Psychologists and Therapists in Sydney, NSW

Photo of Amy Pedersen, Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L2
Amy Pedersen
Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L2
Sydney, NSW 2000
I work with adults and couples in Sydney who are feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, relationship challenges, identity questions, or significant life transitions. You may feel stuck in patterns that no longer serve you, disconnected from yourself or others, or unsure how to move forward, even though you’ve tried to cope on your own. I offer a warm, thoughtful, and trauma-informed space where we can slow things down, make sense of what’s happening for you, and gently work toward meaningful change. Therapy with me is collaborative and respectful of your pace, values, and lived experience.
I work with adults and couples in Sydney who are feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, relationship challenges, identity questions, or significant life transitions. You may feel stuck in patterns that no longer serve you, disconnected from yourself or others, or unsure how to move forward, even though you’ve tried to cope on your own. I offer a warm, thoughtful, and trauma-informed space where we can slow things down, make sense of what’s happening for you, and gently work toward meaningful change. Therapy with me is collaborative and respectful of your pace, values, and lived experience.
(03) 4160 2623 View (03) 4160 2623
Photo of Jacob Szloch, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jacob Szloch
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Sydney, NSW 2000
My name is Jacob and I own Heart and Hound psychology. As a clinical psychologist, I am passionate about fostering holistic well-being through evidence-based approaches. I have a particular interest in supporting individuals navigating anxiety, stress, sleep issues, depression, and more. My approach is grounded in creating a warm, collaborative space where we can explore your unique experiences and develop practical strategies for positive change. In the future, I am aiming to incorporate my pet dog, Wattle into the therapy experience!
My name is Jacob and I own Heart and Hound psychology. As a clinical psychologist, I am passionate about fostering holistic well-being through evidence-based approaches. I have a particular interest in supporting individuals navigating anxiety, stress, sleep issues, depression, and more. My approach is grounded in creating a warm, collaborative space where we can explore your unique experiences and develop practical strategies for positive change. In the future, I am aiming to incorporate my pet dog, Wattle into the therapy experience!
0416 540 160 View 0416 540 160
Photo of Will Bonney, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Will Bonney
Psychotherapist, PACFA
2 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
I am a psychotherapist, executive coach and clinical supervisor combining extensive corporate experience with post-graduate psychotherapy qualifications and experience. I work with people who feel stuck - whether depressed; anxious; as a result of trauma; caught in a cycle of repetitive destructive behaviours like alcohol and drug use, gambling or sex addiction; dysfunctional relationships; or lacking direction, meaning and purpose. My aim is for the client to gain insight, overcome obstacles and increase resources to confidently and enthusiastically live a rich and flourishing life.
I am a psychotherapist, executive coach and clinical supervisor combining extensive corporate experience with post-graduate psychotherapy qualifications and experience. I work with people who feel stuck - whether depressed; anxious; as a result of trauma; caught in a cycle of repetitive destructive behaviours like alcohol and drug use, gambling or sex addiction; dysfunctional relationships; or lacking direction, meaning and purpose. My aim is for the client to gain insight, overcome obstacles and increase resources to confidently and enthusiastically live a rich and flourishing life.
(02) 8073 8335 View (02) 8073 8335
Photo of Antigone Foster, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Antigone Foster
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
Are you trying to manage the impacts of difficult family relationships but are struggling? Do you suspect you are neurodivergent but aren't sure whether you want a diagnosis? Are you a young queer person finding your way? Perhaps you have an invisible disability. Perhaps you are harder on yourself than on anyone else, and it's exhausting. Or your nervous system is dysregulated, and you need new skills to soothe it. I can help. Hello and welcome <3 I'm a master's-qualified counsellor and psychotherapist with a warm, calming presence, who uses body-based approaches and talk therapy to support your unique self as you adapt to change.
Are you trying to manage the impacts of difficult family relationships but are struggling? Do you suspect you are neurodivergent but aren't sure whether you want a diagnosis? Are you a young queer person finding your way? Perhaps you have an invisible disability. Perhaps you are harder on yourself than on anyone else, and it's exhausting. Or your nervous system is dysregulated, and you need new skills to soothe it. I can help. Hello and welcome <3 I'm a master's-qualified counsellor and psychotherapist with a warm, calming presence, who uses body-based approaches and talk therapy to support your unique self as you adapt to change.
(07) 4270 7827 View (07) 4270 7827
Photo of Katherine Price - DOT Clinic, Counsellor, ACA-L1
DOT Clinic
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Online Only
You don’t need to stay stuck in cycles that no longer serve you. Through evidence-based therapy, we’ll challenge unhelpful thinking, strengthen emotional awareness, and create lasting change so you can move forward with clarity and intention. ​
You don’t need to stay stuck in cycles that no longer serve you. Through evidence-based therapy, we’ll challenge unhelpful thinking, strengthen emotional awareness, and create lasting change so you can move forward with clarity and intention. ​
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Photo of Rhiannon Sandiford, Psychologist, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Rhiannon Sandiford
Psychologist, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I'm a registered psychologist with experience across the nonprofit and private sectors. I specialise in the assessment and diagnosis of diverse neurotypes (including autism and ADHD) and psychological conditions, such as personality, obsessive-compulsive, trauma-related, and eating disorders. I have an additional interest in psychedelic-assisted therapy.
I'm a registered psychologist with experience across the nonprofit and private sectors. I specialise in the assessment and diagnosis of diverse neurotypes (including autism and ADHD) and psychological conditions, such as personality, obsessive-compulsive, trauma-related, and eating disorders. I have an additional interest in psychedelic-assisted therapy.
(02) 8776 3161 View (02) 8776 3161
Photo of Stefan Durlach, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Endorsed
Stefan Durlach
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
Life has its challenges at times, and there can be a great need to talk about some issues. We may feel uncomfortable talking to family and friends about things like grief we still experience following the death of a significant person many years ago, or abuse we’ve suffered in our childhoods. We may have grown up in a volatile and stressful family environment with unsupportive or even punitive parents, and the prospect of expecting or having a baby ourselves is making us feel anxious or depressed. We may have been struggling with weight issues or sleep problems for too many years, or are haunted by disturbing dreams.
Life has its challenges at times, and there can be a great need to talk about some issues. We may feel uncomfortable talking to family and friends about things like grief we still experience following the death of a significant person many years ago, or abuse we’ve suffered in our childhoods. We may have grown up in a volatile and stressful family environment with unsupportive or even punitive parents, and the prospect of expecting or having a baby ourselves is making us feel anxious or depressed. We may have been struggling with weight issues or sleep problems for too many years, or are haunted by disturbing dreams.
(02) 9158 6693 View (02) 9158 6693
Photo of Justin Bryant, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Justin Bryant
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Sydney, NSW 2000
I believe that the client-therapist relationship is the key to effective therapy. Together, we explore all aspects of the presenting issues, including the history and development of the issue, your attitudes, beliefs, values, and goals. Once we have everything on the table, we collaborate to find and implement solutions. I like to think of therapy as guided self-discovery. It's a process. And hopefully a curious, enlightening and deeply meaningful one.
I believe that the client-therapist relationship is the key to effective therapy. Together, we explore all aspects of the presenting issues, including the history and development of the issue, your attitudes, beliefs, values, and goals. Once we have everything on the table, we collaborate to find and implement solutions. I like to think of therapy as guided self-discovery. It's a process. And hopefully a curious, enlightening and deeply meaningful one.
(02) 8503 4467 View (02) 8503 4467
Photo of Sarah Pak, Social Worker, AMHSW
Sarah Pak
Social Worker, AMHSW
Sydney, NSW 2000
I've been a mental health clinician/ therapist for over 20 years assisting patients/clients with a variety of issues ranging from mild depression, anxiety, stress, adjustment to more severe psychological and complex difficulties stemming from trauma, abuse, addictions, disability, psychiatric illnesses and personality and relationship related problems. I enjoy meeting those who value the importance of self-awareness and personal development in order to improve their psychological well-being.. I have extensive experiencing working with children, adults, couples and families who wish to improve their Mental Health conditions.
I've been a mental health clinician/ therapist for over 20 years assisting patients/clients with a variety of issues ranging from mild depression, anxiety, stress, adjustment to more severe psychological and complex difficulties stemming from trauma, abuse, addictions, disability, psychiatric illnesses and personality and relationship related problems. I enjoy meeting those who value the importance of self-awareness and personal development in order to improve their psychological well-being.. I have extensive experiencing working with children, adults, couples and families who wish to improve their Mental Health conditions.
(02) 8074 1764 View (02) 8074 1764
Photo of Praveena Rajeswaran, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Praveena Rajeswaran
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Sydney, NSW 2000
I am a warm and experienced clinical psychologist who loves working collaboratively with people from all backgrounds. I specialise in supporting people develop a meaningful life, learn about their inner worlds, as well as supporting children, parents & families to work towards strong & meaningful family relationships. I am also interested in supporting those with a history of trauma. I am trained in several trauma-informed modalities, including DBT, EMDR, Schema Therapy and Narrative Therapy. To support you, I would integrate my extensive clinical experience, the latest scientific evidence, and your unique values and goals.
I am a warm and experienced clinical psychologist who loves working collaboratively with people from all backgrounds. I specialise in supporting people develop a meaningful life, learn about their inner worlds, as well as supporting children, parents & families to work towards strong & meaningful family relationships. I am also interested in supporting those with a history of trauma. I am trained in several trauma-informed modalities, including DBT, EMDR, Schema Therapy and Narrative Therapy. To support you, I would integrate my extensive clinical experience, the latest scientific evidence, and your unique values and goals.
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Photo of My Mirror - My Mirror, Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
My Mirror
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
We combine the best of face-to-face sessions with the added benefits of an integrated digital approach to provide you with a seamless, informative and low stress experience.
We combine the best of face-to-face sessions with the added benefits of an integrated digital approach to provide you with a seamless, informative and low stress experience.
(02) 9090 4730 View (02) 9090 4730
Photo of Jeanette Van Luyn - Valued Lives Psychology, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Valued Lives Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Sydney, NSW 2000
Hi, I'm Dr Jeanette Van Luyn. I work with survivors of trauma who are seeking compassion and guidance in their recovery. I provide support in building safe and authentic relationships, coping with distressing emotions, and in pursuing values and goals. I also work with adults over 60 who are facing physical or mental health challenges, supporting them to live a fulfilling life and stay connected, purposeful, and engaged in what matters most to them. I am an expert in person-centred dementia care, working with individuals of any age living with a diagnosis of dementia, as well as their families and care teams.
Hi, I'm Dr Jeanette Van Luyn. I work with survivors of trauma who are seeking compassion and guidance in their recovery. I provide support in building safe and authentic relationships, coping with distressing emotions, and in pursuing values and goals. I also work with adults over 60 who are facing physical or mental health challenges, supporting them to live a fulfilling life and stay connected, purposeful, and engaged in what matters most to them. I am an expert in person-centred dementia care, working with individuals of any age living with a diagnosis of dementia, as well as their families and care teams.
(02) 8000 1719 View (02) 8000 1719
Photo of Dr Nicole Louise Clement, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Nicole Louise Clement
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Sydney, NSW 2000
I have helped my clients to face and eventually embrace the many challenges that life presents, finding a constructive and individually unique way forward.
I have helped my clients to face and eventually embrace the many challenges that life presents, finding a constructive and individually unique way forward.
(02) 9100 0143 View (02) 9100 0143
Photo of Jennifer Rathjen, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jennifer Rathjen
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
I am a Clinical Psychologist with a wide range of experience. I primarily utilise enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to allow individuals to learn the skills needed to manage emotional distress, strengthen their ability to cope with future challenges and achieve personal, relationship and professional life goals. Additionally I offer longer term psychotherapy for more complex issues.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with a wide range of experience. I primarily utilise enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to allow individuals to learn the skills needed to manage emotional distress, strengthen their ability to cope with future challenges and achieve personal, relationship and professional life goals. Additionally I offer longer term psychotherapy for more complex issues.
(02) 9100 0650 View (02) 9100 0650
Payal Parmar
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Online Only
Please use email for any inquiries, including booking an appointment. While I am passionate about helping my clients with difficulties such as depression, anxiety, phobias, panic attacks and low self esteem, I also have a special interest in treating difficulties related to recent and past trauma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Complex PTSD, recurring nightmares, dissociation, adult survivors of childhood neglect and abuse, and long term unhelpful patterns of relationship and/or behaviour.
Please use email for any inquiries, including booking an appointment. While I am passionate about helping my clients with difficulties such as depression, anxiety, phobias, panic attacks and low self esteem, I also have a special interest in treating difficulties related to recent and past trauma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Complex PTSD, recurring nightmares, dissociation, adult survivors of childhood neglect and abuse, and long term unhelpful patterns of relationship and/or behaviour.
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Photo of Hamada Els - The Centre for Professional Wellbeing, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
The Centre for Professional Wellbeing
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Sydney, NSW 2000
I have a diverse skillset developed as both a Clinical Psychologist and as a senior executive in a variety of companies over the last 22 years. My corporate experience gave me a unique insight into the realities of professional life and made me very passionate about looking after the mental health and wellbeing of working professionals. By blending powerful evidence-based Psychological therapies with practical Executive Coaching tools, I aim to empower my clients with both the emotional coping resources and the practical skills to thrive in spite of the varied challenges they face at work and at home.
I have a diverse skillset developed as both a Clinical Psychologist and as a senior executive in a variety of companies over the last 22 years. My corporate experience gave me a unique insight into the realities of professional life and made me very passionate about looking after the mental health and wellbeing of working professionals. By blending powerful evidence-based Psychological therapies with practical Executive Coaching tools, I aim to empower my clients with both the emotional coping resources and the practical skills to thrive in spite of the varied challenges they face at work and at home.
(02) 8074 5211 View (02) 8074 5211
Photo of Bronwyn Andersen, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Bronwyn Andersen
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Sydney, NSW 2000
Hi, I'm Bronwyn. I understand that finding the right psychologist can be an exhausting process, which is why I offer a free 15-minute introductory phone call to see if we’d be the right fit for one another. Some of the main presentations I work with include; ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social anxiety, workplace related issues, women's health issues, anxiety, depression and PTSD. I am particularly passionate about helping individuals who feel they are different from others, their brain works differently - and they want to create a better life for themselves.
Hi, I'm Bronwyn. I understand that finding the right psychologist can be an exhausting process, which is why I offer a free 15-minute introductory phone call to see if we’d be the right fit for one another. Some of the main presentations I work with include; ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social anxiety, workplace related issues, women's health issues, anxiety, depression and PTSD. I am particularly passionate about helping individuals who feel they are different from others, their brain works differently - and they want to create a better life for themselves.
0431 139 604 View 0431 139 604
Photo of Erin Chan, Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
Erin Chan
Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
Sydney, NSW 2000
Erin is a warm and thoughtful Counsellor who specialises in individual and couples counselling. She offers a supportive, non-judgmental space where clients can feel heard, reconnect, and build stronger relationships. Trained in Gottman Couple Method, Erin helps couples improve relationship, rebuild trust, and deepen intimacy and communication. She also has a special passion for supporting neurodiverse couples and families, tailoring therapy with practical, evidence-based approaches. Whether it’s parenting stress, life transitions, or relationship challenges, Erin supports clients with care and guidance.
Erin is a warm and thoughtful Counsellor who specialises in individual and couples counselling. She offers a supportive, non-judgmental space where clients can feel heard, reconnect, and build stronger relationships. Trained in Gottman Couple Method, Erin helps couples improve relationship, rebuild trust, and deepen intimacy and communication. She also has a special passion for supporting neurodiverse couples and families, tailoring therapy with practical, evidence-based approaches. Whether it’s parenting stress, life transitions, or relationship challenges, Erin supports clients with care and guidance.
(02) 8503 4490 View (02) 8503 4490
Photo of Krutika M, Psychotherapist, MPsych, PACFA
Krutika M
Psychotherapist, MPsych, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
Life can sometimes feel confusing and overwhelming, leaving us unsure of where to go next or what to do. In those moments, the sense of being stuck can be unsettling, making us question everything. Our thoughts, feelings, and actions may feel unclear. Yet, there's a part of us that yearns to grow—a curious part that seeks to learn and evolve through these experiences. This part wants to develop emotional resilience, embrace uncertainty, and foster greater self-awareness. Ultimately, it's the part that strives to become the most authentic and reliable version of ourselves.
Life can sometimes feel confusing and overwhelming, leaving us unsure of where to go next or what to do. In those moments, the sense of being stuck can be unsettling, making us question everything. Our thoughts, feelings, and actions may feel unclear. Yet, there's a part of us that yearns to grow—a curious part that seeks to learn and evolve through these experiences. This part wants to develop emotional resilience, embrace uncertainty, and foster greater self-awareness. Ultimately, it's the part that strives to become the most authentic and reliable version of ourselves.
(02) 9158 6366 View (02) 9158 6366
Photo of Arzu Aksu Chapman, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Arzu Aksu Chapman
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
You, seeking understanding and connection in a world that often feels overwhelming. My ideal client navigates the intricate landscape of neurodivergence—be it ADHD, Autism, or related experiences. In couples, I welcome those facing unique dynamics, including neurodivergent and LGBTQ+ pairs. Your issues may vary, but the core need is universal: a safe space to explore challenges, cultivate understanding, and forge a path towards fulfillment. As a passionate therapist specializing in neurodiversity and couples therapy, my approach transcends conventional methods. Let's embark on a journey where acceptance and growth intersect.
You, seeking understanding and connection in a world that often feels overwhelming. My ideal client navigates the intricate landscape of neurodivergence—be it ADHD, Autism, or related experiences. In couples, I welcome those facing unique dynamics, including neurodivergent and LGBTQ+ pairs. Your issues may vary, but the core need is universal: a safe space to explore challenges, cultivate understanding, and forge a path towards fulfillment. As a passionate therapist specializing in neurodiversity and couples therapy, my approach transcends conventional methods. Let's embark on a journey where acceptance and growth intersect.
(02) 8403 1928 View (02) 8403 1928

See more therapy options for Sydney

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Sydney, NSW

1,000+

Average cost per session

$179

Psychologists and Therapists in Sydney, NSW who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
81% Depression
78% Stress
76% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
48% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Medicare Rebates
53% Bupa
46% NDIS

How Psychologists and Therapists in Sydney, NSW see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
21% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Sydney?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.