. Supporting children to navigate grief, discover coping tools, and strengthen the skills that help them thrive.
Specialised Grief Counselling and Coaching programs for children aged 7-17. Supporting children to navigate grief, discover coping tools, and strengthen the skills that help them thrive.
0424 703 114 View 0424 703 114
Photo of Bonnie Beazley - Bonnie Beazley-Somatic Experiencing & IFS Therapy, Social Worker
Bonnie Beazley-Somatic Experiencing & IFS Therapy
Social Worker
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Sometimes it can feel as though you’re caught in old ways of coping, disconnected from yourself despite all your efforts to move forward. I offer a gentle, trauma‑informed approach that works with both the mind and the body, supporting healing at the deeper levels where patterns are held. I am trained in Deep Brain Reorienting (DBR) Level 3, Internal Family Systems (IFS) Level 3, and IFS-informed EMDR and I am certified in Somatic Experiencing & Brainspotting. These approaches help the nervous system release deep‑rooted patterns from past stress and trauma
Sometimes it can feel as though you’re caught in old ways of coping, disconnected from yourself despite all your efforts to move forward. I offer a gentle, trauma‑informed approach that works with both the mind and the body, supporting healing at the deeper levels where patterns are held. I am trained in Deep Brain Reorienting (DBR) Level 3, Internal Family Systems (IFS) Level 3, and IFS-informed EMDR and I am certified in Somatic Experiencing & Brainspotting. These approaches help the nervous system release deep‑rooted patterns from past stress and trauma
(08) 6206 8971 View (08) 6206 8971
Photo of Chris Theodoridis, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Chris Theodoridis
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
2 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I am a registered psychologist, board approved supervisor and SIRA registered. I have also had extensive experience with NDIS clients, workcover, career coaching and vocational assessments/ reports.
I am a registered psychologist, board approved supervisor and SIRA registered. I have also had extensive experience with NDIS clients, workcover, career coaching and vocational assessments/ reports.
(02) 9100 0069 View (02) 9100 0069
Photo of Daniela Huepe, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Daniela Huepe
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
I work with people experiencing anxiety, emotional overwhelm, trauma-related difficulties, and relationship challenges who feel stuck in unhelpful patterns. My goal is to help people develop psychological flexibility, relate differently to difficult thoughts and emotions, and take meaningful action aligned with their values.
I work with people experiencing anxiety, emotional overwhelm, trauma-related difficulties, and relationship challenges who feel stuck in unhelpful patterns. My goal is to help people develop psychological flexibility, relate differently to difficult thoughts and emotions, and take meaningful action aligned with their values.
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Photo of Camilla Druce, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Camilla Druce
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
I provide a calming, safe and compassionate space for you to feel heard and to express your authentic self. Through openness and curiosity I work with you to explore and understand the underlying causes of your struggles and empower you to overcome patterns that are getting in the way of your wellbeing. I support you to build a deeper connection with yourself and your needs, and move forward in your life with a greater sense of resilience, purpose, and fulfilment.
I provide a calming, safe and compassionate space for you to feel heard and to express your authentic self. Through openness and curiosity I work with you to explore and understand the underlying causes of your struggles and empower you to overcome patterns that are getting in the way of your wellbeing. I support you to build a deeper connection with yourself and your needs, and move forward in your life with a greater sense of resilience, purpose, and fulfilment.
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Photo of Kerrin Paterson, Counsellor, PACFA
Kerrin Paterson
Counsellor, PACFA
Drummoyne, NSW 2047
Many people reach midlife carrying far more than they show to others. They may be caring for children, supporting ageing parents, managing demanding work, or holding relationships together while quietly feeling exhausted, disconnected, unseen, or unsure of who they are becoming. Life can begin to feel flat, heavy, or emotionally confusing. Anxiety, irritability, low mood, restlessness, or a sense of “going through the motions” often emerge at this stage of life. I work with individuals and couples who long to feel more alive, understood, and connected to themselves and each other, helping them move forward with greater clarity
Many people reach midlife carrying far more than they show to others. They may be caring for children, supporting ageing parents, managing demanding work, or holding relationships together while quietly feeling exhausted, disconnected, unseen, or unsure of who they are becoming. Life can begin to feel flat, heavy, or emotionally confusing. Anxiety, irritability, low mood, restlessness, or a sense of “going through the motions” often emerge at this stage of life. I work with individuals and couples who long to feel more alive, understood, and connected to themselves and each other, helping them move forward with greater clarity
0494 747 040 View 0494 747 040
Photo of Ess Binet, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Ess Binet
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Online Only
Hey, I'm Ess, and I'm so glad you're here. I offer therapy that honours all of you! All parts of you are met with respect and curiosity, as we follow the line of enquiry that interests and serves you. I take a non-pathologising, queer-affirming, neuro-affirming approach, that acknowledges how culture, power and social context shape our experiences. If you are yearning to know yourself more intimately, treat yourself more kindly, understand your behaviours, deepen relationships, or you sense more ease/joy/fulfilment is available to you ... I would love to support you in the process of reclaiming the fullness of who you are.
Hey, I'm Ess, and I'm so glad you're here. I offer therapy that honours all of you! All parts of you are met with respect and curiosity, as we follow the line of enquiry that interests and serves you. I take a non-pathologising, queer-affirming, neuro-affirming approach, that acknowledges how culture, power and social context shape our experiences. If you are yearning to know yourself more intimately, treat yourself more kindly, understand your behaviours, deepen relationships, or you sense more ease/joy/fulfilment is available to you ... I would love to support you in the process of reclaiming the fullness of who you are.
(02) 8074 5874 View (02) 8074 5874
Photo of Adam Horvath, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Adam Horvath
Psychologist, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Neutral Bay, NSW 2089
Hello, I'm Adam, a Clinical Psychologist in North Sydney. I support professionals, teenagers, families, and couples with their mental health and relationships. My philosophy is that therapy should create meaningful changes quickly, and I will help you to reach your goals with a straightforward and no-fuss approach. In our sessions, we will use practical, evidence-based strategies to work through challenges you might face, such as difficulty with managing emotions, feelings of sadness or anxiety, or times when you might feel overwhelmed or stuck. My practice is about creating an inclusive and welcoming space for everybody.
Hello, I'm Adam, a Clinical Psychologist in North Sydney. I support professionals, teenagers, families, and couples with their mental health and relationships. My philosophy is that therapy should create meaningful changes quickly, and I will help you to reach your goals with a straightforward and no-fuss approach. In our sessions, we will use practical, evidence-based strategies to work through challenges you might face, such as difficulty with managing emotions, feelings of sadness or anxiety, or times when you might feel overwhelmed or stuck. My practice is about creating an inclusive and welcoming space for everybody.
(02) 9100 0498 View (02) 9100 0498
Photo of Srijana Darnal - Your Mind at Ease, Social Worker, MA, AMHSW
Your Mind at Ease
Social Worker, MA, AMHSW
Parramatta, NSW 2150
Your Mind at Ease is centrally located in Parramatta Square and has, over the years, supported the diverse therapeutic needs of clients through a range of holistic and psychological interventions. We believe healing is deeply rooted in culture and spirituality and when thoughtfully integrated with evidence-based psychological practice, they create meaningful and lasting change that individuals can truly embody in their everyday lives. Your Mind at Ease offers experience in delivering tailored, client-centred therapeutic approaches. Taking the first step is overwhelming but the most important step. Call us for free 15mins chat.
Your Mind at Ease is centrally located in Parramatta Square and has, over the years, supported the diverse therapeutic needs of clients through a range of holistic and psychological interventions. We believe healing is deeply rooted in culture and spirituality and when thoughtfully integrated with evidence-based psychological practice, they create meaningful and lasting change that individuals can truly embody in their everyday lives. Your Mind at Ease offers experience in delivering tailored, client-centred therapeutic approaches. Taking the first step is overwhelming but the most important step. Call us for free 15mins chat.
(02) 7804 4439 View (02) 7804 4439
Photo of Solange Beron, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Solange Beron
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Online Only
I believe we all deserve a supportive space where we can safely explore the issues that matter to us, at our own pace. I aim to facilitate that space and provide a service based on a collaborative style, where clients are active participants and can exercise their autonomy whilst enhancing their understanding of themselves, their inner, and outer world. You may be feeling stuck, anxious, or depressed, while you try to navigate your experiences. I believe that by gaining insight and self awareness you can make meaning of these experiences and find your own answers, create and achieve your goals, and reach a new beginning.
I believe we all deserve a supportive space where we can safely explore the issues that matter to us, at our own pace. I aim to facilitate that space and provide a service based on a collaborative style, where clients are active participants and can exercise their autonomy whilst enhancing their understanding of themselves, their inner, and outer world. You may be feeling stuck, anxious, or depressed, while you try to navigate your experiences. I believe that by gaining insight and self awareness you can make meaning of these experiences and find your own answers, create and achieve your goals, and reach a new beginning.
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Photo of Jonathan Holman, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Jonathan Holman
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Crows Nest, NSW 2065
Today, many men are confused about our role and relevance in society. A clear sense of manhood, is I believe, critical to healthy relationships between men and women; men and other men; and obviously men as parents. I believe that my personal experiences are relevant here. Over many years, as parent, partner, friend and colleague, I have learned from my many mistakes and now feel that in a non-judgmental and collaborative way, I have something to offer both men and women in this regard. I believe that therapy is the best way to find out about oneself, that we are all unique and that each person’s life pathway is intensely personal
Today, many men are confused about our role and relevance in society. A clear sense of manhood, is I believe, critical to healthy relationships between men and women; men and other men; and obviously men as parents. I believe that my personal experiences are relevant here. Over many years, as parent, partner, friend and colleague, I have learned from my many mistakes and now feel that in a non-judgmental and collaborative way, I have something to offer both men and women in this regard. I believe that therapy is the best way to find out about oneself, that we are all unique and that each person’s life pathway is intensely personal
(02) 9100 0030 View (02) 9100 0030
Photo of Ann-Maree Whelan, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Ann-Maree Whelan
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Leichhardt, NSW 2040
Ann-Maree is a warm and experienced psychologist, who works from a strengths-based and trauma-informed perspective. She works collaboratively with clients using a wide range of evidence-based treatment approaches tailored to their individual needs. She creates a safe, non-judgemental and supportive therapeutic space where individuals can develop insight and create meaningful change in their lives and relationships. Ann-Maree has been registered since 2009, and has extensive experience in working with clients through life experiences such as neurodiversity, depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, trauma, grief and loss.
Ann-Maree is a warm and experienced psychologist, who works from a strengths-based and trauma-informed perspective. She works collaboratively with clients using a wide range of evidence-based treatment approaches tailored to their individual needs. She creates a safe, non-judgemental and supportive therapeutic space where individuals can develop insight and create meaningful change in their lives and relationships. Ann-Maree has been registered since 2009, and has extensive experience in working with clients through life experiences such as neurodiversity, depression, anxiety, relationship difficulties, trauma, grief and loss.
(02) 9158 6228 View (02) 9158 6228
Photo of Evelina Medin - Dr Evelina Medin, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Evelina Medin
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
I’m a Clinical Psychologist providing telehealth therapy for adults across NSW. The people I work with are thoughtful, capable individuals who find themselves struggling because of anxiety, overwhelm, burnout, trauma, self-criticism, relationship difficulties, or the cumulative impact of stress over time. I have a special interest in peri and postnatal difficulties and adjustment to parenthood - I work a lot with parents and caregivers navigating the emotional demands of family life including neurodivergent families. I also work a lot with first responders and other helping professionals.
I’m a Clinical Psychologist providing telehealth therapy for adults across NSW. The people I work with are thoughtful, capable individuals who find themselves struggling because of anxiety, overwhelm, burnout, trauma, self-criticism, relationship difficulties, or the cumulative impact of stress over time. I have a special interest in peri and postnatal difficulties and adjustment to parenthood - I work a lot with parents and caregivers navigating the emotional demands of family life including neurodivergent families. I also work a lot with first responders and other helping professionals.
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Photo of Ewa Nowinska - Neuoraffirming EMDR and EMDR intensives , Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Neuoraffirming EMDR and EMDR intensives
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Ewa Nowińska is a Registered Psychologist with a Master’s Degree from University of Gdansk, Poland. She also completed one year university exchange at the University of Barcelona, which led her to move to this beautiful country. During her 6 years in Spain/Catalonia, she continued developing her skills as a psychologist by working with clients struggling with work related issues,body image or relationship issues. After moving to Australia / Sydney in 2013, she commenced working with clients on Workers Compensation. Moreover, she has been supporting clients undergoing bariatric surgery. Medicare rebates available.
Ewa Nowińska is a Registered Psychologist with a Master’s Degree from University of Gdansk, Poland. She also completed one year university exchange at the University of Barcelona, which led her to move to this beautiful country. During her 6 years in Spain/Catalonia, she continued developing her skills as a psychologist by working with clients struggling with work related issues,body image or relationship issues. After moving to Australia / Sydney in 2013, she commenced working with clients on Workers Compensation. Moreover, she has been supporting clients undergoing bariatric surgery. Medicare rebates available.
0432 920 100 View 0432 920 100
Photo of Bianca Nagle, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Bianca Nagle
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Woolooware, NSW 2230
Hi! I’m Bianca, a Clinical Psychologist Registrar. I work with people who are seeking a safe and supportive space to explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. I enjoy supporting clients who want to understand patterns in their lives, navigate challenges more effectively, and foster personal growth. Together, we focus on building self-awareness, resilience, and practical tools to support your goals.
Hi! I’m Bianca, a Clinical Psychologist Registrar. I work with people who are seeking a safe and supportive space to explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. I enjoy supporting clients who want to understand patterns in their lives, navigate challenges more effectively, and foster personal growth. Together, we focus on building self-awareness, resilience, and practical tools to support your goals.
(02) 8105 6096 View (02) 8105 6096
Photo of Justine Pash, Counsellor, PACFA
Justine Pash
Counsellor, PACFA
Petersham, NSW 2049
Not accepting new clients
Life's for sure a roller coaster. Along with the ups, there will naturally be downs - illness, pain, worry, conflict, transitions and loss. Sometimes we hang on for the ride and know who will be in the seat beside us; at other times, we can feel pummelled, adrift or alone in our experience. Being heard, seen and validated can begin a process of deep understanding and change. I am a degree-qualified Therapist and eating disorder clinician who feels passionate about providing ethical, evidence-based support to all clients, no matter their concern. You might like to see me in my CBD or Petersham rooms.
Life's for sure a roller coaster. Along with the ups, there will naturally be downs - illness, pain, worry, conflict, transitions and loss. Sometimes we hang on for the ride and know who will be in the seat beside us; at other times, we can feel pummelled, adrift or alone in our experience. Being heard, seen and validated can begin a process of deep understanding and change. I am a degree-qualified Therapist and eating disorder clinician who feels passionate about providing ethical, evidence-based support to all clients, no matter their concern. You might like to see me in my CBD or Petersham rooms.
(02) 9100 0552 View (02) 9100 0552

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Holroyd, NSW

< 10

Psychologists and Therapists in Holroyd, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Personality Disorders
100% Grief
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Divorce

Average years in practice

40 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Medicare Rebates
100% Bupa
50% ACA Health

How Psychologists and Therapists in Holroyd, NSW see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Holroyd?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.