Psychologists and Therapists in Bossley Park, NSW
Hi, my name is Paula. Taking the first step toward support can be challenging, but you don’t have to do it alone. I offer a compassionate, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and emotions freely. As a mental health clinician, I specialise in working with individuals aged 12 and over, addressing anxiety, depression, trauma, self-esteem, relationship challenges (social, family, partners), stress, and sleep disturbances.
Hi, my name is Paula. Taking the first step toward support can be challenging, but you don’t have to do it alone. I offer a compassionate, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and emotions freely. As a mental health clinician, I specialise in working with individuals aged 12 and over, addressing anxiety, depression, trauma, self-esteem, relationship challenges (social, family, partners), stress, and sleep disturbances.
Emphasising a person-centred and trauma-informed approach, Shorough is particularly passionate about assisting people affected by trauma, resulting in anxiety and dysregulation. This approach if both helpful for clients who know they are affected by trauma as well as clients who are not aware that trauma is affecting them. With a solid foundation in social science and psychology, she tailors her interventions to meet each client's unique needs, understanding the connection between trauma and behaviour.
Emphasising a person-centred and trauma-informed approach, Shorough is particularly passionate about assisting people affected by trauma, resulting in anxiety and dysregulation. This approach if both helpful for clients who know they are affected by trauma as well as clients who are not aware that trauma is affecting them. With a solid foundation in social science and psychology, she tailors her interventions to meet each client's unique needs, understanding the connection between trauma and behaviour.
Dr Evelyn Gasparillo works with adult from 18 to 80+. You can count on her professional skills to help you with a wide range of psychological and mental health concerns such as: • Depression and other mood related issues • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder • Anxiety, panic attacks and phobias • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder • Adjustment Disorder • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • Self-esteem issues • Anger management • Grief and Loss • Sleep Problems • Work related stress • Significant life transitions and acculturation issues. • Chronic pain.
Dr Evelyn Gasparillo works with adult from 18 to 80+. You can count on her professional skills to help you with a wide range of psychological and mental health concerns such as: • Depression and other mood related issues • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder • Anxiety, panic attacks and phobias • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder • Adjustment Disorder • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • Self-esteem issues • Anger management • Grief and Loss • Sleep Problems • Work related stress • Significant life transitions and acculturation issues. • Chronic pain.
I am a warm and non-judgmental therapist, who enjoys working collaboratively with my clients. I use a humanistic approach and a variety of evidence-based techniques to facilitate goal achievements. I work reflectively and obtain feedback from my clients to ensure treatment plans make genuine sense through their time in therapy. I provide a welcoming space for my younger clients where they feel free to express their emotions and thoughts in a safe and fun manner (play therapy, artistic activities or verbal communication). Having lived in several countries, I have a broad understanding of cultural differences and human diversity.
I am a warm and non-judgmental therapist, who enjoys working collaboratively with my clients. I use a humanistic approach and a variety of evidence-based techniques to facilitate goal achievements. I work reflectively and obtain feedback from my clients to ensure treatment plans make genuine sense through their time in therapy. I provide a welcoming space for my younger clients where they feel free to express their emotions and thoughts in a safe and fun manner (play therapy, artistic activities or verbal communication). Having lived in several countries, I have a broad understanding of cultural differences and human diversity.
More Therapists Nearby
Alison Lucas offers psychology services for adults presenting with intrusive, unwanted thoughts as experienced with anxiety disorders, addictions, trauma, mood disorders, OCD and PTSD. Therapy approaches include acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy and EMDR therapy. Alison offers psychology services tailored to meet your individual needs and services are provided in Sydney's Inner West. Please reach out to make an appointment. Referrals from your GP accepted, and private sessions are available.
Alison Lucas offers psychology services for adults presenting with intrusive, unwanted thoughts as experienced with anxiety disorders, addictions, trauma, mood disorders, OCD and PTSD. Therapy approaches include acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy and EMDR therapy. Alison offers psychology services tailored to meet your individual needs and services are provided in Sydney's Inner West. Please reach out to make an appointment. Referrals from your GP accepted, and private sessions are available.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist providing psychological therapy to individuals aged around 16 and above, practicing in Surry Hills, Sydney (Close to Central Station) for in person sessions as well as Telehealth. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder / OCD treatment is a focus in my clinic. I also have years of experience in treating people with relationship/interpersonal and life transition related difficulties, health concerns, self-doubt, overthinking, depression and anxiety. I work collaboratively to assist people in developing skills to find resilience and approach life feeling more capable, self compassionate and connected.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist providing psychological therapy to individuals aged around 16 and above, practicing in Surry Hills, Sydney (Close to Central Station) for in person sessions as well as Telehealth. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder / OCD treatment is a focus in my clinic. I also have years of experience in treating people with relationship/interpersonal and life transition related difficulties, health concerns, self-doubt, overthinking, depression and anxiety. I work collaboratively to assist people in developing skills to find resilience and approach life feeling more capable, self compassionate and connected.
Life can feel heavy when past trauma, anxiety, or shame keep you stuck in painful patterns. Therapeutically, I help the brain and body process overwhelming emotions, intrusive memories, and the impact of difficult relationships. My approach is trauma-informed, compassionate, and collaborative — creating a safe space where you feel understood and not judged. Together we work not only to ease symptoms but to reconnect with yourself, build resilience, and move towards a more meaningful life. I have a special interest in supporting those affected by childhood adversity, relational trauma, and the lasting imprints of abuse or neglect.
Life can feel heavy when past trauma, anxiety, or shame keep you stuck in painful patterns. Therapeutically, I help the brain and body process overwhelming emotions, intrusive memories, and the impact of difficult relationships. My approach is trauma-informed, compassionate, and collaborative — creating a safe space where you feel understood and not judged. Together we work not only to ease symptoms but to reconnect with yourself, build resilience, and move towards a more meaningful life. I have a special interest in supporting those affected by childhood adversity, relational trauma, and the lasting imprints of abuse or neglect.
Lily holds a Bachelor’s in Medicine, a Master’s in Theological Studies, a Diploma in Counseling, and a Professional Certificate in Integrative Christian Counseling. She is a DM of CCAA and has experience as a psychiatrist and pastoral counsellor. Fluent in Chinese, Lily specializes in counselling for Christians, spiritual growth; emotional disorders, adolescent emotional disorders, PTSD, interpersonal communication and so on.
Lily 是医学学士,神学研究硕士,拥有专业基督徒心理咨询的整合心理咨询的学位和证书,教会客座讲员,曾在中国北京担任精神科医师,多年管理及教牧辅导经验。澳洲基督徒咨询师协会会员。AIFC 基督教关怀与辅导专业证书课程负责人、讲员。健康门徒(中文)事工负责人。
Lily 擅长领域是基督徒的咨询,属灵生命的长进; 情绪障碍(包括伴有严重精神疾病症状的)、PTSD、青少年情绪障碍,人际关系、人际沟通、亲子关系等。
Lily holds a Bachelor’s in Medicine, a Master’s in Theological Studies, a Diploma in Counseling, and a Professional Certificate in Integrative Christian Counseling. She is a DM of CCAA and has experience as a psychiatrist and pastoral counsellor. Fluent in Chinese, Lily specializes in counselling for Christians, spiritual growth; emotional disorders, adolescent emotional disorders, PTSD, interpersonal communication and so on.
Lily 是医学学士,神学研究硕士,拥有专业基督徒心理咨询的整合心理咨询的学位和证书,教会客座讲员,曾在中国北京担任精神科医师,多年管理及教牧辅导经验。澳洲基督徒咨询师协会会员。AIFC 基督教关怀与辅导专业证书课程负责人、讲员。健康门徒(中文)事工负责人。
Lily 擅长领域是基督徒的咨询,属灵生命的长进; 情绪障碍(包括伴有严重精神疾病症状的)、PTSD、青少年情绪障碍,人际关系、人际沟通、亲子关系等。
Theodora (Dora) Binasis
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Campsie, NSW 2194
Not accepting new clients
I am a passionate and dedicated Clinical Psychologist specialising in work with children and their families with a demonstrated history of working in private and community mental health settings. I work with and support people with a range of mental health goals including emotion regulation, anxiety, behaviour, tics, trauma, with a special interest in Autism, ADHD, and Selective Mutism. I am particularly passionate about working with neurodivergent individuals in an affirming manner. I hope to educate families and the wider community about Neurodivergence not being a disorder but rather a unique way of experiencing one's world.
I am a passionate and dedicated Clinical Psychologist specialising in work with children and their families with a demonstrated history of working in private and community mental health settings. I work with and support people with a range of mental health goals including emotion regulation, anxiety, behaviour, tics, trauma, with a special interest in Autism, ADHD, and Selective Mutism. I am particularly passionate about working with neurodivergent individuals in an affirming manner. I hope to educate families and the wider community about Neurodivergence not being a disorder but rather a unique way of experiencing one's world.
You want to figure out what “better” means for you. You’re tired of feeling stuck in the same routines. This could be Sunday night dread before work. Might you experience constant arguments in your relationship? Or you feel numb inside, as if you’re living on autopilot. Are you:
- Ready to put in the sometimes challenging work for change.
- Wanting a therapist who actively helps you make sense of your life?
- Seeking a partner to bounce ideas off who understands the pressures of modern life in Western Sydney?
-Seeing quality psychological care as an investment in yourself?
- Keen to break free from feeling stuck in old patterns?-
You want to figure out what “better” means for you. You’re tired of feeling stuck in the same routines. This could be Sunday night dread before work. Might you experience constant arguments in your relationship? Or you feel numb inside, as if you’re living on autopilot. Are you:
- Ready to put in the sometimes challenging work for change.
- Wanting a therapist who actively helps you make sense of your life?
- Seeking a partner to bounce ideas off who understands the pressures of modern life in Western Sydney?
-Seeing quality psychological care as an investment in yourself?
- Keen to break free from feeling stuck in old patterns?-
Assessor and Family Report writing services for Family Law matters.
I am a registered psychologist with extensive experience. I provide families with children that are experiencing high conflict and/or family violence and are post separation with assessment and family report writing services.
I use a impartial and non judgmental practice approach and offer a time appropriate report that is trauma informed, child focused and culturally responsive.
Assessor and Family Report writing services for Family Law matters.
I am a registered psychologist with extensive experience. I provide families with children that are experiencing high conflict and/or family violence and are post separation with assessment and family report writing services.
I use a impartial and non judgmental practice approach and offer a time appropriate report that is trauma informed, child focused and culturally responsive.
Relationships can be our greatest source of connection—and our deepest frustration. When you just need help to breakthrough the same old fight and you need clarity. I specialise in helping individuals and couples break free from recurring patterns, rebuild trust, improve communication, and create healthier, more fulfilling relationships. With a Master's degree in Counselling and experience across counselling, family systems, wellbeing support, and chaplaincy, I offer a warm, practical, and compassionate approach that helps people gain clarity, overcome obstacles, and create lasting change in their lives and relationships.
Relationships can be our greatest source of connection—and our deepest frustration. When you just need help to breakthrough the same old fight and you need clarity. I specialise in helping individuals and couples break free from recurring patterns, rebuild trust, improve communication, and create healthier, more fulfilling relationships. With a Master's degree in Counselling and experience across counselling, family systems, wellbeing support, and chaplaincy, I offer a warm, practical, and compassionate approach that helps people gain clarity, overcome obstacles, and create lasting change in their lives and relationships.
I work with adults who may feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected, often living with anxiety, low mood, past trauma, or relationship struggles that don’t seem to shift. You might look like you’re coping, but inside feel exhausted or self-critical. Therapy with me is a space where you don’t have to hold it together. I integrate talk-based and body-aware (somatic) practices to help you understand your emotions, relate to yourself with compassion, and create meaningful, lasting change. So you can feel more at home in yourself, even in the midst of life’s challenges.
I work with adults who may feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected, often living with anxiety, low mood, past trauma, or relationship struggles that don’t seem to shift. You might look like you’re coping, but inside feel exhausted or self-critical. Therapy with me is a space where you don’t have to hold it together. I integrate talk-based and body-aware (somatic) practices to help you understand your emotions, relate to yourself with compassion, and create meaningful, lasting change. So you can feel more at home in yourself, even in the midst of life’s challenges.
Christina is a clinical psychologist highly skilled & experienced in treating doctors' & med. students' with mental health concerns. This is now the focus of her practice. For several years, in collaboration with Doctors’ Health Service SA, Christina has provided a confidential clinical psychology service to medical professionals (at all career stages: student, registrar, intern, consultant), in person & via telepsych, who reside locally & interstate. She provides therapy (CBT, Schema Therapy, EMDR, hypnosis) for depression, anxiety, stress & burnout, imposter syndrome, adjustment issues, PTSD & trauma, grief/loss, binge eating
Christina is a clinical psychologist highly skilled & experienced in treating doctors' & med. students' with mental health concerns. This is now the focus of her practice. For several years, in collaboration with Doctors’ Health Service SA, Christina has provided a confidential clinical psychology service to medical professionals (at all career stages: student, registrar, intern, consultant), in person & via telepsych, who reside locally & interstate. She provides therapy (CBT, Schema Therapy, EMDR, hypnosis) for depression, anxiety, stress & burnout, imposter syndrome, adjustment issues, PTSD & trauma, grief/loss, binge eating
Are you seeking clarity and lightness during confusing or challenging times? As a transpersonal art therapist, I offer to guide on your unique journey inwards to explore your inner landscape and find empowerment. Transpersonal art therapy combines traditional talk therapy with guided meditation and creative expression, providing a gentle yet profound approach to self-exploration, helping us to process tough emotions and bringing all suppressed and underlying emotions to the surface, that can't be contained with words only, giving us a clear perspective.
Are you seeking clarity and lightness during confusing or challenging times? As a transpersonal art therapist, I offer to guide on your unique journey inwards to explore your inner landscape and find empowerment. Transpersonal art therapy combines traditional talk therapy with guided meditation and creative expression, providing a gentle yet profound approach to self-exploration, helping us to process tough emotions and bringing all suppressed and underlying emotions to the surface, that can't be contained with words only, giving us a clear perspective.
Louise is a Medicare registered practitioner with an empathetic and holistic approach to treatment. This approach includes assisting people to clarify what matters most through reflection and open self expression She has a keen interest in working with people suffering from depression, anxiety, loss/grief, adjustment issues and childhood trauma. She also has experience working with couples and conflict resolution. Louise currently has an office in Windsor, NSW where she facilitates groups in perinatal mental health and trauma processing. She uses an eclectic approach to treatment using client focused therapeutic interventions.
Louise is a Medicare registered practitioner with an empathetic and holistic approach to treatment. This approach includes assisting people to clarify what matters most through reflection and open self expression She has a keen interest in working with people suffering from depression, anxiety, loss/grief, adjustment issues and childhood trauma. She also has experience working with couples and conflict resolution. Louise currently has an office in Windsor, NSW where she facilitates groups in perinatal mental health and trauma processing. She uses an eclectic approach to treatment using client focused therapeutic interventions.
I work holistically in a collaborative, compassionate & trauma-informed way, encompassing mind & body by using a biopsychosocial model of care. I work with issues such as anxiety & depression, poor focus, & burnout. My special interest is supporting clients feeling overwhelmed by everyday life & those who identify as a Highly Sensitive Person. Currently accepting new clients.
I work holistically in a collaborative, compassionate & trauma-informed way, encompassing mind & body by using a biopsychosocial model of care. I work with issues such as anxiety & depression, poor focus, & burnout. My special interest is supporting clients feeling overwhelmed by everyday life & those who identify as a Highly Sensitive Person. Currently accepting new clients.
David Groves Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Stanhope Gardens, NSW 2768
Before I worked as a clinical psychologist, I was a professional musician. This line of work taught me a lot. I found that the best music is made when one listens carefully, and responds to what is happening in the moment, rather than simply reciting familiar material. I bring the same philosophy to my work as a psychologist. It is incredibly important to first listen, and deeply understand the goals of the individual, which then guide the direction of therapy.
Before I worked as a clinical psychologist, I was a professional musician. This line of work taught me a lot. I found that the best music is made when one listens carefully, and responds to what is happening in the moment, rather than simply reciting familiar material. I bring the same philosophy to my work as a psychologist. It is incredibly important to first listen, and deeply understand the goals of the individual, which then guide the direction of therapy.
I include my gorgeous horses in client sessions to increase the potential for healing of emotional wounds, increasing resilience, building healthy relationships and restoring confidence. Together we use the authentic interactions with the horses to help build capacity in many areas of your life, such as learning skills to reduce stress and anxiety, alleviating mental health concerns, improving the ability to make appropriate choices and becoming aware of patterns that no longer serve us, developing clear and healthy boundaries, learning how to make heartfelt connections or increasing communication skills.
I include my gorgeous horses in client sessions to increase the potential for healing of emotional wounds, increasing resilience, building healthy relationships and restoring confidence. Together we use the authentic interactions with the horses to help build capacity in many areas of your life, such as learning skills to reduce stress and anxiety, alleviating mental health concerns, improving the ability to make appropriate choices and becoming aware of patterns that no longer serve us, developing clear and healthy boundaries, learning how to make heartfelt connections or increasing communication skills.
Kim Brauer offers a compassionate, evidence based, and culturally sensitive approach to therapy, empowering clients to navigate life’s challenges with resilience and self-compassion. Kim integrates evidence-based practices with a deep commitment to holistic care.
Her wellness-based approach supports individuals in achieving emotional, physical, intellectual, occupational, spiritual, and social well-being. Kim supports clients foster personal growth, enhance self-awareness, and create meaningful, sustainable life changes.
Kim Brauer offers a compassionate, evidence based, and culturally sensitive approach to therapy, empowering clients to navigate life’s challenges with resilience and self-compassion. Kim integrates evidence-based practices with a deep commitment to holistic care.
Her wellness-based approach supports individuals in achieving emotional, physical, intellectual, occupational, spiritual, and social well-being. Kim supports clients foster personal growth, enhance self-awareness, and create meaningful, sustainable life changes.
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Bossley Park, NSW
< 10
Psychologists and Therapists in Bossley Park, NSW who prioritize treating:
| 75% | ADHD |
| 75% | Depression |
| 75% | Anxiety |
| 75% | Grief |
| 75% | Autism |
| 75% | Self Esteem |
| 75% | Women's Issues |
Average years in practice
22 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
| 100% | Medicare Rebates |
| 100% | Bupa |
| 100% | ACA Health |
How Psychologists and Therapists in Bossley Park, NSW see their clients
| 50% | In Person and Online | |
| 50% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
| 100% | Female |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling
How can I find a therapist in Bossley Park?
Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?
Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.
Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.
Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.
If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.