Psychologists and Therapists in Fernleigh, NSW

Clemence (Clemmie) Wotherspoon
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Prov
Fernleigh, NSW 2479
It's my pleasure and my life's work to support children, teens and young adults with mental health and disability support. I work from a beautiful 80 acre farm in Fernleigh, NSW (20 minutes from Ballina, Lismore, Bangalow). Our sessions can take place outside on the farm- exploring the creek, sitting under trees, or spending time with our gentle rescues brumby horses or registered therapy dog, Birdie, or, our office. I am very experienced in supporting NDIS clients, and offer medicare rebates. The most important part of my work is building a relationship with your child where they feel trusted, cared for, and respected.
It's my pleasure and my life's work to support children, teens and young adults with mental health and disability support. I work from a beautiful 80 acre farm in Fernleigh, NSW (20 minutes from Ballina, Lismore, Bangalow). Our sessions can take place outside on the farm- exploring the creek, sitting under trees, or spending time with our gentle rescues brumby horses or registered therapy dog, Birdie, or, our office. I am very experienced in supporting NDIS clients, and offer medicare rebates. The most important part of my work is building a relationship with your child where they feel trusted, cared for, and respected.
(02) 5602 8124 View (02) 5602 8124
Catherine Fleming
Psychologist, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Fernleigh, NSW 2479
I enjoy working with young people and families who are goal focused and motivated to make real progress and change. I have a down-to-earth and child friendly manner, with lived experience in the challenges of modern everyday family life. While having a keen interest in supporting the needs of children and families, I also provide support for individuals across the lifespan across a broad range of areas including trauma therapy and EMDR.
I enjoy working with young people and families who are goal focused and motivated to make real progress and change. I have a down-to-earth and child friendly manner, with lived experience in the challenges of modern everyday family life. While having a keen interest in supporting the needs of children and families, I also provide support for individuals across the lifespan across a broad range of areas including trauma therapy and EMDR.
(02) 5604 6303 View (02) 5604 6303

More Therapists Nearby

Susan Hodgkinson
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Lismore, NSW 2480
You have worked so hard to be validated and to be safe in the world and yet, there are cycles of pain... I help people discover the primary emotion and develop flexible ways to show up with their best compassionate self. I work with individuals, couples, family systems, young people and their carers, people presenting with neurodivergence, people with disabilities, workers compensation participants and caregivers. Trained Psychologist in Emotionally-focused therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Psychodynamic therapy.
You have worked so hard to be validated and to be safe in the world and yet, there are cycles of pain... I help people discover the primary emotion and develop flexible ways to show up with their best compassionate self. I work with individuals, couples, family systems, young people and their carers, people presenting with neurodivergence, people with disabilities, workers compensation participants and caregivers. Trained Psychologist in Emotionally-focused therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Psychodynamic therapy.
(02) 5605 5536 View (02) 5605 5536
Start Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
We are a group of compassionate and experienced therapists. We have experience in treating children; adolescents and adults and can assist with issues such as: Dealing with grief and loss; Understanding sexuality and gender issues; Disordered eating; Personality disorders Mood disorders; Anxiety; Depression; Dealing with life transitions; and Anger management. ​ We also provide full cognitive assessments for adults (16 ​​years and older), including interpretive reports.
We are a group of compassionate and experienced therapists. We have experience in treating children; adolescents and adults and can assist with issues such as: Dealing with grief and loss; Understanding sexuality and gender issues; Disordered eating; Personality disorders Mood disorders; Anxiety; Depression; Dealing with life transitions; and Anger management. ​ We also provide full cognitive assessments for adults (16 ​​years and older), including interpretive reports.
(02) 5602 4040 View (02) 5602 4040
Lili Sachinidis
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Online Only
I am a genuine, perceptive, and caring psychologist who enjoys working with peoples from all walks of life and backgrounds. People who I have worked with have told me they feel comfortable, that I make them laugh, and help them understand themselves. I am interested in working with adults who experience a range of emotional and behavioural concerns such as depression, low self esteem, anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, PTSD, relational challenges, disordered eating, body image, stress, and grief & loss. Drawing on my lived experience and psychological practice, I am passionate about helping others build a meaningful life.
I am a genuine, perceptive, and caring psychologist who enjoys working with peoples from all walks of life and backgrounds. People who I have worked with have told me they feel comfortable, that I make them laugh, and help them understand themselves. I am interested in working with adults who experience a range of emotional and behavioural concerns such as depression, low self esteem, anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, PTSD, relational challenges, disordered eating, body image, stress, and grief & loss. Drawing on my lived experience and psychological practice, I am passionate about helping others build a meaningful life.
View
Zsuzsa Barta
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I offer a trauma informed, integrated approach in a safe empowering space. I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist. With empathy, and effective modern techniques, I help clients manage Trauma, intense emotions, build coping skills, and improve emotional regulation. Sometimes you need to process Complex Trauma before you arrive to resilience, but you are helped all along the way. I blend deep psychotherapy with practical techniques. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship issues, my goal is to support your growth, boost self-esteem, and help you feel more connected and fulfilled in life.
I offer a trauma informed, integrated approach in a safe empowering space. I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist. With empathy, and effective modern techniques, I help clients manage Trauma, intense emotions, build coping skills, and improve emotional regulation. Sometimes you need to process Complex Trauma before you arrive to resilience, but you are helped all along the way. I blend deep psychotherapy with practical techniques. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship issues, my goal is to support your growth, boost self-esteem, and help you feel more connected and fulfilled in life.
(02) 8000 1668 View (02) 8000 1668
Sacred Wild Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Experiencing anxiety, depression or conflict? Needing more Clarity, Compassion & Connection in your world? I’m here to help. We begin with whatever is showing up for you right now & together co-create a space tailored just for you. I bring an Internal Family Systems (IFS) & Trauma Informed approach to support you to go deep into what really matters & what might be getting in your way. With a focus on Compassion & Curiosity you're invited to review the stories & patterns you might be holding & to get Curious about: their origins, the way they might might have served you, whether they need updating & what else might be possible.
Experiencing anxiety, depression or conflict? Needing more Clarity, Compassion & Connection in your world? I’m here to help. We begin with whatever is showing up for you right now & together co-create a space tailored just for you. I bring an Internal Family Systems (IFS) & Trauma Informed approach to support you to go deep into what really matters & what might be getting in your way. With a focus on Compassion & Curiosity you're invited to review the stories & patterns you might be holding & to get Curious about: their origins, the way they might might have served you, whether they need updating & what else might be possible.
(02) 5133 8006 View (02) 5133 8006
Sheena Schuy
Social Worker, AMHSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Hey I’m Sheena Schuy. I am a Holistic Therapist (BPsych, MCoun, MSW). We are a womens mental health online practice - we specialise in helping high-achieving women create balance in their life so that can be the best leaders, entrepreneurs, partners, mothers, and friends - without the burnout. We help women go from exhausted, tired, and strung out to calm, clear and content with our psychology and life coaching services. The main issues we work with are anxiety, burnout, relationships, ADHD and depression but can also help with career development, mindset, personal development, leadership, business strategy and entrepreneurship.
Hey I’m Sheena Schuy. I am a Holistic Therapist (BPsych, MCoun, MSW). We are a womens mental health online practice - we specialise in helping high-achieving women create balance in their life so that can be the best leaders, entrepreneurs, partners, mothers, and friends - without the burnout. We help women go from exhausted, tired, and strung out to calm, clear and content with our psychology and life coaching services. The main issues we work with are anxiety, burnout, relationships, ADHD and depression but can also help with career development, mindset, personal development, leadership, business strategy and entrepreneurship.
(07) 2000 5406 View (07) 2000 5406
Gaby Browarczyk
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
I am passionate about supporting thriving, connection and personal growth. Utilizing creative, reflective and trauma informed practices together we work to support positive change in life’s most difficult and complex circumstances. Working in the here and now with what emerges in the therapeutic relationship we discover and uncover new awareness's. Some people don't like being in closed rooms and some enjoy connecting to nature ask me about my walk and talk session for grounding and re-energizing, clearing the mind of rumination, improve circulation, practice deep breathing, relieve body tension, regulate moods and decrease anxiety.
I am passionate about supporting thriving, connection and personal growth. Utilizing creative, reflective and trauma informed practices together we work to support positive change in life’s most difficult and complex circumstances. Working in the here and now with what emerges in the therapeutic relationship we discover and uncover new awareness's. Some people don't like being in closed rooms and some enjoy connecting to nature ask me about my walk and talk session for grounding and re-energizing, clearing the mind of rumination, improve circulation, practice deep breathing, relieve body tension, regulate moods and decrease anxiety.
(08) 6490 9056 View (08) 6490 9056
Nerissa Stanley
Counsellor, MA, AAFT
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, I’m Nerissa. I’m a mental health occupational therapist, individual, couples and family therapist and life coach passionate about supporting my clients to form healthy and loving relationships with themselves and others, build deeper awareness into how past experiences and traumas impact their life and creating space for healing, empowerment and conscious creation of positive and sustainable change. I come to private practice with over ten years’ experience working in the public mental health sector across both adult and child and adolescent services. I have worked with individuals, couples and families.
Hi, I’m Nerissa. I’m a mental health occupational therapist, individual, couples and family therapist and life coach passionate about supporting my clients to form healthy and loving relationships with themselves and others, build deeper awareness into how past experiences and traumas impact their life and creating space for healing, empowerment and conscious creation of positive and sustainable change. I come to private practice with over ten years’ experience working in the public mental health sector across both adult and child and adolescent services. I have worked with individuals, couples and families.
(03) 6163 9803 View (03) 6163 9803
Erwin Webb Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
Bringing over a decade of diverse counselling experience to the table, I specialize in addressing a wide range of concerns, with a particular focus on family work, couples therapy and trauma. My therapeutic toolbox includes approaches such as Logotherapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Family Systems Therapy. With a compassionate and collaborative approach, I guide individuals, couples and families towards understanding, growth and resilience in the face of life's challenges. Let's work together to build and strengthen what matters most; you and your loved ones.
Bringing over a decade of diverse counselling experience to the table, I specialize in addressing a wide range of concerns, with a particular focus on family work, couples therapy and trauma. My therapeutic toolbox includes approaches such as Logotherapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Family Systems Therapy. With a compassionate and collaborative approach, I guide individuals, couples and families towards understanding, growth and resilience in the face of life's challenges. Let's work together to build and strengthen what matters most; you and your loved ones.
(02) 5657 0829 View (02) 5657 0829
Jessica Rose Milburn
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Alstonville, NSW 2477
Jessica, from the moment you walk into her clinic space, sees you for all your amazing qualities and attributes. Supporting people to really feel their value and purpose in their lives. With each topic that presents, it is delicately explored to reveal your strengths and tools to attend to what is presenting and also to identify what gets in the way.
Jessica, from the moment you walk into her clinic space, sees you for all your amazing qualities and attributes. Supporting people to really feel their value and purpose in their lives. With each topic that presents, it is delicately explored to reveal your strengths and tools to attend to what is presenting and also to identify what gets in the way.
(02) 5603 8293 View (02) 5603 8293
Barbra Joffe @Deep Listening Counselling
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Bangalow, NSW 2479
I support women and men, in relationship or not, with intimacy and relational challenges. Therapy/counselling can help couples as regular maintenance for healthy relating, and can also support couples in crisis. Counselling can be a valuable for people who are dating or wanting to understand past patterns in relationship. I work with women through life transitions including motherhood, loss (incl. pregnancy loss), anxiety and depression. I draw on my experience as a teacher of mindfulness, yoga to help men & women express themselves and relieve stress/anxiety. Sessions are available online and in-person in Bangalow & Byron Bay.
I support women and men, in relationship or not, with intimacy and relational challenges. Therapy/counselling can help couples as regular maintenance for healthy relating, and can also support couples in crisis. Counselling can be a valuable for people who are dating or wanting to understand past patterns in relationship. I work with women through life transitions including motherhood, loss (incl. pregnancy loss), anxiety and depression. I draw on my experience as a teacher of mindfulness, yoga to help men & women express themselves and relieve stress/anxiety. Sessions are available online and in-person in Bangalow & Byron Bay.
(02) 5602 6924 View (02) 5602 6924
Natalie Powell
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Bangalow, NSW 2479
People who feel something in their life is no longer working, yet are unsure how to shift it. They may notice repeating patterns in relationships, feel disconnected from themselves, or carry unresolved pain, grief, or trauma. Often they are thoughtful, self-aware, and ready to look beneath the surface. They want more than coping strategies, they want deeper understanding, healing, and a more authentic way of living. Their goal is greater vitality, clarity, and freedom to meet life, relationships, and themselves with more presence, choice, and compassion.
People who feel something in their life is no longer working, yet are unsure how to shift it. They may notice repeating patterns in relationships, feel disconnected from themselves, or carry unresolved pain, grief, or trauma. Often they are thoughtful, self-aware, and ready to look beneath the surface. They want more than coping strategies, they want deeper understanding, healing, and a more authentic way of living. Their goal is greater vitality, clarity, and freedom to meet life, relationships, and themselves with more presence, choice, and compassion.
(02) 5605 5339 View (02) 5605 5339
Steve JAMES LOCK Wood
Social Worker, AASW
Pottsville, NSW 2489
Some things leave a mark even when you can't quite name what happened or why it still affects you. I work best with people who are carrying a lot but feel alone in it. Whether you're navigating trauma, chronic stress, anxiety, relationship pain, or a life that no longer feels like your own, you don't have to keep holding it alone. Trauma doesn't always look dramatic sometimes it's feeling stuck, exhausted, disconnected, or like something is quietly wrong. Whatever it looks like for you, it makes sense. And it can change.
Some things leave a mark even when you can't quite name what happened or why it still affects you. I work best with people who are carrying a lot but feel alone in it. Whether you're navigating trauma, chronic stress, anxiety, relationship pain, or a life that no longer feels like your own, you don't have to keep holding it alone. Trauma doesn't always look dramatic sometimes it's feeling stuck, exhausted, disconnected, or like something is quietly wrong. Whatever it looks like for you, it makes sense. And it can change.
(03) 4422 4630 View (03) 4422 4630
Dr Christine Ellisdon
Psychologist, PsychD, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Byron Bay, NSW 2481
I believe all people have an innate capacity for wisdom and, with this, a natural capacity for healing. I aim to empower people by supporting their connection to this inner wisdom while gently addressing the barriers that may limit access to it and prevent them from living a full and enriching life. Many people experience difficulties related to unresolved issues from the past, stressful relationship dynamics, work-related challenges, self-defeating behavioural patterns, and self-critical ways of thinking. Psychological counselling can help to develop insight, build on your strengths, and support meaningful and lasting change.
I believe all people have an innate capacity for wisdom and, with this, a natural capacity for healing. I aim to empower people by supporting their connection to this inner wisdom while gently addressing the barriers that may limit access to it and prevent them from living a full and enriching life. Many people experience difficulties related to unresolved issues from the past, stressful relationship dynamics, work-related challenges, self-defeating behavioural patterns, and self-critical ways of thinking. Psychological counselling can help to develop insight, build on your strengths, and support meaningful and lasting change.
(03) 9008 1947 View (03) 9008 1947
4Women Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
At 4Women Psychology we provide compassionate, evidence-based psychological therapy and assessments specifically for young women (13+ yrs) and women across every stage of life. At 4Women Psychology, our team is guided by the 4Women Psychology Pillars of Continuity of Care, Collaboration, Compassion, and Clinical Integrity, ensuring our clients feel supported, understood, and empowered
At 4Women Psychology we provide compassionate, evidence-based psychological therapy and assessments specifically for young women (13+ yrs) and women across every stage of life. At 4Women Psychology, our team is guided by the 4Women Psychology Pillars of Continuity of Care, Collaboration, Compassion, and Clinical Integrity, ensuring our clients feel supported, understood, and empowered
(07) 2801 6555 View (07) 2801 6555
Monica Masero
Psychotherapist
1 Endorsed
Byron Bay, NSW 2481
We all have times when we experience challenges in life that would benefit from the support of a skilled professional. Whether it be challenges with the relationship with ourselves, with an intimate partner, children, parents, grandparents, co-workers or employers, at Pause and Effect Change we can help you reconnect with your authentic needs, identify patterns that may be constraining the change you desire, find a new perspective to problems that may feel entrenched, teach you new tools that are sustainable and easy to learn and access new found energy to activate the change you need to make.
We all have times when we experience challenges in life that would benefit from the support of a skilled professional. Whether it be challenges with the relationship with ourselves, with an intimate partner, children, parents, grandparents, co-workers or employers, at Pause and Effect Change we can help you reconnect with your authentic needs, identify patterns that may be constraining the change you desire, find a new perspective to problems that may feel entrenched, teach you new tools that are sustainable and easy to learn and access new found energy to activate the change you need to make.
(02) 8599 7168 View (02) 8599 7168
Christina de Wit
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Billinudgel, NSW 2483
Waitlist for new clients
When you are scrolling here, you might be struggling with emotional hardship and/or psychological pain in the form of anxious or depressed feelings, stress,loneliness, difficulty coping, grief, etc. I have found myself in those shoes at different times in my life; searching for someone capable and kind who would be able to support me. In my experience, it was invaluable to have a therapist who, besides being experienced and skillfull, was warm and personable and able to really meet me. I wish to offer such service for my clients. I have worked for many years in various public health roles and over 12 years in private practice.
When you are scrolling here, you might be struggling with emotional hardship and/or psychological pain in the form of anxious or depressed feelings, stress,loneliness, difficulty coping, grief, etc. I have found myself in those shoes at different times in my life; searching for someone capable and kind who would be able to support me. In my experience, it was invaluable to have a therapist who, besides being experienced and skillfull, was warm and personable and able to really meet me. I wish to offer such service for my clients. I have worked for many years in various public health roles and over 12 years in private practice.
(02) 5605 0980 View (02) 5605 0980
Ofunneka Amanda Anyanwu
Counsellor, ACA-L2
2 Endorsed
Alstonville, NSW 2477
Are you a member of the Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) community? Are you a parent finding it hard to connect with your teenager? Are you a mother trying to cope with the stress of being a mum, wife and working? Are you a single mother faced with life's challenges? Are you an individual going through the stress of relationship breakdown or simply trying to navigate transitions in your life? Are you a young person struggling to engage with school, your friends and family? If you answered yes to either of the above questions, then my counselling service is for you.
Are you a member of the Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) community? Are you a parent finding it hard to connect with your teenager? Are you a mother trying to cope with the stress of being a mum, wife and working? Are you a single mother faced with life's challenges? Are you an individual going through the stress of relationship breakdown or simply trying to navigate transitions in your life? Are you a young person struggling to engage with school, your friends and family? If you answered yes to either of the above questions, then my counselling service is for you.
(02) 4058 4011 View (02) 4058 4011

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Fernleigh, NSW

< 10

Psychologists and Therapists in Fernleigh, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Child
100% ADHD
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Autism
100% Behavioural Issues
100% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

20 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Psychologists and Therapists in Fernleigh, NSW see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Fernleigh?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.