Psychologists and Therapists in Engadine, NSW

Connie Easterbrook Counselling Services
Counsellor, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Engadine, NSW 2233
Are you experiencing relationship struggles or marriage breakdown. Wanting to refresh, renew or repair your relationship with your partner or family member. Or feeling crushed by grief and sadness. Anxious. Depressed. Stressed. Overwhelmed. Discouraged. Low self-esteem. If you are looking for compassionate care, support, hope for the future and a transformed emotional life - then I may be able to help. I am a warm, relational counsellor who offers experience, wisdom and compassion. I can provide practical skills and strategies to assist alongside empowering you to find your own unique way forward.
Are you experiencing relationship struggles or marriage breakdown. Wanting to refresh, renew or repair your relationship with your partner or family member. Or feeling crushed by grief and sadness. Anxious. Depressed. Stressed. Overwhelmed. Discouraged. Low self-esteem. If you are looking for compassionate care, support, hope for the future and a transformed emotional life - then I may be able to help. I am a warm, relational counsellor who offers experience, wisdom and compassion. I can provide practical skills and strategies to assist alongside empowering you to find your own unique way forward.
(02) 7501 0787 View (02) 7501 0787
Timothy Joss
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Engadine, NSW 2233
You might be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or carrying the weight of past experiences that are difficult to make sense of. This could show up as anxiety, low mood, emotional reactivity, or a sense that something isn't quite right. Perhaps you've been coping for a long time but want more than just getting by. Many people I work with are seeking clarity, relief, and a greater sense of peace. They want to move forward without the past continuing to shape how they feel or function.
You might be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or carrying the weight of past experiences that are difficult to make sense of. This could show up as anxiety, low mood, emotional reactivity, or a sense that something isn't quite right. Perhaps you've been coping for a long time but want more than just getting by. Many people I work with are seeking clarity, relief, and a greater sense of peace. They want to move forward without the past continuing to shape how they feel or function.
(02) 7501 0537 View (02) 7501 0537
Guylaine Francesconi
Psychologist, PsyBA General
2 Endorsed
Engadine, NSW 2233
Hi / Bonjour, I’m Guylaine, a registered psychologist based in Sydney. I take a collaborative approach and view therapy as team work. My goal is to make you feel accepted, heard, respected and empowered. My main strengths are respect, empathy and humor. I am fluent in English and French and can provide therapy in both languages. I have experience with a range of presentations including anxiety, addictions, depression, stress, troubles of adjustment and trauma. I have a special interest in chronic pain and older adults mental health.
Hi / Bonjour, I’m Guylaine, a registered psychologist based in Sydney. I take a collaborative approach and view therapy as team work. My goal is to make you feel accepted, heard, respected and empowered. My main strengths are respect, empathy and humor. I am fluent in English and French and can provide therapy in both languages. I have experience with a range of presentations including anxiety, addictions, depression, stress, troubles of adjustment and trauma. I have a special interest in chronic pain and older adults mental health.
(02) 9100 0429 View (02) 9100 0429
Rachel Pollard
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Engadine, NSW 2233
Hi, I’m Rachel. I’m a Clinical Psychologist and the Founder of Still Mind Studio Psychology. With a deep commitment to evidence-based practice and genuine human connection, I aim to create a safe, non-judgmental space where clients feel heard, understood, and supported. My approach blends warmth and professionalism with practical strategies tailored to each person’s unique needs and goals. I work collaboratively with clients to explore their experiences, build resilience, and ultimately foster lasting positive change.
Hi, I’m Rachel. I’m a Clinical Psychologist and the Founder of Still Mind Studio Psychology. With a deep commitment to evidence-based practice and genuine human connection, I aim to create a safe, non-judgmental space where clients feel heard, understood, and supported. My approach blends warmth and professionalism with practical strategies tailored to each person’s unique needs and goals. I work collaboratively with clients to explore their experiences, build resilience, and ultimately foster lasting positive change.
(02) 7501 1448 View (02) 7501 1448
Safe, sensitive, inclusive counselling & therapeutic supports for children, adolescents and adults. My therapeutic style is warm, creative and adaptable. I create a space where you can feel safe, understood and accepted. I focus on your strengths. I help you identify what you are doing well and build on those abilities. My specialist skills can help people of all ages and abilities to express their thoughts and feelings creatively.
Safe, sensitive, inclusive counselling & therapeutic supports for children, adolescents and adults. My therapeutic style is warm, creative and adaptable. I create a space where you can feel safe, understood and accepted. I focus on your strengths. I help you identify what you are doing well and build on those abilities. My specialist skills can help people of all ages and abilities to express their thoughts and feelings creatively.
(02) 9520 0444 View (02) 9520 0444
Natasha Ramessur
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
I am a registered psychologist with several years of experience helping clients with a number of issues, including PTSD, depression, anxiety, bullying, stress, grief and loss, relationship conflicts, social difficulties, WorkCover. My warm, open and non-judgemental approach allows me to easily build strong rapport with my clients and make them feel comfortable and safe. I have a keen interest in client-centred approach, drawing on an eclectic framework of therapeutic interventions, with the aim of building upon the client’s strengths.
I am a registered psychologist with several years of experience helping clients with a number of issues, including PTSD, depression, anxiety, bullying, stress, grief and loss, relationship conflicts, social difficulties, WorkCover. My warm, open and non-judgemental approach allows me to easily build strong rapport with my clients and make them feel comfortable and safe. I have a keen interest in client-centred approach, drawing on an eclectic framework of therapeutic interventions, with the aim of building upon the client’s strengths.
(02) 8074 5546 View (02) 8074 5546
Adam Finch
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I'm a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years experience across private and public mental health settings. I provide therapy for people aged 15+ and draw from a range of approaches, including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy to suit the individual's needs. My therapy involves developing a clear understanding of the origins of psychological patterns as well as skill-based strategies for meeting personal goals in the here and now.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years experience across private and public mental health settings. I provide therapy for people aged 15+ and draw from a range of approaches, including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy to suit the individual's needs. My therapy involves developing a clear understanding of the origins of psychological patterns as well as skill-based strategies for meeting personal goals in the here and now.
(02) 4214 4833 View (02) 4214 4833
Mia Rochelle
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
Dealing with the impact of life stressors, PTSD, depression, anxiety, trauma, and addiction can be overwhelming, but you are not alone. Mia offers compassionate therapy tailored to your unique needs. Evidence-based therapies such as Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) empowers individuals to build resilience and move forward in their lives. Many clients report long-lasting improvements with both reduction of distress and increased mental and emotional well-being. Mia is also an Integrative Couples therapist who uses a range of modalities including Gottman; Imago; and Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT).
Dealing with the impact of life stressors, PTSD, depression, anxiety, trauma, and addiction can be overwhelming, but you are not alone. Mia offers compassionate therapy tailored to your unique needs. Evidence-based therapies such as Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) empowers individuals to build resilience and move forward in their lives. Many clients report long-lasting improvements with both reduction of distress and increased mental and emotional well-being. Mia is also an Integrative Couples therapist who uses a range of modalities including Gottman; Imago; and Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT).
(02) 4214 8621 View (02) 4214 8621
Anna Lagana
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Serves Area
I enjoy working with clients who want to rebuild their sense of self and overcome difficulties of the past or present. My particular interests are supporting adults experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, relationships concerns and childhood trauma. I also enjoy supporting couples to form stronger emotional bonds. If you want to learn tools and strategies to better manage your concerns or just have a listening ear to make sense of your difficulties, I will ensure you will feel heard and supported. I believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship and will always ensure that you receive the best care and support possible.
I enjoy working with clients who want to rebuild their sense of self and overcome difficulties of the past or present. My particular interests are supporting adults experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, relationships concerns and childhood trauma. I also enjoy supporting couples to form stronger emotional bonds. If you want to learn tools and strategies to better manage your concerns or just have a listening ear to make sense of your difficulties, I will ensure you will feel heard and supported. I believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship and will always ensure that you receive the best care and support possible.
(02) 7501 1745 View (02) 7501 1745
Lauren Piper
Psychologist, PsyBA General
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I see children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD or autistic profiles who feel misunderstood, overwhelmed, or worn down by systems that weren’t designed for them. They may be navigating anxiety, burnout, emotional regulation challenges, trauma, identity questions, or life transitions. Their goal is to better understand themselves, feel accepted rather than “fixed,” and build confidence using strengths-based, practical strategies that genuinely fit them. I am also an EMDR therapist and support clients in processing trauma in a safe, compassionate way. I too am a mum of two and proudly neurodivergent myself.
I see children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD or autistic profiles who feel misunderstood, overwhelmed, or worn down by systems that weren’t designed for them. They may be navigating anxiety, burnout, emotional regulation challenges, trauma, identity questions, or life transitions. Their goal is to better understand themselves, feel accepted rather than “fixed,” and build confidence using strengths-based, practical strategies that genuinely fit them. I am also an EMDR therapist and support clients in processing trauma in a safe, compassionate way. I too am a mum of two and proudly neurodivergent myself.
(02) 7501 0314 View (02) 7501 0314
Dr Sophie Russell
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Hi, I'm Sophie, I aim to offer a warm and supportive therapeutic space. I am a clinically trained psychologist with 8 years of therapy experience, and a Masters+PhD in Clinical Psychology. I hope to create a welcoming therapy space, to work with whatever difficulties you are experiencing. I have a special interest in working with people experiencing anxiety and distress related to past trauma/difficult experiences. I also find psychotherapy for self/identity exploration and diverse genders and sexuality (LGBTQI+) really rewarding.
Hi, I'm Sophie, I aim to offer a warm and supportive therapeutic space. I am a clinically trained psychologist with 8 years of therapy experience, and a Masters+PhD in Clinical Psychology. I hope to create a welcoming therapy space, to work with whatever difficulties you are experiencing. I have a special interest in working with people experiencing anxiety and distress related to past trauma/difficult experiences. I also find psychotherapy for self/identity exploration and diverse genders and sexuality (LGBTQI+) really rewarding.
(02) 4210 5803 View (02) 4210 5803
The Kind Collective
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I like to bring both of our humanness to the therapy space. Messiness, with no judgment. I welcome tissue-filled tears, and embodied emotion, raw reflection, and a light touch of humour. The Kind Collective is a safe and secure space for healing, where you are invited to show up authentically, and you can trust that as your therapist, I will do the same. We move away from the textbook because life is never that scripted, and don’t approach with a one-size-fits-all, instead meeting you where you are, honouring and holding space for your unique story and needs.
I like to bring both of our humanness to the therapy space. Messiness, with no judgment. I welcome tissue-filled tears, and embodied emotion, raw reflection, and a light touch of humour. The Kind Collective is a safe and secure space for healing, where you are invited to show up authentically, and you can trust that as your therapist, I will do the same. We move away from the textbook because life is never that scripted, and don’t approach with a one-size-fits-all, instead meeting you where you are, honouring and holding space for your unique story and needs.
0416 709 247 View 0416 709 247
Renata Bogomolets
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
I’m a qualified counsellor and psychotherapist registered with PACFA. I don’t believe in clinical distance or wearing a mask of expertise that puts me above you. I meet you human-to-human — with empathy, honesty, and care. My approach is holistic and integrative, meaning I tailor our work to suit you, not the other way around. Together, we create a space where it’s safe to feel, to speak, to unravel — and ultimately, to grow. I bring both evidence-based modalities and deep compassion to each session, weaving in practices that support not only the mind, but the body, heart, and soul. You don’t have to do it alone.
I’m a qualified counsellor and psychotherapist registered with PACFA. I don’t believe in clinical distance or wearing a mask of expertise that puts me above you. I meet you human-to-human — with empathy, honesty, and care. My approach is holistic and integrative, meaning I tailor our work to suit you, not the other way around. Together, we create a space where it’s safe to feel, to speak, to unravel — and ultimately, to grow. I bring both evidence-based modalities and deep compassion to each session, weaving in practices that support not only the mind, but the body, heart, and soul. You don’t have to do it alone.
View
Laura Therese Turner
Psychotherapist, MC, PACFA
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
There's a particular kind of tired that comes from holding it all together on the outside while everything underneath feels like it's barely keeping up. With this can come anxiety, overwhelm, rage, and maybe even a sense of having lost yourself somewhere along the way. I work with women across Cronulla and the Sutherland Shire, in person and online, supporting them to create space for what's been asking to be felt, and find their way back to feeling lighter, more resourced, and more in control. Reach out for a free 20-minute consultation
There's a particular kind of tired that comes from holding it all together on the outside while everything underneath feels like it's barely keeping up. With this can come anxiety, overwhelm, rage, and maybe even a sense of having lost yourself somewhere along the way. I work with women across Cronulla and the Sutherland Shire, in person and online, supporting them to create space for what's been asking to be felt, and find their way back to feeling lighter, more resourced, and more in control. Reach out for a free 20-minute consultation
(02) 7501 1182 View (02) 7501 1182
Miranda Moir
Social Worker, AMHSW
Serves Area
Do you feel stuck, overwhelmed, anxious or depressed and want to finally be free of these burdens? With more than 20 yrs experience, I listen deeply to what you want to change and use a skilled approach to alleviate these burdens. My clients describe me as authentic, warm, kind, trustworthy and down to earth. I have a particular interest working with: - neurodivergent women experiencing anxiety or depression - those living with the legacy of their past or abusive relationships - people struggling with low self esteem, perfectionism or people pleasing - those who want to move beyond bandaid strategies and create full healing.
Do you feel stuck, overwhelmed, anxious or depressed and want to finally be free of these burdens? With more than 20 yrs experience, I listen deeply to what you want to change and use a skilled approach to alleviate these burdens. My clients describe me as authentic, warm, kind, trustworthy and down to earth. I have a particular interest working with: - neurodivergent women experiencing anxiety or depression - those living with the legacy of their past or abusive relationships - people struggling with low self esteem, perfectionism or people pleasing - those who want to move beyond bandaid strategies and create full healing.
(02) 7501 1601 View (02) 7501 1601
Lisa Mulhall Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Online Only
Registered Psychologist of 20 years experience available for bookings (Telehealth ONLY) for people aged 18+ years (not children). I've worked in occupational rehabilitation, supported people all over Australia working on Beyond Blue especially rural and remote locations. Over 15 years experience in the Mental Health Acute Care NSW Public Hospital System addressing psychosis, schizophrenia, personality and mood disorders, depression, anxiety, perinatal mental health, adjustment disorders, grief, PTSD and have worked alongside first responders. Available for Workcover. NO phone calls
Registered Psychologist of 20 years experience available for bookings (Telehealth ONLY) for people aged 18+ years (not children). I've worked in occupational rehabilitation, supported people all over Australia working on Beyond Blue especially rural and remote locations. Over 15 years experience in the Mental Health Acute Care NSW Public Hospital System addressing psychosis, schizophrenia, personality and mood disorders, depression, anxiety, perinatal mental health, adjustment disorders, grief, PTSD and have worked alongside first responders. Available for Workcover. NO phone calls
(02) 7501 0199 View (02) 7501 0199
Focused Foundations
Verified Verified
Serves Area
We aim to help people at all stages of their ADHD journey and those who care for them. We think there is tremendous power in understanding yourself and your loved ones. We want people to learn to leverage the advantages of ADHD and put strategies in place for the rest. Knowledge is power.
We aim to help people at all stages of their ADHD journey and those who care for them. We think there is tremendous power in understanding yourself and your loved ones. We want people to learn to leverage the advantages of ADHD and put strategies in place for the rest. Knowledge is power.
(02) 4214 8804 View (02) 4214 8804
Jade Fisher
Psychotherapist, PACFA
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi, I'm Jade. I offer holistic psychotherapy for women, grounded in Process-Oriented Psychology and Person-Centred Counselling. I work with the whole person — mind, body, and soul. Instead of trying to fix problems, we explore symptoms, disruptions and life challenges as meaningful messengers guiding you toward deeper self-understanding and wholeness. My approach is warm, humorous and trauma-sensitive — non-directive, non-pathologising, and guided by gentle curiosity. All sessions are held online, which means wherever you are, there's no waitlist and no referral needed to begin.
Hi, I'm Jade. I offer holistic psychotherapy for women, grounded in Process-Oriented Psychology and Person-Centred Counselling. I work with the whole person — mind, body, and soul. Instead of trying to fix problems, we explore symptoms, disruptions and life challenges as meaningful messengers guiding you toward deeper self-understanding and wholeness. My approach is warm, humorous and trauma-sensitive — non-directive, non-pathologising, and guided by gentle curiosity. All sessions are held online, which means wherever you are, there's no waitlist and no referral needed to begin.
(02) 4210 5246 View (02) 4210 5246
Vanessa Allen
Social Worker, AMHSW
Serves Area
Vanessa is a Mental Health Social Worker, Psychotherapist and Counsellor. ​ Vanessa is known for her empathetic approach and desire to empower clients, so they can make positive changes in line with their values. Her calm and caring nature allows her to build trust even with the most resistant clients. She has worked with people from diverse backgrounds and of all ages. Her calm and caring nature allows her to build trust even with the most resistant clients. Vanessa is also a Credentialed Eating Disorder Clinician and a Certified RO-DBT Practitioner.
Vanessa is a Mental Health Social Worker, Psychotherapist and Counsellor. ​ Vanessa is known for her empathetic approach and desire to empower clients, so they can make positive changes in line with their values. Her calm and caring nature allows her to build trust even with the most resistant clients. She has worked with people from diverse backgrounds and of all ages. Her calm and caring nature allows her to build trust even with the most resistant clients. Vanessa is also a Credentialed Eating Disorder Clinician and a Certified RO-DBT Practitioner.
(02) 8074 5994 View (02) 8074 5994
Self Reflections
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Self Reflections is a psychology and wellbeing clinic based in Wollongong, for children, adolescents and adults, created as a place where people can slow down, feel met, and begin to make sense of their inner world. Our clinic offers evidence-based psychological therapy, nutrition and dietetic support, assessments, and supervision, alongside a growing body of educational resources, programs, and media designed to support reflection beyond the therapy room. While our work may extend across different formats, it all begins here, within the clinic, grounded in clinical integrity, ethical practice, and deep respect for the human exper
Self Reflections is a psychology and wellbeing clinic based in Wollongong, for children, adolescents and adults, created as a place where people can slow down, feel met, and begin to make sense of their inner world. Our clinic offers evidence-based psychological therapy, nutrition and dietetic support, assessments, and supervision, alongside a growing body of educational resources, programs, and media designed to support reflection beyond the therapy room. While our work may extend across different formats, it all begins here, within the clinic, grounded in clinical integrity, ethical practice, and deep respect for the human exper
(02) 4210 5182 View (02) 4210 5182

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Engadine, NSW

20+

Average cost per session

$165

Psychologists and Therapists in Engadine, NSW who prioritize treating:

95% Depression
95% Self Esteem
91% Anxiety
91% Stress
82% Relationship Issues
82% Trauma and PTSD
64% Grief

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Medicare Rebates
46% NDIS
23% Medibank Private

How Psychologists and Therapists in Engadine, NSW see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

90% Female
10% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Engadine?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.