Counselling in Fernleigh, NSW

Photo of Clemmie Wotherspoon - Byron Bay Equine Therapy & Psychology, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Prov
Byron Bay Equine Therapy & Psychology
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Prov
1 Endorsed
Fernleigh, NSW 2479
We are a team of nature-loving psychologists and clinical psychologists, with a special focus on supporting children, teens, families, and adults with trauma, ADHD, Autism, anxiety, and NDIS support. We offer sessions from our peaceful 80 acre farm-based clinic, where clients enjoy our office, creek, walking trails, horses, and wildlife. This is a perfect clinic for those who struggle to thrive in traditional, clinical environments. Please visit our website for more information: www.byronbayequinetherapy.com.au, or call us today.
We are a team of nature-loving psychologists and clinical psychologists, with a special focus on supporting children, teens, families, and adults with trauma, ADHD, Autism, anxiety, and NDIS support. We offer sessions from our peaceful 80 acre farm-based clinic, where clients enjoy our office, creek, walking trails, horses, and wildlife. This is a perfect clinic for those who struggle to thrive in traditional, clinical environments. Please visit our website for more information: www.byronbayequinetherapy.com.au, or call us today.
(02) 5661 6940 View (02) 5661 6940
Photo of Clemence (Clemmie) Wotherspoon, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Prov
Clemence (Clemmie) Wotherspoon
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Prov
Fernleigh, NSW 2479
It's my pleasure and my life's work to support children, teens and young adults with mental health and disability support. I work from a beautiful 80 acre farm in Fernleigh, NSW (20 minutes from Ballina, Lismore, Bangalow). Our sessions can take place outside on the farm- exploring the creek, sitting under trees, or spending time with our gentle rescues brumby horses or registered therapy dog, Birdie, or, our office. I am very experienced in supporting NDIS clients, and offer medicare rebates. The most important part of my work is building a relationship with your child where they feel trusted, cared for, and respected.
It's my pleasure and my life's work to support children, teens and young adults with mental health and disability support. I work from a beautiful 80 acre farm in Fernleigh, NSW (20 minutes from Ballina, Lismore, Bangalow). Our sessions can take place outside on the farm- exploring the creek, sitting under trees, or spending time with our gentle rescues brumby horses or registered therapy dog, Birdie, or, our office. I am very experienced in supporting NDIS clients, and offer medicare rebates. The most important part of my work is building a relationship with your child where they feel trusted, cared for, and respected.
(02) 5602 8124 View (02) 5602 8124
Photo of Catherine Fleming, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Catherine Fleming
Psychologist, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Fernleigh, NSW 2479
I enjoy working with young people and families who are goal focused and motivated to make real progress and change. I have a down-to-earth and child friendly manner, with lived experience in the challenges of modern everyday family life. While having a keen interest in supporting the needs of children and families, I also provide support for individuals across the lifespan across a broad range of areas including trauma therapy and EMDR.
I enjoy working with young people and families who are goal focused and motivated to make real progress and change. I have a down-to-earth and child friendly manner, with lived experience in the challenges of modern everyday family life. While having a keen interest in supporting the needs of children and families, I also provide support for individuals across the lifespan across a broad range of areas including trauma therapy and EMDR.
(02) 5604 6303 View (02) 5604 6303

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Krystal Ellis - Krystal Ellis Counselling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Krystal Ellis Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Serves Area
I work with clients looking to improve their mental health outcomes using a person-centred and integrative approach.
I work with clients looking to improve their mental health outcomes using a person-centred and integrative approach.
(08) 7948 6663 View (08) 7948 6663
Photo of Aimee Tracton, Psychologist, Assoc MAPS
Aimee Tracton
Psychologist, Assoc MAPS
Serves Area
Aimee is a Registered Psychologist interested in helping you lead a richer, fuller life. She aims to provide a warm, creative and inquisitive atmosphere to explore concerns, overcome stressful life events and tap into the strength and clarity you hold within. As a queer, neurodivergent practitioner, Aimee recognises the unique strengths and challenges of those who might not fit the general mold. Aimee uses a range of therapeutic approaches that include Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Somatic Therapy, Psychodynamic theory and Internal Family Systems.
Aimee is a Registered Psychologist interested in helping you lead a richer, fuller life. She aims to provide a warm, creative and inquisitive atmosphere to explore concerns, overcome stressful life events and tap into the strength and clarity you hold within. As a queer, neurodivergent practitioner, Aimee recognises the unique strengths and challenges of those who might not fit the general mold. Aimee uses a range of therapeutic approaches that include Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Somatic Therapy, Psychodynamic theory and Internal Family Systems.
(02) 8003 7668 View (02) 8003 7668
Photo of Barbra Joffe - Deep Listening Counselling, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Deep Listening Counselling
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Bangalow, NSW 2479
I offer couples sessions and individual sessions. I support women and men who are grappling with intimacy and relationship issues. I work with women who are moving through life transitions including breakups, spiritual crises, grief (including from miscarriage and pregnancy loss) and anxiety and depression. I work with men who are wanting to deepen emotional expression and relieve stress/anxiety.
I offer couples sessions and individual sessions. I support women and men who are grappling with intimacy and relationship issues. I work with women who are moving through life transitions including breakups, spiritual crises, grief (including from miscarriage and pregnancy loss) and anxiety and depression. I work with men who are wanting to deepen emotional expression and relieve stress/anxiety.
(02) 5602 6924 View (02) 5602 6924
Photo of Ben Bramston, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Ben Bramston
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Pottsville, NSW 2489
As a psychologist, I have the privilege of working with you to identify and heal the core issues driving the behaviour causing you pain. It gives me great joy to meet people who are eager to know themselves better and awaken their spiritual essence. When Life is going wrong, I believe life isn’t just happening to you; it’s happening for you to heal parts of self that are caught in a negative emotional cycle.
As a psychologist, I have the privilege of working with you to identify and heal the core issues driving the behaviour causing you pain. It gives me great joy to meet people who are eager to know themselves better and awaken their spiritual essence. When Life is going wrong, I believe life isn’t just happening to you; it’s happening for you to heal parts of self that are caught in a negative emotional cycle.
(02) 5657 0965 View (02) 5657 0965
Photo of Kristie Dullat, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Kristie Dullat
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Serves Area
Life can sometimes feel overwhelming, especially when we're trying to navigate our emotions, relationships, work, or even our own expectations. It’s not always easy to understand why we do what we do or how to make the changes we want. If you’re looking to become a more authentic version of yourself and gain a deeper understanding of your actions, therapy can be a powerful tool to help you on that journey. There are times when we just need to speak our truth—without fear of judgment or the worry that our words might be misunderstood. If you are tired of living the same cycle, therapy will help you make the changes you desire.
Life can sometimes feel overwhelming, especially when we're trying to navigate our emotions, relationships, work, or even our own expectations. It’s not always easy to understand why we do what we do or how to make the changes we want. If you’re looking to become a more authentic version of yourself and gain a deeper understanding of your actions, therapy can be a powerful tool to help you on that journey. There are times when we just need to speak our truth—without fear of judgment or the worry that our words might be misunderstood. If you are tired of living the same cycle, therapy will help you make the changes you desire.
(02) 5501 5508 View (02) 5501 5508
Photo of Fernanda Megda, Counsellor, ACA-L4
Fernanda Megda
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Hi, I’m Fernanda! I’m a compassionate counsellor and somatic therapist passionate about helping individuals and couples navigate life’s challenges, heal from the past, and step into their fullest potential. My approach is warm, collaborative, and deeply attuned to your unique journey. Many of my clients come to me seeking support with: Relationship challenges Anxiety or depression Childhood trauma Phobias and OCD Parenting struggles Low self-esteem Personal growth and self-discovery
Hi, I’m Fernanda! I’m a compassionate counsellor and somatic therapist passionate about helping individuals and couples navigate life’s challenges, heal from the past, and step into their fullest potential. My approach is warm, collaborative, and deeply attuned to your unique journey. Many of my clients come to me seeking support with: Relationship challenges Anxiety or depression Childhood trauma Phobias and OCD Parenting struggles Low self-esteem Personal growth and self-discovery
(02) 9100 0179 View (02) 9100 0179
Photo of Victoria Bardović, Counsellor
I have helped hundreds of people explore what keeps them stuck in life, sex & relationships and have supported people to get unstuck and live a more fulfilling life. With a compassionate and restful nature I offer a place of no judgement, depth enquiry and curiosity to unravel the trials and challenges that life provides. I feel really grateful to be able to offer this work and my own development as a way to help my clients find the life that really nourishes them.
I have helped hundreds of people explore what keeps them stuck in life, sex & relationships and have supported people to get unstuck and live a more fulfilling life. With a compassionate and restful nature I offer a place of no judgement, depth enquiry and curiosity to unravel the trials and challenges that life provides. I feel really grateful to be able to offer this work and my own development as a way to help my clients find the life that really nourishes them.
(02) 5602 6418 View (02) 5602 6418
Photo of Andi Saunders, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Andi Saunders
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You’re tired of feeling stuck in habits that don’t serve you — scrolling, snacking, numbing out. You’re the one everyone leans on, but inside, you’re running on empty. You’ve worked hard to get where you are, but something’s missing. You want to feel energised, fulfilled, and in control of your life again. Whether it’s breaking old patterns, finding clarity amidst the noise, or rediscovering your sense of purpose, you’re ready for change. You don’t need more surface-level self-help. You need a compassionate, practical approach to uncover what’s keeping you stuck and how to move forward.
You’re tired of feeling stuck in habits that don’t serve you — scrolling, snacking, numbing out. You’re the one everyone leans on, but inside, you’re running on empty. You’ve worked hard to get where you are, but something’s missing. You want to feel energised, fulfilled, and in control of your life again. Whether it’s breaking old patterns, finding clarity amidst the noise, or rediscovering your sense of purpose, you’re ready for change. You don’t need more surface-level self-help. You need a compassionate, practical approach to uncover what’s keeping you stuck and how to move forward.
(02) 5610 9012 View (02) 5610 9012
Photo of Uri Bookman, Counsellor
Uri Bookman
Counsellor
2 Endorsed
Burringbar, NSW 2483
Life can be so wonderful and can sometimes be full of pain and sorrow. In relationships, your buttons are pressed, and you often repeat the same cycle with your partner, children or family members. It doesn't have to be this way. It requires courage to take a stand for yourself. You are doing this right now! With therapy and counselling, you'll look back at your past and find understanding, acceptance and forgiveness. Coaching will enable you to look forward and design your future. Then, step by step, I empower you to walk forward into your new future. Feeling happier, empowered, and comfortable in your skin. You deserve this.
Life can be so wonderful and can sometimes be full of pain and sorrow. In relationships, your buttons are pressed, and you often repeat the same cycle with your partner, children or family members. It doesn't have to be this way. It requires courage to take a stand for yourself. You are doing this right now! With therapy and counselling, you'll look back at your past and find understanding, acceptance and forgiveness. Coaching will enable you to look forward and design your future. Then, step by step, I empower you to walk forward into your new future. Feeling happier, empowered, and comfortable in your skin. You deserve this.
(02) 5604 6607 View (02) 5604 6607
Photo of Anne Sureyya - Anne Sureyya Psychotherapist and Counsellor, Counsellor, PACFA
Anne Sureyya Psychotherapist and Counsellor
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
In our first session, we talk about what’s brought you here — whether it’s the pain of repeated relationship disappointments, uncertainty in a long-term partnership, or feeling weighed down by anxiety, low mood, disordered eating, or emotional distress. You may be navigating life feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or like things should feel better than they do — and you’re looking to change this.
In our first session, we talk about what’s brought you here — whether it’s the pain of repeated relationship disappointments, uncertainty in a long-term partnership, or feeling weighed down by anxiety, low mood, disordered eating, or emotional distress. You may be navigating life feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or like things should feel better than they do — and you’re looking to change this.
(08) 7008 7605 View (08) 7008 7605
Photo of Katie Empson, Counsellor, PACFA
Katie Empson
Counsellor, PACFA
Online Only
I am a registered counsellor and a dedicated member of the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA). My intention as a counsellor is to embody a warm, vibrant, and gentle therapeutic presence. I provide online individual therapy with a specialisation in adolescent mental health, emerging adulthood, and gender/identity. People also see me for support with stress, worry, anxiety, depression, trauma, communication, self-esteem, or when they just need a little extra support during this season of life (because being human can be complicated).
I am a registered counsellor and a dedicated member of the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA). My intention as a counsellor is to embody a warm, vibrant, and gentle therapeutic presence. I provide online individual therapy with a specialisation in adolescent mental health, emerging adulthood, and gender/identity. People also see me for support with stress, worry, anxiety, depression, trauma, communication, self-esteem, or when they just need a little extra support during this season of life (because being human can be complicated).
View
Photo of Carolina Pagotto, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Carolina Pagotto
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Billinudgel, NSW 2483
Sessions are available for immediate start! I work with children, adolescents, adults and elderly clients. I have been working with individuals and groups for over 10 years as both a psychologist and psychotherapist. I’m deeply passionate about supporting individuals to understand their life challenges while connecting with their innate potential to heal and repair. My focus is to create a warm and supportive space where we can explore your unique difficulties and uncover your inner resources to more understanding, repair and move forward.
Sessions are available for immediate start! I work with children, adolescents, adults and elderly clients. I have been working with individuals and groups for over 10 years as both a psychologist and psychotherapist. I’m deeply passionate about supporting individuals to understand their life challenges while connecting with their innate potential to heal and repair. My focus is to create a warm and supportive space where we can explore your unique difficulties and uncover your inner resources to more understanding, repair and move forward.
(02) 5604 6010 View (02) 5604 6010
Photo of Sandra Putek - Sandra Putek - Return To You
Sandra Putek - Return To You
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you feel like you’ve lost touch with who you really are? Maybe you’ve always been the thoughtful one — kind, capable, holding it all together — but underneath, you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure where you’re headed. If you’re craving clarity, confidence, and a deeper sense of purpose, you’re not alone — and you don’t have to figure it out on your own. Hi, I’m Sandra, a holistic therapist. I work with people who are ready to stop people-pleasing, heal old wounds, and reconnect with who they really are — underneath all the expectations, pressure, and self-doubt.
Do you feel like you’ve lost touch with who you really are? Maybe you’ve always been the thoughtful one — kind, capable, holding it all together — but underneath, you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure where you’re headed. If you’re craving clarity, confidence, and a deeper sense of purpose, you’re not alone — and you don’t have to figure it out on your own. Hi, I’m Sandra, a holistic therapist. I work with people who are ready to stop people-pleasing, heal old wounds, and reconnect with who they really are — underneath all the expectations, pressure, and self-doubt.
(08) 7081 9366 View (08) 7081 9366
Photo of Belinda Southerden
Belinda Southerden
Verified Verified
Mullumbimby, NSW 2482
I have spent 20 years working with and supporting adults and teens who are experiencing relationship challenges, traumas, addictions, eating disorders, mental health difficulties and general day to day stressors. I have worked in both residential settings with individuals and families, as well as running my own private practise. My approach is trauma informed with a strong influence from somatic and mindfulness teachings. I have been trained as a Counsellor, Gestalt Psychotherapist and Somatic Practitioner, and have a passion for supporting people to find their way back to their authentic selves.
I have spent 20 years working with and supporting adults and teens who are experiencing relationship challenges, traumas, addictions, eating disorders, mental health difficulties and general day to day stressors. I have worked in both residential settings with individuals and families, as well as running my own private practise. My approach is trauma informed with a strong influence from somatic and mindfulness teachings. I have been trained as a Counsellor, Gestalt Psychotherapist and Somatic Practitioner, and have a passion for supporting people to find their way back to their authentic selves.
(02) 5604 4729 View (02) 5604 4729
Photo of Lea Hrubos - Radiance Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, Assoc MAPS
Radiance Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, Assoc MAPS
Bangalow, NSW 2479
Hello, I’m Lea. I work with adults from all walks of life who are seeking assistance to improve their mental health and psychological growth. I see individuals who are experiencing difficulties with issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, grief and loss, identity issues, low self-esteem, coping and adjustment issues, and self-care. If you are wanting to resolve unhelpful life patterns that restrict your personal growth, self-compassion and fulfilling connection with others, I would love to work with you.
Hello, I’m Lea. I work with adults from all walks of life who are seeking assistance to improve their mental health and psychological growth. I see individuals who are experiencing difficulties with issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, grief and loss, identity issues, low self-esteem, coping and adjustment issues, and self-care. If you are wanting to resolve unhelpful life patterns that restrict your personal growth, self-compassion and fulfilling connection with others, I would love to work with you.
(02) 5604 4568 View (02) 5604 4568
Photo of Narelle Hudson, Counsellor, ACA-L4
Narelle Hudson
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Nimbin, NSW 2480
Hi, I am Narelle Hudson. My highest intention is to provide a safe and nurturing space for clients to process their grief and loss. I am passionate about advocating for clients to be given adequate support in their most vulnerable moments. I live on the Northern Rivers, in Nimbin. NSW. I offer in-person counselling and also telehealth Australia wide. I am a trauma-informed counsellor who is trained in EMDR and also provides complimentary natural therapies. I have over 10 years of personal and professional experience in the area of grief and loss.
Hi, I am Narelle Hudson. My highest intention is to provide a safe and nurturing space for clients to process their grief and loss. I am passionate about advocating for clients to be given adequate support in their most vulnerable moments. I live on the Northern Rivers, in Nimbin. NSW. I offer in-person counselling and also telehealth Australia wide. I am a trauma-informed counsellor who is trained in EMDR and also provides complimentary natural therapies. I have over 10 years of personal and professional experience in the area of grief and loss.
(07) 3608 1293 View (07) 3608 1293
Photo of Lisa Moore, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Lisa Moore
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Casuarina, NSW 2487
I want you to know that you are not alone. The desires we share — to love and be loved, to embrace self-acceptance, and to feel in control of our lives — may seem straightforward, yet the journey to achieving them is often complex. I am here to support you, whether you're facing a small hurdle, a major crisis, or seeking the courage to embark on something new. I will consider it a privilege to be your guide and counsellor, offering a safe haven characterised by compassion, non-judgment, and strict confidentiality. Together, we can explore your challenges, navigate the complexities, and work towards creating the life you desire.
I want you to know that you are not alone. The desires we share — to love and be loved, to embrace self-acceptance, and to feel in control of our lives — may seem straightforward, yet the journey to achieving them is often complex. I am here to support you, whether you're facing a small hurdle, a major crisis, or seeking the courage to embark on something new. I will consider it a privilege to be your guide and counsellor, offering a safe haven characterised by compassion, non-judgment, and strict confidentiality. Together, we can explore your challenges, navigate the complexities, and work towards creating the life you desire.
(02) 5604 9260 View (02) 5604 9260

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Fernleigh, NSW

< 10

Counsellors in Fernleigh, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Child
100% ADHD
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Autism
100% School Issues
100% Behavioural Issues

Average years in practice

13 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Fernleigh, NSW see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Fernleigh?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.